Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Background of the Study

Many legislators struggle with crimes and had initiated curfews for

youths believing that if they can keep young people inside at night, they will

have fewer problems. With this, curfew had been made possible.

Curfew or the strategy in setting limitations as to the period where an

individual can freely roam around a certain area has been considered by

many as one of the effective tools in minimizing recorded crime rates,

victimization and crime prevention schemes; however, in the study of Doleac

(2016), it revealed that gunshot incidents increased during curfew hours and

further highlighted that having many people around can help deter crime by

increasing the likelihood that an offender will get caught. This is supported by

Macallair (2016) that curfew did not reduce juvenile arrests or crime.

In the United States, youth violence has been the second leading

cause of death between ages 10 to 24 and among individuals age 15 to 24,

over 8,000 homicides each year existed (Johnson, 2018).

In the Philippines, Philippine National Police officials say that in

imposing the curfew for minors across the country as well as penalizing

parents and guardians of the violators, this would become strong deterrent

against crime involving minors and juvenile delinquents (Dalizon, 2017).

Police authorities also highlighted that an increase number of minors

and juvenile delinquents accosted for involvement in varied felonies include

illegal drug trafficking and abuse, robbery-holdup, snatching, theft, homicide

and gang wars. In Las Piñas City, the police and the barangay officials were

ordered by the Mayor to fully implement the ordinance on the curfew of minors

(Tabor, 2017). This action was to ensure that the minors were really protected

by the state against possible forms of violence and to promote social order.

Similar action was taken by Dagupan City in implementing its long-

standing ordinance that imposes curfew for minors to ensure safety at all

times (Manahan, 2016).

However, in the City of Baguio, its curfew ordinance that bans minors in

public places between 7 in the evening until in 5 in the morning was amended:

9 in the evening until 4 in the morning. This amendment was made in

addressing the need of minors to conduct research in internet cafes for school

work (Sembrano, 2017).

In the City of Digos, curfew had been implemented particularly on

minors. This has been made because of the belief that it deter crimes, avoid

victimization and even provide guidance for the youngster against potential

harms (Anderson, 2016). The claim may be true or not; hence, this prompted

the researchers to determine the level of implementation of curfew among

minors and degree of acceptance or participation of the residents subjected to

where the implementation of the curfew law was made.

Statement of the Problem

This study would determine the level of implementation of curfew

among minors and participation of the residents of Barangay Aplaya, Digos

City for the year 2018 to 2019.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile in terms of:

1.1 Sex;

1.2 age;

1.3 minors;

1.4 civil status; and

1.5 residence?

2. What is the level of implementation of curfew on minors?

3. What is the level of acceptance / participation of the respondents

towards the implementation of curfew on minors?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the levels of

implementation of curfew to minors and the participation of the respondents?

Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is tested at alpha 0.05 level of significance.

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the levels of implementation

of curfew to minors and the participation of the respondents.

Review of Related Literature

This section illustrates related literature and studies on implementation

of curfew and the acceptance / participation level of the people in the

community. To fully-understand, it has been arranged thematically.

Curfew

A curfew, an order specifying a time during which certain regulations

apply, is required to maintain the peace and order situation of a certain

community, lessen victimization and criminality as most of the subject persons

under curfew hours must return to and stay in their homes. Such an order

may be issued by public authorities but also by the head of a household to

those living in the household in order as to stay out of trouble, better

administration of time, minimal sleep deprivation, and increased focus in

school (Hoffard, 2018).

Many cities and towns have a curfew law in place to prevent teenagers

from being out at certain times, typically spanning the late hours of the night

or school hours during the day. Any teenager caught out after curfew can face

a fine or even jail time, depending upon the specific laws of the town. In the

present study, youth crime is a major and growing problem, often involving

both drugs and violence. Imposing youth curfews can help to solve these

problems, as they keep young people off the street, and therefore out of

trouble, and prevent them from congregating in the hours of darkness (Kline,

2011).

When following curfews, teens tend to stay out of trouble more

because criminal activity or high-risk behavior is more likely to occur later in

the evening when parental supervision is not present. Curfews help teens to

become used to setting a schedule which they routinely follow, and become

able to develop important time management skills which they will carry out

into adulthood. Being able to manage time effectively is useful in a variety of

situations including school, work, and personal relationships (Anderson, 2016).

Setting curfews also help teens to be able to get to sleep at a decent time,

which leads to subsequent focus and wakefulness in school, this could

ultimately even lead to better grades.

