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MANOJ CHAUHAN SIR(IIT-DELHI)

EX. SR. FACULTY (BANSAL CLASSES)
KEY CONCEPTS
MATRICES
USEFUL IN STUDY OF SCIENCE, ECONOMICS AND ENGINEERING

1. Definition : Rectangular array of m n numbers . Unlike determinants it has no value.

 a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n   a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n 
a  
 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n   a 21 a 22 ...... a 2 n 
A =  : or  :
: : :  : : : 
   
a m1 a m 2 ...... a m n   a m1 a m 2 ...... a m n 

Abbreviated as : A = [ a i j ] 1 ≤ i ≤ m ; 1 ≤ j ≤ n, i denotes the row and

j denotes the column is called a matrix of order m × n.

2. Special Type Of Matrices :

(a) Row Matrix : A = [ a11 , a12 , ...... a1n ] having one row . (1 × n) matrix.
(or row vectors)
 a 11 
 
 a 21 
(b) Column Matrix : A=  :  having one column. (m × 1) matrix
(or column vectors)  
 a m1 
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Om × n)
An m × n matrix all whose entries are zero .
 0 0  0 0 0
A =  0 0  is a 3 × 2 null matrix & B =  0 0 0 is 3 × 3 null matrix
 0 0   0 0 0
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
1 2 3 4
2 5 1 1
  2 5
1 1
(e) Verical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n. 
3 6
 
(f) Square Matrix : (Order n) 2 4

If number of row = number of column ⇒ a square matrix.

Note (i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aj i are called Conjugate Elements .
 a 11 a 12 
e.g.  
 a 21 a 22 
(ii) The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... ann are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which
the diagonal elements lie is called " Principal or Leading " diagonal.
The qty Σ ai i = trace of the matrice written as , i.e. tr A

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Square Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denote as
ddia (d1 , d2 , ....., dn) all elements
except the leading diagonal are zero
 1 3 − 2  1 0 0
   
A = 0 2 4 ; B =  2 − 3 0
    diagonal Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix
0 0 5  4 3 3
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular  d1 0 0 
0  1 if i = j
ai j = 0 ∀ i > j ai j = 0 ∀ i < j
 d2 0  aij =  
 0 if i ≠ j
Note that : Minimum number of zeros in  0 0 d 3 
a triangular matrix of Note: (1) If d1 = d2 = d3 = a Scalar Matrix
order n = n(n–1)/2 (2) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 1 Unit Matrix
Note: Min. number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n = n(n – 1)
"It is to be noted that with square matrix there is a corresponding determinant formed by the elements of A in the
same order."
3. Equality Of Matrices :
Let A = [a i j ] & B = [b i j ] are equal if ,
(i) both have the same order . (ii) ai j = b i j for each pair of i & j.
4. Algebra Of Matrices :
Addition : [ ]
A + B = a i j + b i j where A & B are of the same type. (same order)
(a) Addition of matrices is commutative.
i.e. A+B = B+A A=m×n ; B=m×n
(b) Matrix addition is associative .
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Note : A , B & C are of the same type.
(c) Additive inverse.
If A + B = O = B + A A = m×n
5. Multiplication Of A Matrix By A Scalar :
a b c  ka k b kc 
If A = b c a ; k A =  k b kc ka 
c a b   k c ka k b 
  
6. Multiplication Of Matrices : (Row by Column)
AB exists if , A= m × n & B= n×p
2×3 3×3
AB exists , but BA does not ⇒ AB ≠ BA
 A = pre factor
Note : In the product AB , 
 B = post factor

 b1 
b 
B=  : 
2
A = (a1 , a2 , ...... an) &
 
 b n 
1×n n×1
A B = [a1 b1 + a2 b2 + ...... + an bn]

[ ]
n
If A = a i j m × n & B = bi j[ ] n × p matrix , then (A B)i j = ∑
r =1
ai r . br j

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Properties Of Matrix Multiplication :
1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative .
1 1  1 0 1 0 1 1
A =  0 0 ; B =  0 0  ; AB =  0 0  ; BA =  0 0 
       
⇒ AB ≠ BA (in general)
 1 1   −1 1   0 0
2. AB =  2 2   1 −1 =  0 0  ⇒ AB = O ⇒ / A = O or B = O
     
