Federal Aviation

Administration

• Performance
Based Navigation
Today & Tomorrow
An FAA Perspective

Presented by: John Barry

AIR-131 Aero Engineer/Tech Pilot
Aircraft Certification

Presented to: OSWG

Date: March 2016

• PBN Qualification & Ops
• Approval
What’s PBN & RNP?

• RNP AR(?)

• Ongoing RNP AR Approvals

• PBN Guidance Material

• Future Challenges for PBN

Federal Aviation
Administration
• PBN(?) Terminology
• What’s PBN?
o Performance-Based Navigation → RNAV & RNP
• What’s RNAV? ─ Area Navigation
• What’s RNP? ─ Required Navigation
Performance
◦ Area Navigation (RNAV) + (monitoring & alerting)
◦What about “RNAV (GPS)”?
◦ RNAV (GPS) approach is an RNP approach → RNP APCH
◦ No change in titling approach procedures
◦ No requirement for a new airworthiness approval!
Federal Aviation
Administration
• RNP AR Terminology
• RNP with Authorization Required → PBN!
◦ FAA Perspective → Like Cat II & Cat III ILS
◦ Aircraft Qual + Flight Crew Qual = Safe Ops
• Qualification is not for every pilot/operator or OEM
◦ Intended to provide specific benefits at specific locations
◦ Ops approval requires → Ops Specs, M Specs, LOA
◦ AFM should not imply ops qualification
◦ Recommend Note → “…ops approval required…”
◦ “RNP SAAAR” became “RNP AR”
◦ Change in AC 90-101A → harmony w/ICAO PBN Manual
◦ March 2011 AIRAC cycle update to all pubs
Federal Aviation
Administration
• RNP AR Operational Concept
• Safety Assurance Philosophy
– No change in hazard ID & mitigation → TLS 1×10-7
– Took advantage of existing airworthiness approvals
– Applies to new airworthiness projects – contact us!
• Remain “New” Airworthiness & Ops Concepts
– No published FAA guidance prior to AC 90-101 (2005)
– Still evolving → AC 90-101A & AC 20-138D
• RNP AR Approach Operational Success Requires
Close Coordination Across Disciplines
– Procedure Design
– Aircraft Performance & Design
– Operations

Federal Aviation
Administration
• Applications of RNP AR Criteria
Parallel Converging Adjacent Airport Single Runway
Operations Operations Operations Access

750’ - <5000’

9
Airport A

36L 36R

36 16
L

16R
Conventional RNP
Airport B

10 to 15 Top 15 to 20 Top 10 to 15 Top Hundreds of

Airports Airports Airports runway ends
Arrival capacity Arrival capacity gains Increased arrival & Approach minimums
gains up to 60% vs. up to 50% over single departure rates for lower than existing
single runway ops runway operations adjacent airports minima
involved

Federal Aviation
Administration
• RNAV & RNP Guidance Material
• FAA AC 90-100A → Terminal & En Route RNAV Ops
• FAA AC 90-105A* → RNP Ops & Baro-VNAV
◦ Departure, arrival & approach ops → advanced features
• FAA AC 90-101A → Ops & Airworthiness Criteria
◦ Alternate means of compliance for monitoring GPS
◦ “RNP SAAAR” become “RNP AR” → international harmony
• FAA Order 8260.58 → PBN Procedure Design
◦ Updated RNP AR missed approach design criteria
◦ Harmonized with ICAO PANS-OPS PBN criteria
• ICAO Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) Manual
◦ Doc 9613 → based on U.S./EASA criteria → expanding
Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO Performance-Based
Navigation (PBN) Manual
Doc 9613, Version 4
Volume I – PBN Concept & Implementation
Guidance

Volume II – Implementing RNAV & RNP

Operations

Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO PBN Manual Volume I –
Concept & Implementation Guidance
• Part A – PBN Concept
– PBN?
– Airspace
– Stakeholders Use of PBN
• Part B – Implementation Guidance
– Implementation Processes
– Identifying an ICAO Navigation Specification
• “RNAV everywhere…RNP only where you need it”
– Validation & Implementation Planning

Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO PBN Manual – Volume II
Implementing RNAV & RNP Operations
• Part A – General
– Introduction to PBN Operations
– On-Board Performance Monitoring & Alerting
– Safety Assessment Considerations
– Navigation Service Monitoring
• Part B – Implementing RNAV Operations
– Implementing RNAV 10
– Implementing RNAV 5
– Implementing RNAV 1 & RNAV 2
Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO PBN Manual – Vol II, Part
C
Implementing
Chapter 1: ImplementingRNP
RNP 4 Operations
– Supports use of “30-30” separation in oceanic & remote
– GNSS is the primary navigation sensor
– Aircraft Eligibility: RNP certification; prior nav system
certification; or new technology
– Does not require new certification
– Aircraft Requirements:
• On-board performance monitoring & alerting
• Functional requirements (i.e. parallel offset, WGS-84 ref)
– Operating Procedures
– Navigation Database – DO-200A compliant (exp. LOA)

Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO PBN Manual – Vol II, Part C
Implementing RNP Operations
Chapter 2: Implementing RNP 2
– Oceanic/remote airspace & remote continental airspace
• Continuity requirements differ – navaid infrastructure
– Route separation to be determined
Chapter 3: Implementing RNP 1
– Supports terminal arrival & departure procedures
– Based on GNSS – DME/DME navigation “too complex”
– Can apply RF legs & baro-VNAV performance
Both navigation specs rely on: aircraft requirements &
functionality; ops procedures & training; & navigation
database – no new certification required!
Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO PBN Manual – Vol II, Part C
Implementing RNP Operations
Chp 4: Implementing Advanced RNP (A-RNP)
– Single assessment – applies to multiple
navigation accuracy applications – multiple nav
specs & multiple phases of flight
– Applies to: RNAV 5, RNAV 2, RNAV 1, RNP 2,
RNP 1 & RNP APCH
– Intended to support multiple operations approvals
in an expeditious manner
– No need for re-examination of aircraft eligibility
per each navigation specification

Federal Aviation
Administration
• A-RNP Functions
RF Legs Required
RNP Scalability Optional
Fixed Radius Transitions (FRT) Optional
Time of Arrival Control (TOAC) Optional
Baro-VNAV Optional
Higher Continuity Optional

Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO PBN Manual – Vol II, Part C
Implementing RNP Operations
Chapter 5: Implementing RNP APCH
– Section A: RNP APCH ops to LNAV & LNAV/VNAV mins
• May use GNSS vertical guidance to LNAV/VNAV mins
– Section B: RNP APCH ops to LP & LPV mins
• SBAS is one means of GNSS compliance
– RNP APCH accuracy values: “1-1-0.3-1” for initial,
intermediate, final, & missed approach segments of the
procedure
– States may require operations approval
RNP APCH is titled: “RNAV (GPS) RWY XX”
“RNAV (GNSS) RWY XX”
Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO PBN Manual – Vol II, Part C
Implementing RNP Operations
Chapter 6: Implementing RNP AR APCH
– Unique due to reduced obstacle clearance & advanced
functional requirements
– Obstacle clearance based on 2×RNP w/no secondary OCS
– May apply RNP accuracy values between 0.3 & 0.1
– Requires compliance with vertical error budget
– Requires an alert when GNSS updating is lost
– May use GNSS vertical guidance in lieu of baro-VNAV
For RNP AR APCH missed approach ops requiring less than 1.0 to
avoid obstacles or terrain, the loss of the display of lateral
guidance is a hazardous (severe-major) failure condition.

Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO PBN Manual – Vol II, Part C
Implementing RNP Operations
Chapter 7: Implementing RNP 0.3
– Supports helicopters eligible for flight under IFR
– Applies to terminal & en route phases of flight
– Reduced protected airspace – separation from fixed-wing
– Low-level, obstacle rich environments

The large majority of IFR helicopters are already

equipped with TSO C145/146 SBAS systems and
moving map displays; and they require autopilot,
including stability augmentation, for flight under IFR.