In the study of Navarro (2016) the effect of juvenile curfews on the

teenagers was stated that the crimes strongly drops in crime have not been

seen with the implementation of juvenile curfew laws, but his findings it is not

enough to rely of curfew laws alone as a way to significantly reduce the

crimes.

Marteniz (2017) claimed in his study the effects on teen curfews the

findings stipulated that teen is not always at an increased risk of engaging in

criminality activity late at night, their risk of being exposed to crime or

becoming a victim of it increases, according to the city Mayor’s website. The

objective of this review is to systematically review and synthesize credible

evidence on the effectiveness of juvenile curfew policies. Of interest are the

effects on criminal behavior, public safety, and victimization. It is anticipated

that this review will help inform policy-makers‟ decisions regarding juvenile

curfew policies. Many jurisdictions have already adopted and continue to

enforce such Barangay policies, and a critical examination of the existing

evidence is warranted.

It is important to note when exceptions to curfews should be

acceptable. For example, if you are out studying, working, volunteering, or

participating in an extracurricular activity, it would probably be reasonable to

ask your parents to extend your curfew for these activities (Feld, 2010).

Parents often have curfews because they themselves cannot sleep

peacefully until they know all their children are home safely, and at the same

parents are exhausted and cannot stay up too late waiting for their kids to get

home. Teens should be able to trust that if they get into trouble their parent

will pick them up but it is not fair to wake parents in the middle of the night.
Also, like the police, parents know that the later a driver is on the road, the

more likely he is to encounter drunk drivers—a big safety risk (Stitt, 2016).

Most parents impose curfews to keep their children safe from the

criminal activities that are perceived as being more dangerous and prevalent

in darkness. There are predators out there. Don't behave in a way that attracts

their attention. Move toward safety by being home at curfew (Seibert, 2015).

Civil authorities use curfews to keep people at home during periods of

unrest or natural disasters. This limits the risk of injury to citizens and first

responders alike, from people whose express purpose is to do damage, or

natural dangers which are hard to control, even for the professionals

(Jennings, 2016).

For many teenagers, having a curfew has been considered as unfair,

not fun or simply unnecessary. Pros and cons are evident in setting a specific

time the teenager must be home; but one has to outweigh the pros and its

cons. If one has a teenager living in the house, considering the benefits of

having a curfew before one has to implement it has to be undertaken as

possible to set into everything into place (Seibert, 2015).

Teen curfew law is the restriction of the hours that juveniles may be on

the streets or in public places at night. A teen curfew is justified by many cities

as a simple method not only in reducing opportunities for committing crimes

but also in protect from being crime victims. Curfews are promoted as

beneficial to law enforcement as it further give police additional control over

the presence and behavior of juveniles. It also endorsed a valuable

complement to parental supervision and further provided community support

to parents placing limits on the hours that their children may be out at night

(Reynolds, 2015).

Curfews had been introduced by government officials as one of the

most credible and effective community-based responses to increasing serious

juvenile crimes (Reynolds, 2015). It has been touted as particularly useful in

high-crime neighborhoods or communities whereas in some areas, curfews

had been endorsed primarily as a strategy to limit late night activities

(Krisberg, Schwartz, Litsky & Austin, 2016)

In Moutria(2017), it was highlighted that giving a curfew to a teenager

has more benefits than just the fact that he will be in at a certain time. While

his friends may be allowed to do whatever they want and stay out all night,

children have a sense of responsibility that they must be at home before it

gets too late. This further set up the feeling of being safe and a sense of

boundaries in their lives.

Moutria (2017) further mentioned that parents will be able to count their

child being in at a certain time. This further aid in raising their children with

boundaries and structure, and the way parenting style should be. It will make

them feel that values are well placed and are reinforced that makes the

process of raising a teenager simpler and more constructive for both parties.

In the article published by Kita (2017), advantages and disadvantages

of having curfews are well-established. According to him, advantages

included 1. Parent’s peace of mind; 2. Safety for teenagers; 3. Control of

parents; and 4. Prevention against juvenile delinquency. For disadvantages, it

included: 1. Oppressive parenting; 2. False security; 3. Hindrance to maturity;

and 4. Job opportunity issues.

For parent’s peace of mind, parent’s will have less worries that their

children will likely to get into trouble. Also, they are confident enough to see

their children at home and not out there somewhere late at night.

Likewise, for the safety for teenagers, it is quite risky to leave

teenagers driving or hanging out late. In fact, driving at night should pose

great danger compared to traveling during daytime. More so, they are kept

away from temptation to use drugs, sexual abuse, and violence (Kline, 2015).