Note: If A and B are two non- zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of
zero. Also if [AB] = O ⇒ | AB | ⇒ | A | | B | = 0 ⇒ | A | = 0 or | B | = 0 but not the converse.
If A and B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA ⇒ A and B commute each other
(ii) AB = – BA ⇒ A and B anti commute each other
3. Matrix Multiplication Is Associative :
If A , B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then
(A . B) . C = A . (B . C)
4. Distributivity :
A (B + C) = A B + A C 
Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
(A + B) C = A C + BC
5. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX :
For a square matrix A , A2 A = (A A) A = A (A A) = A3 .
Note that for a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m ∈ N.
6. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL :
If f (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + anx0 then we define a matrix polynomial
f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ..... + anIn
where A is the given square matrix. If f (A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the
polynomial f (x).
DEFINITIONS :
(a) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
Note that An = A ∀ n > 2 , n ∈ N.
(b) Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m ∈ N, if
Am = O , Am–1 ≠ O.
(c) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix is which satisfies the relation AK+1 = A, for some positive integer K,
is a periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(d) Involutary Matrix : If A2 = I , the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix.
Note that A = A–1 for an involutary matrix.
7. The Transpose Of A Matrix : (Changing rows & columns)
Let A be any matrix . Then , A = ai j of order m × n
⇒ AT or A′ = [ aj i ] for 1 ≤ i ≤ n & 1 ≤ j ≤ m of order n × m
Properties of Transpose : If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B ,
(a) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT ; note that A & B have the same order.
IMP. (b) (A B)T = BT AT A & B are conformable for matrix product AB.
(c) (AT)T = A
(d) (k A)T = k AT k is a scalar .
General : (A1 , A2 , ...... An)T = A Tn , ....... , A 2T , A1T (reversal law for transpose)
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8. Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix :
[ ]
A square matrix A = a i j is said to be ,
symmetric if ,
ai j = aj i ∀ i & j (conjugate elements are equal) (Note A = AT)
n ( n + 1)
Note: Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
and skew symmetric if ,
ai j = − aj i ∀ i & j (the pair of conjugate elements are additive inverse
of each other) (Note A = –AT )
Hence If A is skew symmetric, then
ai i = − ai i ⇒ ai i = 0 ∀ i
Thus the digaonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero , but not the converse .
Properties Of Symmetric & Skew Matrix :
P − 1 A is symmetric if AT = A
A is skew symmetric if A = − A
T

P − 2 A + AT is a symmetric matrix
A − AT is a skew symmetric matrix .
Consider (A + AT)T = AT + (AT)T = AT + A = A + AT
A + AT is symmetric .
Similarly we can prove that A − AT is skew symmetric .
P − 3 The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and
the sum of two skew symmetric matrix is a skew symmetric matrix .
Let AT = A ; BT = B where A & B have the same order .
(A + B)T = A + B
Similarly we can prove the other
P − 4 If A & B are symmetric matrices then ,
(a) A B + B A is a symmetric matrix
(b) AB − BA is a skew symmetric matrix .
P − 5 Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
A= (A + AT) + (A − AT)
2 2
P Q
Symmetric Skew Symmetric

9. Adjoint Of A Square Matrix :

 a11 a12 a13 
 
Let A = a i j[ ] =  a 21 a 22 a 23  be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the
a a 33 
 31 a 32
 C11 C12 C13 
 
cofactors of [ai j ] in determinant A is =  C 21 C 22 C 23  .
C C33 
 31 C32
 C11 C 21 C 31 
 
Then (adj A) =  C12 C 22 C32 
C 
 13 C 23 C33 
V. Imp. Theorem : A (adj. A) = (adj. A).A = |A| In , If A be a square matrix of order n.
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Note : If A and B are non singular square matrices of same order, then
(i) | adj A | = | A |n – 1
(ii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(iii) adj(KA) = Kn–1 (adj A), K is a scalar
Inverse Of A Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix) :
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that,
AB = I = BA
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A −1 . Thus
A −1 = B ⇔ A B = I = B A .
We have , A . (adj A) = A In
A −1 A (adj A) = A −1 In |Α|
In (adj A) = A −1 A In
(adj A)
∴ A −1 =
|A|
Note : The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that A ≠ 0.