Federal Aviation
Administration
• ICAO PBN Manual – Vol II, Part C
Implementing RNP Operations
Appendix 1: Radius-to-Fix (RF) Path Terminators
Appendix 2: Fixed Radius Transitions (FRT)
Appendix 3: Time of Arrival Control (TOAC)

Attachment A: Barometric VNAV

Attachment B: Sample airspace concept based on
PBN Manual nav specs applications

Federal Aviation
Administration
• Future Challenges for PBN
• OEM Compliance → aircraft & avionics
◦ Make PBN compliance part of airworthiness projects →
new TCs, STCs, navigation-related projects
◦ Develop clear, concise AFM entries; recommended flight
crew operating procedures; avionics operating guides
◦ Update & enhance our guidance material → example:
refine guidance on demonstrating flight technical error
◦ Must ensure PBN aircraft eligibility becomes part of
projects’ system safety assessments → any impact?
• International Harmonization
◦ ICAO PBN Manual, Doc 9613 & PANS-OPS → update!!
◦ International implementation remains to be seen
Federal Aviation
Administration
• Challenges for RNP AR Ops Approval
• No aircraft type design in full compliance
– New aircraft type designs → certification plan???
• No flight crew procedures from aircraft OEM
– Customers do not use OEM checklists? → OEM should
still define specific RNP AR flight crew procedures by
aircraft type & configuration
– If no OEM procedures, more FAA oversight required
• Multiple variants of a single aircraft type design
– Variations in avionics require specific recognition ─ tail #
by tail # ─ of aircraft qualification in ops application
– Application should breakout major systems impacting
RNP AR aircraft performance
• Need RNP capability documentation

Federal Aviation
Administration
What’s the bottom line?

Federal Aviation
Administration
• Ongoing RNP AR Approvals
• Aircraft OEMs → AFM & Flight Crew Ops Manual
• Boeing, Airbus, Gulfstream, Embraer, Cessna
◦ Customers conducting/desiring RNP AR approach ops
◦ Defining/defined/redefining aircraft qualification
◦ Ops approvals require mitigations/limitations → shortfalls in
aircraft qualification → aircraft mod/evaluations underway
• Other aircraft OEMs being pushed by customers
• Avionics OEMs
◦ Honeywell (Pegasus, Primus Epic, NG), GE (737NG)
◦ Rockwell Collins, Universal, CMC, Thales… →
defining/redefining compliance
◦ Use of SBAS vertical guidance → exceeds requirements
Federal Aviation
Administration
• Ongoing RNP AR Approvals
• 3rd-Party Facilitators can play a key role in approval!
◦ Application package preparation → they know the
requirements & the “answers to the test”
◦ Can facilitate requirements compliance as operator’s rep →
example: RNP AR database management
◦ Can design RNP AR instrument approach procedures for
public use → experts in use Order 8260.52() criteria
◦ Overall impact? → Lightens the load on FAA resources
• Approved 3rd-Party Facilitators:
GE (Naverus), Honeywell, Boeing, Jeppesen, Airbus

Federal Aviation
Administration
• RNP AR Ops Approvals
• Recent Operational Approvals:
◦ United 787 BP3
◦ Virgin America A320 new deliveries
◦ Cathay Pacific 777
◦ Qatar 777
◦ NetJets Int’l – Aspen Special
◦ jetBlue – Embraer temp comp
◦ Numerous Gulfstream Operators – G450/550 (RNP 0.30)
◦ Delta A319/320
◦ American 787
◦ Act Two Falcon 900 EX
◦ Miami Air 737
• Numerous applications staged &/or pending

Federal Aviation
Administration
• Aircraft & RNP AR Ops Approval
• Boeing aircraft performance details found in the
RNP Capabilities Documents – by aircraft type
– Incomplete documentation led to 2008 memo of
understanding between Boeing, FAA & operators to
specific RNP AR requirements
• Example: B767 does not meet the RNP AR vertical error budget &
requires unique pilot vertical deviations limits
– Boeing revising all RNP Capabilities Documents
• Began in Fall 2015 with 777 and 787
• 747 and 737 in review
• 757, 767 to complete this year
– Different capabilities with different customer options
• Operator must provide listing of Optional Program Code selections
for each hardware and software configuration

Federal Aviation
Administration
• Aircraft & RNP AR Ops Approval

• Airbus aircraft performance details found in the

Airbus Compliance Documents
– Airbus aircraft configurations are not common, even within
a single type design (i.e. A300 configuration not common)
– Each operator must provide a copy of the ACD applicable
to their particular aircraft

Federal Aviation
Administration
Questions?

John Barry/ AIR-131 / 202-267-1665 Federal Aviation

Administration
[email protected]