Similarly, in the control of parents, keeping teenagers at parent’s care

while they are underage will enable them to set boundaries in life. This is one

of the reasons why teenagers under 18 are called dependents or minors due

to the need of mature people or fully grown individuals to look after them

(Wilson & colleagues, 2016).

Furthermore, on prevention against juvenile delinquency, once kids are

out of their homes late at night, they will be no longer protected under the

family environment. With this, they are more vulnerable to crimes and other

criminal acts. It was also mentioned of disadvantages and it included being

oppressive parenting, false security, hindrance to maturity and job opportunity

issues. The imposition of curfew for teenagers will disable the ability of kids

getting involved in the management of the home. This is because although at

an early age, they already have their own beliefs, goals and opinion that are

often overlooked by parents (Kita, 2017).

Similarly, when it comes to false security, sometimes curfews are used

as instruments by parents and authorities in curbing juvenile delinquency. At

times, parents impose curfew that teenagers should observe to avoid being

punished. For this reason, it can restrict them from asserting, learning, and
negotiating with parents to deal with what the real world can offer. They

become less adaptable and may get culture shocked if raised under curfew

law (Kline, 2015).

Furthermore, for job opportunity issues, most teenagers who aim to

work during graveyard shifts are not given the opportunity because of curfew.

In fact, it discriminates young people to do a living in order to support their

families and themselves. The rule of having curfew might be useful at one

end but not on the other. Teenagers are expected to behave as they are

because they are merely kids. Thus, this type of tool might not really work to

all teenagers out there.

Casan (2016) also postulated that with child curfews, it is a form of

zero tolerance policing, showing that a community will not allow an

atmosphere of lawlessness to develop. Child curfews can help to change a

negative youth culture in which challenging the law is seen as desirable and

gang membership an aspiration.

Curfew laws are community-based attempts to help parents supervise

their children. Used properly, the enforcement of curfew laws is one of the

most dependable, least intrusive methods to identify and help children from

the neglectful and chaotic families that produce most of the nation's young

criminals (Bodenhamer, 2016).

In totality, curfews appear to have significant effects particularly on the

criminal behavior of youth. It has been suggested that that being subject to a

curfew basically reduces the number of violent and property crimes

committed. Moreover, it is interesting to note that in keeping with the

perceptions of those subject to curfew policies, ―public opinion shows

overwhelming support for curfews as curfews reduce crime and make the

streets safer‖ (Adams, 2016).

Curfew laws have been challenged on the reason that they are

unconstitutional: violations of freedom of speech, equal protection and due

process, freedom of movement, rights of parents to rear their children, and

that the youths are mostly not adjudicated delinquents (Wilson et al. 2016).

The constitutional basis for infringing on the rights of youth rests on the

assumption that curfews reduce juvenile crime and victimization. The results

of the challenges are mixed, but Wilson and colleagues (2016), noted that the

more exceptions for acceptable activities a given policy provides, the more it

is to survive a challenge on constitutional grounds.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on Social Control Theory developed by Walter

Reckless (cited in David et al., 2016) that posited a person’s inner and outer

controls both work together to negate deviant tendencies.

According to Reckless, the behavior of the individual is determined by

what he or she wants or desires the most at any given time. The inner and

outer controls discourage him from deviant tendencies. This means that one

has to follow the rules and norms, and tended not to go against it. There is

conformity and compliance. What has been implemented by the authorities,

one has to follow or else a punishment is further provided.

Curfew laws are a general deterrence strategies aimed in the reduction

of criminal acts as well as the victimization in the overall population. That is,
reduced opportunity to commit crimes should translate into committing fewer

crimes (Wilson et al. 2016).

This has been supported by McDowall (2000) that if curfew is imposed

on minors, it can prevent someone from engaging crimes in the future.

Curfews are built upon the idea that ―restricting the hours when young people

maybe in public should limit their opportunities to commit crimes or become

victims.

Similarly, these controls are programmed and had been reinforced in

the individual through social bonds. Usually, the family is the first agent to

inculcate these bonds within an individual. Beyond the family, social bonds

are formed between the individual and society. Thus, both the family and

society form bonds with the individual who inculcates certain controls that

limits deviance from the social norms and customs.

It has also been noted that curfew laws have the potentials to

strengthen parental control by making it easier for parents to limit the amount

of time that their children are allowed to spend out of the house.