Imp. Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices ofthe same order , then (AB) −1 = B −1 A −1. This is reversal
law for inverse.
Note :
(i) If A be an invertible matrix , then AT is also invertible & (AT) −1 = (A −1)T.
(ii) If A is invertible, (a) (A −1) −1 = A ; (b) (Ak) −1 = (A− 1)k = A–k, k ∈ N
(iii) If A is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA
(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A −1 = AT .
1
(v) | A–1 | =
|A|

SYSTEM OF EQUATION & CRITERIAN FOR CONSISTENCY

GAUSS - JORDAN METHOD
x+y+z = 6
x−y+z=2
2x + y − z = 1
 x + y+ z  6
 x − y+ z   
or   =  2
 2x + y− z  1

1 1 1  x 6
 1 −1 1   y  2
    = 1
 2 1 −1  z  
AX = B ⇒ A −1 A X = A −1 B

(adj. A).B
X = A −1 B = .
|A|
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Note :
(1) If A ≠ 0, system is consistent having unique solution
(2) If A ≠ 0 & (adj A) . B ≠ O (Null matrix) ,
system is consistent having unique non − trivial solution .
(3) If A ≠ 0 & (adj A) . B = O (Null matrix) ,
system is consistent having trivial solution .

(4) If  A
 = 0 , matrix method fails

If (adj A) . B = null matrix = O If (adj A) . B ≠ O

Consistent (Infinite solutions) Inconsistent (no solution)

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EXERCISE-I

0 1 0 0 0 0
Q.1 If, E = 0 0 1 and F = 1 0 0 calculate the matrix product EF & FE and
0 0 0 0 1 0
show that E2F + FE2 = E .

Q.2 Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying

(i) aij is 1 or –1 ; 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 2 ; (iii) a a + a a = 0
(ii) a11 a12 a 21 a 22 11 21 12 22

Q.3 Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations.

3 − 2 3 3
 y y 
3 0  = 3y 3y
2 4   x x  10 10 

a b p 0 
Q.4 Let A =  c d  and B = q  ≠ 0  . Such that AB = B and a + d = 5050. Find the value
     
of (ad – bc).

0 1 0
Q.5 Define A = 3 0 . Find a vertical vector V such that (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I)V = 11
   
(where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix).

1 0 2
Q.6 If, A = 0 2 1 , then show that the maxtrix A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 2.
 2 0 3

Q.7 For a non zero λ, use induction to prove that : (Only for XII CBSE)

 n n −1 n (n − 1) n − 2 
n λ nλ λ 
λ 1 0 
2

(a) 0 λ 1 =  0 λn nλn −1  , for every n ∈ N
 0 0 λ  0 0 λn 
 
 
(b) If, A = 0 1 , then (aI + bA)n = anI + nan − 1 b A, where I is a unit matrix of order 2, ∀ n ∈ N.
0 0

1 2 a b
Q.8 If the matrices A = 3 4 and B =  c d 
   
d−b
(a, b, c, d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of . Also show that the
a+c−b
α − β 2β 3
matrix which commutes with A is of the form  β α 


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a b 
Q.9 If  c 1 − a  is an idempotent matrix. Find the value of f(a), where f(x) = x– x2, when bc = 1/4. Hence
 
otherwise evaluate a.

1 1
Q.10 If the matrix A is involutary, show that (I + A) and (I – A) are idempotent and
2 2
1 1
(I + A)· (I – A)=O.
2 2

1 0
Q.11 Show that the matrix A = 2 1 can be decomposed as a sum of a unit and a nilpotent marix. Hence
 
2007
evaluate the matrix  2 1
1 0
.
 

1 x 1  3 −3 z 
Q.12 Given matrices A =   x 2 y  ; B =  − 3 2 − 3
  z − 3 1 
 1 y 3
Obtain x, y and z if the matrix AB is symmetric.
0 1 − 1
Q.13 Let X be the solution set of the equation Ax = I, where A =  4 − 3 4  and I is the corresponding
 3 − 3 4 
unit matrix and x ⊆ N then find the minimum value of ∑ (cosx θ + sin x θ) , θ ∈ R.

 3 a − 1  d 3 a 
Q.14 A =  2 5 c  is Symmetric and B =  b − a e − 2b − c  is Skew Symmetric, then find AB.
b 8 2   −2 6 − f 
  
Is AB a symmetric, Skew Symmetric or neither of them. Justify your answer.

1 2 5 
Q.15 Express the matrix  2 3 −6 as a sum of a lower triangular matrix & an upper triangular matrix with zero
 −1 0 4 
in its leading diagonal. Also Express the matrix as a sum of a symmetric & a skew symmetric matrix.

Q.16 A is a square matrix of order n.

l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.

