Report on Dimensional tolerance

Contents
1 Origin

2 Dimensioning and tolerancing philosophy

3 Symbols

3.1 Datums and datum references

4 Data exchange

5 Documents and standards

5.1 ISO TC 10 Technical product documentation

5.2 ISO/TC 213 Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification

5.3 ASME standards

5.4 GD&T standards for data exchange and integration

6 See also

7 References

8 Further reading

9 External links

DEFINATION: Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and
communicating engineering tolerances. It uses a symbolic language on engineering drawings and
computer-generated three-dimensional solid models that explicitly describe nominal geometry and its
allowable variation. It tells the manufacturing staff and machines what degree of accuracy and precision is
needed on each controlled feature of the part. GD&T is used to define the nominal (theoretically perfect)
geometry of parts and assemblies, to define the allowable variation in form and possible size of individual
features, and to define the allowable variation between features.

Dimensioning specifications define the nominal, as-modeled or as-intended geometry. One example is a
basic dimension.

Tolerancing specifications define the allowable variation for the form and possibly the size of individual
features, and the allowable variation in orientation and location between features. Two examples are
linear dimensions and feature control frames using a datum reference (both shown above).
There are several standards available worldwide that describe the symbols and define the rules used in
GD&T. One such standard is American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Y14.5. This article is
based on that standard, but other standards, such as those from the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), may vary slightly. The Y14.5 standard has the advantage of providing a fairly
complete set of standards for GD&T in one document. The ISO standards, in comparison, typically only
address a single topic at a time. There are separate standards that provide the details for each of the major
symbols and topics below (e.g. position, flatness, profile, etc.).

The dimensioning and tolerancing are mainly used in engineering design,

mechanical drawing & assembly and product inspection. In this course module a
fundamental introduction of the concepts, standards, principles and rules for
dimensioning and tolerancing in engineering drawings are discussed and various
examples of how to symbol and assign dimensions and tolerance are also
illustrated in details.

THERE ARE TWO TYPEES OF DIMENSIONS

Size Dimensions: Size dimensions are placed directly on a feature to identify a

specific size or may be connected to a feature in the form of a note.

Location Dimensions: The relationship of features of an object is defined with

location dimensions.

ANSI (American National Standard Institute) The ANSI standard document for
dimensioning is titled Dimensioning and Tolerancing ANSI Y14.5M. The
following fundamental rules for dimensioning are adopted from ANSI Y14.5M.

1) Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except for those identified as

reference, maximum, minimum, or stock dimensions

.2) Dimensions for size, form, and location of features shall be complete to the
extent that there is full understanding of the characteristics of each feature.

3) Each necessary dimension of an end product shall be shown. No more than

those necessary for complete definition shall be given.

4) Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and mating
relationship of a part and shall not be subject to more than one interpretation.

5) The drawing should define a part without specifying manufacturing methods.

Dimension Line Spacing: Dimension lines should be placed at a uniform distance
from the object, and all succeeding dimension lines should be equally spaced.

a) Avoid crossing extension lines over dimension lines

b) Avoid dimensioning over or through the object) Avoid dimensioning to hidden

featured) Avoid unnecessarily long extension lines) Avoid using any line of the
object as an extension line) Avoid dimensions between views) Group adjacent
dimensions) Dimension to views that provide the best shape description.

Tolerances define the manufacturing limits for dimensions. All dimensions have
tolerances either written directly on the drawing as part of the dimension or
implied by a predefined set of standard tolerances that apply to any dimension that
does not have a stated tolerance:
Specified Dimensions: A specified dimension, also known as nominal size, is that
part of the dimension from which the limits are calculated. For example: 5 is the
specified dimension of 5 ± 0.2

Dimensional Tolerance: Dimensional Tolerance is defined as the permissible or

acceptable variation in the dimensions (height, width, depth, diameter, angles) of a
part. Tolerances become important only when a part is to be assembled or mated
with another part.

Standard Fits

Calculating tolerances between holes and shafts that fit together is so common in
engineering design that a group of standard values and notations has been
established. There are three possible types of fits between a shaft and a hole: :
Clearance Fit: Clearance Fits -A clearance fit is a condition when, due to the limits
of dimensions, there will always be a clearance between mating parts.

Transition Fit:

Interference Fit: Interference Fits -An interference fit is the condition that exist
when, due to the limits of the dimensions, mating parts must be pressed together.
TYPES OF TOLERENCING

Bilateral Tolerance -A bilateral tolerance is allowed to vary in two directions from

the specified dimension as shown.

Unilateral Tolerance -A unilateral tolerance varies in only one direction from the
specified dimension as shown
DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL-A symbolic means of indicating a datum feature
consists of a capital letter enclosed in a square frame and a leader line extending
from the frame to concerned feature, terminating with a triangle. The triangle is
filled or not fillet.
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION

The symbol for maximum material condition is a capital “M” in a circle,

Maximum material condition may abbreviated MMC. The term maximum material
condition is used to describe the maximum condition of a feature of size. For
example, a hole is a feature of size that is permitted to vary in size within the limits
of a plus/minus tolerance. For holes or any internal feature, MMC is the smallest
size for that feature. In other words, the max. material remains in the piece the hole
was put in.
LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION

The symbol is a capital “L” in a circle,…. The term least material condition
(LMC), is used to describe the opposite condition as maximum material condition.
Least material condition also applies to external features of size.
TOLERANCE OF PROFILE

Profile

Definition: Profile tolerancing is a method of specifying control of deviation from

the desired profile along the surface of a feature.

Tolerance: Profile tolerance may be specified either as a surface or line profile. The
tolerance provides a uniform zone along a desired true profile of the part. The
surface of controlled feature must lie within this zone.

APPLICATIONS: Current and future potential applications for three-dimensional (3D) fibre
reinforced polymer composites made by the textile processes of weaving, braiding, stitching and knitting
are reviewed. 3D textile composites have a vast range of properties that are superior to traditional 2D
laminates, however to date these properties have not been exploited for many applications. The scientific,
technical and economic issues impeding the more widespread use of 3D textile composites are identified.
Structures that have been made to demonstrate the possible uses of 3D composites are described, and
these include applications in aircraft, marine craft, automobiles, civil infrastructure and medical
prosthesis.