Conceptual Framework

Out of the theory of Social Control developed by Walter Reckless

(1973 as cited in David et al., 2016), a conceptual paradigm has been

realized. Proponents arrived and believed that the level of implementation of

curfew on minors would somehow have significant effects on the acceptance /

participation on the respondents particularly their lifestyle. The independent

variable of the study is level of implementation of curfew on minors while the

dependent variable is the acceptance or participation level of the identified

respondents living in Barangay Aplaya, Digos City. A figure is further

presented.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Implementation Acceptance / Participation

of Curfew of the residents of

on Minors Barangay Aplaya,

Digos City

Figure 1.Conceptual Framework of the study.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study is envisioned to be beneficial to the following:

City Government of Digos. The result of this study would benefit the

City Government of Digos specifically its officials and employees in a manner

that the result would provide ample data as to the numbers of youths violating

curfew hours and the possibility that they would be acquainted with different

crimes in Digos City. This would serve as a means to monitor them for

guidance in promoting safe and peaceful community to live in.

Police Outpost of Barangay Aplaya and Other Leading Agencies.

The result of this study is beneficial not only to the police outpost in Barangay

Aplaya but also on other agencies of similar nature. With the data gathered in

the study, they could possibly formulate efficient and effective policies that

would not only improve the current curfew system but would also avoid being

acquainted with criminality, misdemeanors, and deviancy among children.

Students. The study would also provide students better understanding

and awareness on the implementation of curfew on minors, its effects,

importance or significance and problems that may arise as well as the level of

acceptance of the people towards it. With the result of the study, students

could appreciate not only the value of law but how the law provides order and

peace; hence, avoid victimization and protect children from potential harms as

the state has moral duty towards children in providing brighter future.

Future Researchers. It has been looked forward that the study would

serve as reference material when other researchers would be conducting

similar and related studies.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study was conducted in Barangay Aplaya, Digos City particularly

on the implementation of curfew on minors. It would not include reasons why

curfew was implemented as well as the number of minors being subjected for

violating the implementation of curfew.

Further, on the level of acceptance / participation of the identified

respondents in Barangay Aplaya, Digos City, it would be limited only for this

first semester of school year 2018 to 2019.

Definition of Terms

This section provides the list of terminologies used in the study.

Definitions of terminologies are as follows:

Curfew as defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2016), refers to an

order or law requiring people to be indoors after a certain time at night.

However in this study, the meaning of curfew had been adopted under section

2 of Municipal Ordinance No.98-08 which prohibits minors, below 18 years of

age, regardless of sex from roaming or going to plaza, streets, beeches, and

entering disco houses and other similar establishments between the hours of

10:00 PM to 6:00 am.

Implementation. According to Random House Webster (2002),

implementation refers to the process of putting a decision or plan into effect or

its execution. In this study, implementation refers to the execution or

application of the curfew hour policy on minors in Barangay Aplaya, Digos

City.
Acceptance / Participation. According to Oxford Dictionary (2016)

acceptance means the action of consenting to receive or undertake

something offered or the action taken part. However in the study, acceptance

or participation refers to the agreement that the identified respondents –

residents of Barangay Aplaya acknowledged or openly welcomed the idea

that implementing a curfew hour is a need and a must in maintaining peace

and order in the community, lessen criminality and safe guard the youth

against potential harms.

Residents. This refers to a person who lives somewhere permanently

or on a long-term basis.
Chapter 2

METHOD

This chapter presents the methodologies used in the study. It includes

the Research Design, Research Subject, Research Instrument and Procedure

as well as the Statistical Treatment of the Data.

Research Design

The study utilized a correlational-descriptive method of research design

since it would described the level of implementation of curfew on minors and

the level of acceptance or participation of the residents of Barangay Aplaya,

Digos City. This would also test the significant relationship of both variables.

This research design helped in identifying patterns of relationship that exist

between the two variables and to measure the strength of the relationship.

Research Subject

The participants of the study were the 390 minors and non-minors who

were currently residing in Barangay Aplaya, Digos City year 2018. In selecting

the participants of the study, a purposive sampling procedure was used.

Purposive sampling, as commonly used in qualitative research, had the

participants be chosen according to its identification and selection of

information-rich cases related to the phenomenon of interest (Palinkas, 2015).

This sampling tool was presumed to be the most appropriate since the

intention of the researchers was to purposely select minors and non-minors

who were currently residing in Barangay Aplaya, Digos City year 2018 with

17, 264 populations as for 2018.