Q.17 If A is an idempotent non zero matrix and I is an identity matrix of the same order, find the value of
n, n ∈ N, such that ( A + I )n = I + 127 A.
1 2 5
Q.18 Consider the two matrices A and B where A =  4 3 ; B = − 3 . If n(A) denotes the number of
   
elements in A such that n(XY) = 0, when the two matrices X and Y are not conformable for multiplication.
(
 n (C ) D 2 + n (D )
 )
If C = (AB)(B'A); D = (B'A)(AB) then, find the value of  n (A ) − n (B ) .
 
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EXERCISE-II
a b
Q.1 If A =  c d  then prove that value of f and g satisfying the maxtrix equation A2 + f A + g I = O are
 
equal to – tr (A) and determinant of A respectively. Given a, b, c, d are non zero reals and
1 0 0 0
I = 0 1  ; O = 0 0 .
 

Q.2 A3 × 3 is a matrix such that | A | = a, B = (adj A) such that | B | = b. Find the value of (ab2 + a2b + 1)S

1 a a2 a3
where S = + 3 + 5 + ...... up to ∞, and a = 3.
2 b b b

 4 −4 5 
Q.3 For the matrix A =  − 2 3 − 3 find A–2.
 3 − 3 4 

1 1 1
2 3 1 0 1
Q.4 Given A =  2 4 1 , B = 3 4 . Find P such that BPA = 0 1 0
 2 3 1    

− 1 3 5
Q.5 Given the matrix A =  1 − 3 − 5 and X be the solution set of the equation Ax = A,
 − 1 3 5 

 x3 +1 
where x ∈ N – {1}. Evaluate ∏  3  where the continued product extends ∀ x ∈ X.
 x −1 

cos x − sin x 0
Q.6 If F(x) =  sin x cos x 0 then show that F(x). F(y) = F(x + y)
 0 0 1 
–1
Hence prove that [ F(x) ] = F(– x).

Q.7 If A is a skew symmetric matrix and I + A is non singular, then prove that the matrix
 0 5
B = (I – A)(I + A)–1 is an orthogonal matrix. Use this to find a matrix B given A =  − 5 0 .
 
Q.8 Use matrix to solve the following system of equations.

x + y+ z=3 x + y+ z =6 x + y+ z=3 x + y+z =3

(i) x + 2 y+3z=4 (ii) x − y+ z =2 (iii) x + 2 y+3z=4 (iv) x + 2 y+3z=4
x +4 y+9z=6 2x + y− z=1 2x +3y+ 4z =7 2x +3y+ 4z=9

Q.9 Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the other aij = 1. Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then
find the value of (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.

1 2 2 2 1 1 10
Q.10 Given that A=  2 2 3  , C=  2 2 1  , D= 13 and that Cb=D. Solve the matrix equation Ax=b.
1 − 1 3 1 1 1  9 

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2 1 3 2   2 4 
Q.11 Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation, 3 2 . A . 5 −3 =  3 −1 .
     

k m
Q.12 If A =   and kn ≠ lm ; then show that A2 – (k + n)A + (kn – lm) I = O.
l n
Hence find A–1.

 2 1 9 3
Q.13 Given A=  2 1 ; B= 3 1 . I is a unit matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in the following cases.
   
(i) AX = A (ii) XA = I (iii) XB = O but BX ≠ O.

 −5 1 3  1 1 2
 7 1 −5  3 2 1
Q.14 Find the product of two matrices A & B, where A =   & B =  2 1 3 and use it to
 1 −1 1   
solve the following system of linear equations,
x + y + 2z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + z = 7 ; 2x + y + 3z = 2 .

1 2
Q.15 If A = 2 4 then, find a non-zero square matrix X of order 2 such that AX = O. Is XA = O.
 
1 2
If A = 2 3 , is it possible to find a square matrix X such that AX = O. Give reasons for it.
 

 3 − 2 1 x   b 
Q.16 Determine the values of a and b for which the system 5 − 8 9  y =  3 
 2 1 a   z   − 1
 
(i) has a unique solution ; (ii) has no solution and (iii) has infinitely many solutions

1 2 3 1 1 2  x1 x 2 
Q.17 If A = 3 4 ; B = 1 0 ; C =  2 4 and X =
       x x  then solve the following matrix equation.
 3 4

(a) AX = B – I (b) (B – I)X = IC (c) CX = A

Q.18 If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where P is a non singular matrix then show that the matrix
PB–1 is also orthogonal.