In getting the sample size of the study, Slovin’s formula was used. A

formula and a table of distribution of the respondents were illustrated.

n = _____N_____
1 + Ne2

Where N is the population size

n is sample size, and

e is the degree of marginal error

= _____16,986_____

1 + 16, 986 (0.05)2

=
_____16,986_____

1 + 16, 986 (0.0025)

= _____16, 986_____

1 + 42.465

390.7971931339 = 390 participants

Table 3.Summary of distribution of the participants of the study

Puroks Population (N) Sample Size (n)
1 895 21
2 603 14
3 1043 25
4 1004 23
5 882 19
6 1222 28
7 1719 40
8 1465 33
9 1453 32
10 1414 43
11 1449 29
12 1874 16
7-a 1268 34
9-a 695 33
Total 16,986 390
Research Instrument

The main instrument used in study was a standardized-modified

checklist questionnaire patterned from Shelby Hilsidburn (October 31, 2011)

and of Kendrick Mañago (2016).

On the first part of the questionnaire, it covered the socio-demographic

profile of the respondents in terms of sex, age, minor age, civil status, and the

purok where respondents are currently residing.

Moreover, on the level of implementation of curfew on minors, seven

(7) questions are asked with a five-scale lighter scale. Interval range,

descriptive rating and interpretation are presented.

Table 1.Interval range of the level of implementation of curfew on minors

Interval Descriptive
Weight Descriptive Interpretation
Range Rating
5 4.51 – 5.00 Strongly Agree Respondent strongly favors the
(SA) statement in all cases.

4 3.51 – 4.50 Agree (A) Respondent strongly favors to the

statements in majority of cases.

3 2.51 – 3.50 Undecided (UN) Respondent is undecided or not

sure to the statement.
2 1.51 – 2.50 Disagree (DA) Respondent is not in favor to the
statement in few cases.

1 1.00 – 1.50 Strongly Respondent is not totally in favor

Disagree (SG) of the statement.

Likewise, on the third part of the research instrument, it discussed the

level of acceptance or participation of the respondents composed of ten

questions each. The interval, weighted scale, descriptive rating and its

interpretation were further given using scale.

Table 2.Level of acceptance or participation of the respondents
Weighted Interval Descriptive Interpretation
Scale Range Rating
5 4.51-5.00 Strongly Respondents consider it as essential
Agree (SA)

4 3.51-4.50 Agree (A) Respondents consider it as high

priority
3 2.51-3.50 Undecided Respondents consider it as medium
(U) priority

2 1.51-2.50 Disagree (D) Respondents consider it as low priority

1 1.00-1.50 Strongly Respondents consider it as not a

Disagree priority
(SD)

Furthermore, aside from getting the mean scores, degree of significant

relationship was made. Table 3 is further presented.

Table 3. Degree of significant relationship between levels of implementation of

curfew on minors and acceptance / participation of the respondents
r value Degree of Relationship

± 1.00 Perfect positive (negative) correlation

± 0.91 to ± 0.99 Very high positive (negative) correlation

± 0.71 to ± 0.90 High positive (negative) correlation

± 0.51 to ± 0.70 Moderately high positive (negative) correlation

± 0.31 to ± 0.50 Low positive (negative) correlation

± 0.01 to ± 0.30 Negligible positive (negative) correlation

± 0.00 No correlation

Data Gathering Procedure

The following steps were observed in gathering the data of the study:

1. Asking permission to conduct study. Researchers made a letter

addressed to the office of the Barangay Captain in Aplaya, Digos City asking
permission to conduct a study. Upon approval, a separate communication

was sent to the respective Barangay Officials to allow the conduct of the

study.

2. Formulation and Administration the Instrument. The guide

questions were made by the researchers and evaluators. Researchers would

personally collect and retrieve available data.

3. Collation and processing of Data. All data were collected and be

subjected for statistical procedures.

4. Analysis and Interpretation of Data. After records was collected by

researchers, it was analyzed and interpreted so as to come up with

formulated conclusions and recommendations.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical data were computed and analyzed with the use of IBM

SPSS Statistics Version 20 Software, a computer-generated system. All

interpretations were based on 0.05 alpha level of significance. The statistical

tools employed were as follows:

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution. This was utilized to

determine the socio-demographic profile of the respondents.

2. Mean and Standard Deviation. This were used to determine the

level of implementation of curfew on minors. Likewise, Mean score was

utilized too in determining the level of acceptance or participation of the

respondents in Barangay Aplaya, Digos City.

3. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. This was employed to find

significant relationship between the level of implementation of curfew on

minors and level of acceptance or participation of the respondents in

Barangay Aplaya, Digos City.

Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Presented in this chapter are the interpretation and the analysis of the

data gathered in the study. It follows the sequencing as provided on the

Statement of the Problem in Chapter 1:

1. socio-demographic profile of the respondents;

2. level of implementation of curfew on minors;

3. level of acceptance / participation of the respondents towards the

implementation of curfew on minors; and

4. significant relationship between the levels of implementation of

curfew to minors and the participation of the respondents.

Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Table 4 shows the profile or characteristics of the respondents. Using

the Frequency distribution and the percentage, different descriptions are

classified.

Based on Table 4, most of the respondents are male with a frequency

count of 220 out of 390 or 56.40% while female respondents have a

frequency count of 170 out of 390 or 43.60%. When it comes to age, most of

the respondents are have an age bracket of 18 to 24 with a frequency count

of 147 out of 390 or 37.70% followed by below 18 years of age or having a

frequency count of 132 out of 390 or 33.80.

On the other hand, the age bracket is 51 and above with a frequency

count of 7 out of 390 or 1.60%. This suggested that almost half or 50% of the
identified population are interested and inclined with the implementation of

curfew and had participated for the year 2018 to 2019.

Likewise, when it comes to the type whether they are minors or of legal

age, majority of the respondents are of legal age with a frequency count of

257 out of 390 or 65.90%. This suggested that they of legal age, of sound

mind, can able to determine and grasp what is right or wrong.

In the study of Fluffio (2016), he revealed that once respondents are

already in the age of maturity, it come with thinking they are already

responsible as they know how to comprehend well the situation, hence, they

can subject themselves into greater responsibility as their cognition is already

ripen into meanings and that whatever they will be doing, they are doing it

with full comprehension or knowledge and freedom. One cannot restrict

freedom immediately if one knows his constitutional rights, duties and

obligations to the society (Rodriguez, 2108). When somebody’s right has

been deprived and that person knows reasons why enjoyment of such right

should never be deprived, deviancy comes in. they tend to question the

legitimacy of the law, rule or even the government that prohibited them from

totally enjoying freedom or the leisures in life (Agoncillio, 2016). There are the

indicia that maturity comes with knowledge or discernment and discretion as

well as experience.

However, in the study of Roose (2014) that young people are

struggling with depression and health problems, expressing a desire to quit, or

simply complaining about how working in finance was ruining the pleasures of

normal life. Roose even explained why young people are uniformly miserable:

notorious for the long hours it imposes on its worker bees.

When it comes to civil status, Table 4 reveals that most of the

respondents are single with a frequency count of 257 out of 390 or a

percentage rate of 65.90% while the least is being a widow/er with only a

frequency count of 4 over 390 or 13.10.

This suggested that they prefer to live as singles and enjoy the gifts of

life such as having vacation trips, spending quality time with parents as

Filipinos are being noted to have strong family ties (Mikug, 2017) and

disregarded being left alone or lonely. Moreover, the finding is similar with the

finding of Loosevelt (2016) identified that another fact that now young people

want is many different experiences throughout their careers.

Furthermore, Table 4 illustrated as to the purok where resident-

respondents are mostly coming for. Based on the results, it revealed that

majority of the respondents were coming from Purok 10 with a frequency

count of 43 out of 390 respondents or a percentage rate of 11.00% while the

least one is from Purok 2 with a frequency count of 14 out of 390 respondents

or a percentage rate of 3.60%. This suggested that many of the respondents

are living in Purok 2 than any other in Barangay Aplaya, Digos City for the

year 2018 to 2019.

Table 4. Profile of the Respondents

Demography Frequency (f) Percentage (%)
Sex
Male 220 56.40
Female 170 43.60
Age
below 18 132 33.80
18 to 24 147 37.70
25 to 30 58 14.90
31 to 40 33 8.50
41 to 50 13 3.30
51 and above 7 1.80
Type
Minor 133 34.10
Legal Age 257 65.90
Civil Status
Married 78 20.00
Single 257 65.90
Live-in 51 13.10
Widow 4 1.00
Purok
1 21 5.40
2 14 3.60
3 25 6.40
4 23 5.90
5 19 4.90
6 28 7.20
7 40 10.30
8 33 8.50
9 32 8.20
10 43 11.00
11 29 7.40
12 16 4.10
7-A 34 8.70
9-A 33 8.50

Level of Implementation of Curfew on Minors

Table 5 shows the implementation of curfew on minors in Barangay

Aplaya, Digos City for the year 2018 to 2019. Based on Table 5 on the level of

implementation of curfew hours, the resident-respondents have an overall

mean score of 4.19 and standard deviation of 0.640, qualitatively rated as

―Agree‖ which can be qualitatively interpreted as respondent strongly favors to

the statements in majority of cases. This means that the level of

implementation of the curfew hours on minors as perceived by the 390

respondents for the year 2018 to 2019 was high.

This suggested that they agreed that the residents know the rules and

regulation about the curfew; barangay officials and workers help to promote
curfew hours; and that curfew hours had been strictly regulated everyday and

had been implemented throughout the all puroks of the Barangay. It can be

implied that there is an active public-private partnership among stakeholders

and that the implementation has been consistently been implemented

regardless where an individual has been living within Barangay Aplaya, Digos

City for the year 2018 to 2019. This has been supported by Hityson (2017)

which highlighted that active participation in various stakeholders makes the

implementation of any laws effective and efficient. One cannot expect to that a

certain program to be better than any others if no active participation and

support are coming from its target participants and the community (Soglonia,

2017).

Consequently, as part of active participants, resident-respondents also

agreed that parents/guardians help to regulate curfew hours’ observation

towards their children; ronda patrol/tanods/barangay workers roam around to

implement curfew every day; and legal sanctions, penalties are implemented

when curfew is being violated in barangay The result has been in accordance

with the article of Gohje (2015) that once an infraction of laws had been

made, violators always suffer the consequence of the action. One has to be

penalized: put into jail, pay for indemnification and go into social

transformation. Similarly, Yftohraj (2017) also pointed that even how

penalizing laws are, one has to undergo the process since no one is above

the law and uniformity as to its application is always put into practice.

Somebody cannot exclude or exempt someone simply because one does not

law the law or simply because it his/her first time to commit such offense.
Table 5. Level of Implementation of the Curfew Hours, n=390
Interval Descriptive Descriptive
Indicator Mean SD
Range Rating Interpretation

Respondent
Level of
4.19 0.640 3.51 – 4.50 Agree strongly favors to
Implementation
the statements in
majority of cases.

Level of Acceptance / Participation towards Implementation of Curfew

Table 6 shows the level of acceptance / participation towards

implementation of curfew on minors in Barangay Aplaya, Digos City for the

year 2018 to 2019. Based on Table 6, the resident-respondents have an

overall mean score of 4079 and standard deviation of 0.717, qualitatively

rated as ―Agree‖ which can be qualitatively interpreted as respondent strongly

favors to the statements in majority of cases. This means that the level of

acceptance / participation towards implementation of curfew on minors as

perceived by the 390 resident-respondents of Barangay Aplaya, Digos City for

the year 2018 to 2019 was high.

This suggested that they agreed that curfew helps to discipline the

minors/teenager, helps develop the community and lessens crimes or

criminality; hence, must always be implemented by the parents/guardians in

their household and in the community. They highly accepted too that legal

sanction/penalties must be implemented when curfew is violated and that

10pm until 4am is a reasonable curfew time.

Similarly, resident-respondents highly accepted also that curfew does

not cause teenagers to be rebellious and most likely it is the governments’

responsibility to set a curfew for all teenagers. Furthermore, they tend to be

cautious in positing that businesses should be fined/sanctioned letting

teenagers/minors stay late at night in their place as part of their corporate

social responsibility. The findings are in accordance with the article of

Fisheroug (2017) that curfew is one of setting limitations to avoid any harmful

untoward incidents that may transpire. Instead of worrying, through curfew,

one can anticipate future accidents by not letting someone go without proper

guidance and directions.

However in the article published by Bullock (2017), she highlighted that

some teenagers became rebellious when curfew had been implemented.

They cannot accept that a certain limitations had been made for them to be

under control since for them they are already in the adult stage; hence,

parental supervision is no longer needed. This has been often termed as

parental care in which teenagers wanted to avoid with the implementation of

curfew (Pvrc, 2016).

Likewise, in the article of Wilden (2015), it indicated four key areas in

which parents should consider in caring of their children since children (1).

wanted a sense of love in their home, (2). needed to feel safe, (3). needed to

have structure like discipline, rules, and consequences, and (4). needed both

a father and a mother.

Moreover, this is where as a child, children had their joyful days

particularly schooling. Pvrc (2016) noted that with good parental care, one can

fully enjoy life in homes, schools and churches and even in the community.

For Pvrc (2016), he mentioned that with good parental care he felt from his

parents, ―I never skipped schools for any silly reasons; I would often ask my

father on his scooter via school on weekends just to see it is still there; People

used to squeeze my chubby cheeks with black dot on it; I always combed
hair; I always wear in-shirt, belt and tie and bracelet; I never let my mom serve

dinner in anything other than my silver plate gifted by my grandparents as a

birthday gift on my 4th birthday; Our house owner used to make me stay in his

shop just as a lucky charm‖. These basic enjoyments are the few of the things

in which anyone can enjoy in their childhood days if good parental care is

given and practice. However, not all parental care is done in a positive way.

Some problems may exist and other ways not commonly practiced among

parents are being implemented depending on the nature the parents were

raised during their childhood days.

Similarly, there are instances in which children becomes deviant

because of the parental care, whether parental care is not enough or it is too

over. Some children become delinquents. Guevarra (2017) highlighted the

idea that juvenile delinquency is anti-social behavior tends to differ with the

normal model of set of laws and parameters. However, in the study of Cavin

(2017), it identifies the characteristics which revealed significant differences:

children who are non-delinquents have positive personalities and

characteristics than children who are delinquents, against the rules

established by parents or by the school authority.

However, Rapadas (2016) had observed that delinquency has been

the topic of numerous researches and relatively had few investigations in the

Pacific Islands. It further revealed that delinquents undergone significant

social, economic, and cultural changes. There are many identified reasons

why juvenile delinquency occurred. These are absence of parents, lack of

education, poverty, and peer group relations.

In lack of parental authority or in the absence of parents, the mere fact

that families had been out in the context of adulthood, minor children had

been deprived with proper guidance of what is wrong and what is bad, what

behaviors are proper and what is not, and the things they needed in

responding and participating in the community. It is in this idea that families

are considered vitally important in shaping the life and socialization of

children. However, factors that contribute in understanding criminogenic risk

of youth include monitoring of youth's whereabouts, communication styles,

consistency in behavior expectations, and parenting management approaches

(Seydlitz & Jenkins, 2016).

Table 6. Level of Acceptance / Participation towards Implementation of the

Curfew Hours, n=390
Interval Descriptive Descriptive
Indicator Mean SD
Range Rating Interpretation

Acceptance of Respondent
the 4.07 0.717 3.51 – 4.50 Agree strongly favors to
Respondents the statements in
majority of cases.

Significant Relationship between the Levels of Implementation

of Curfew to Minors and Participation

The data pertaining to the null hypothesis which states that there is no

significant relationship between the level of implementation of curfew on

minors and the participation of the respondents in Barangay Aplaya, Digos

City for the year 2018 to 2019 were inferentially treated employing Pearson

product moment correlation. It can figure out from Table 7 that since Pearson

r is equal to 0.709, there is a high correlation or marked relationship between

level of implementation and level of acceptance. This means when level of

implementation increases, the level of acceptance also highly increases.

Reject the null hypothesis.

Table 7. Correlation matrix for Level of Implementation and Level of Acceptance.

Acceptance of the Respondents

Variables
Pearson r P

Level of Implementation 0.709** 0.000

*p<0.05, **p<0.01
Chapter 4

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, it presents the summary of findings, conclusions drawn

from the study and the recommendations made for future use of the study.

Summary

The study aims to determine the level of implementation of curfew on

390 minors and non-minors in Barangay Aplaya, Digos City year 2018 to 2019

using correlational-descriptive method and a standardized-modified checklist

questionnaire patterned from Hilsidburn (2011) and Mañago (2016).

The following are the findings of the study:

1. Most of them are males, ages 18 to 24, of legal age, and are singles;

2. High level of implementation of the curfew hours on minors existed;

3. High level of acceptance / participation towards implementation of

curfew on minors existed; and

4. Significant relationship between the levels of implementation of

curfew to minors and the participation of the respondents existed.

Conclusions

In the light of the findings, following conclusions were drawn:

1. Almost half or 50% of the identified population are interested and

inclined with the implementation of curfew and had participated it, of legal age

or sound mind such as able to determine and grasp what is right or wrong,

and mostly prefer to live as singles;

2. Residents know the rules and regulation about the curfew; barangay

officials and workers help to promote curfew hours; curfew hours had been

strictly regulated everyday and had been implemented throughout the all

puroks of the Barangay;

3. Curfew helps to discipline the minors/teenager, develop the

community, lessens crimes or criminality, legal sanction/penalties must be

implemented when curfew is violated and that 10pm until 4am is a reasonable

curfew time, and does not cause teenagers to be rebellious

4. When the level of implementation increases, the level of acceptance

also highly increases.

Recommendations

The following are the formulated recommendations of the study:

1. For the City Government of Digos, they must establish a

measurement or evaluative assessment on active public-private partnership

among stakeholders and other various stakeholders for support;

2. For Police Outpost of Barangay Aplaya and Other Leading

Agencies, a search for more effective, efficient and relevant mechanisms to

improve its performance is much desired. They could possibly formulate

efficient and effective policies that would not only improve the current curfew

system but would also avoid being acquainted with criminality, misdemeanors,

and deviancy among children. They could establish long-term implementation

and evaluation like in planning, coordinating, and integrating program

developments