3 − 4 a b
Q.19 Consider the matrices A = 1 − 1  and B = 0 1 and let P be any orthogonal matrix and Q = PAPT
   
T K T
and R = P Q P also S = PBP and T = P S P T K

Column I Column II
(A) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row (P) G.P. with common ratio a
first column elements at R will form
(B) If we vary K from 1 to n then the 2nd row 2nd (Q) A.P. with common difference 2
column elements at R will form
(C) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row first (R) G.P. with common ratio b
column elements of T will form
(D) If we vary K from 3 to n then the first row 2nd column (S) A.P. with common difference – 2.
elements of T will represent the sum of
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EXERCISE-III
a b c
Q.1 If matrix A =  b c a  where a, b, c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and ATA = I, then find the
 c a b 
value of a3 + b3 + c3 . [JEE 2003, Mains-2 out of 60]

Q.2 If A = α 2  and | Α3 | =125, then α =

 2 α
(A) ± 3 (B) ± 2 (C) ± 5 (D) 0 [JEE 2004(Scr)]

Q.3 If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MTM = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M – I) = 0.
[JEE 2004, 2 out of 60]

a 1 0 a 1 1  f  a 2  x 
Q.4 A = 1 b d  , B = 0 d c  , U = g  , V = 0,X=  y .
1 b c  f g h  h  0 z
     

If AX = U has infinitely many solution, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If further
afd ≠ 0, then prove that BX = V has no solution. [JEE 2004, 4 out of 60]

1 0 0 1 0 0
Q.5 A = 0 1 1  , I = 0 1 0 and A–1 = 1 (A 2 + cA + dI) , then the value of c and d are
0 − 2 4 0 0 1 6

(A) –6, –11 (B) 6, 11 (C) –6, 11 (D) 6, – 11 [JEE 2005(Scr)]

 3 1 
 2 
Q.6 If P = 
2  , A = 1 1 and Q = PAPT and x = PTQ2005 P, then x is equal to
 0 1
− 1 3
 2 2 

1 2005  4 + 2005 3 6015 

(A) 0 1  (B)  2005 4 − 2005 3 
 

1 2 + 3 1  1  2005 2 − 3 
(C) 
4  −1 2 − 3  (D)
4 2 + 3 2005 
[JEE 2005 (Screening)]

Comprehension (3 questions)

1 0 0 1   2  2
Q.7 A = 2 1 0 , U1, U2 and U3 are columns matrices satisfying. AU1 = 0 ; AU2 = 3  , AU3 = 3 
3 2 1 0 0  1 

and U is 3 × 3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the following questions

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(a) The value of | U | is
(A) 3 (B) – 3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2

(b) The sum of elements of U–1 is

(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3
3
(c) The value of [3 2 0] U 2 is
0
(A) 5 (B) 5/2 (C) 4 (D) 3/2
[JEE 2006, 5 marks each]

Q.8 Match the statements / Expression in Column-I with the statements / Expressions in Column-II and
indicate your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in OMR.
Column-I Column-II
x 2 + 2x + 4
(A) The minimum value of is (P) 0
x+2
(B) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers, (Q) 1
where A is symmetric, B is skew-symmetric, and
(A + B)(A – B) = (A – B)(A + B). If (AB)t = (–1)kAB, where (AB)t
is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the possible values of k are
−a
(C) Let a = log3 log32. An integer k satisfying 1 < 2( − k +3 )
< 2, must be (R) 2
less than
1 π
(D) If sin θ = cos φ, then the possible values of  θ ± φ −  are (S) 3
π 2
[JEE 2008, 6]
Comprehension (3 questions)
Q.8 Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these entries
are 1 and four of them are 0.
(a) The number of matrices in A is
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3
(b) The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
 x  1
A  y  = 0
 z  0
 
has a unique solution, is
(A) less than 4 (B) at least 4 but less than 7
(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10
(c) The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
 x  1
A  y  = 0
 z  0
 
is inconsistent, is
(A) 0 (B) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1 [JEE 2009, 4+4+4]
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ANSWER KEY
MATRICES
EXERCISE-I

1 0 0 0 0 0
Q.1 EF =  0 1 0  , FE = 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1

Q.2 8

3
Q.3 x= , y=2
2

Q.4 5049

0
 
Q.5 V= 1 
 
11 

Q.8 1

Q.9 f (a) = 1/4, a = 1/2

 1 0
Q.11  4014 1 
 

 4 2 2  4 2 2 
− , , 2 2  , , , − 2 2  ,(3,3, –1)
Q.12  3 3   3 3 
   

Q.13 2

Q.14 AB is neither symmetric nor skew symmetric

 1 0 0  0 2 5  1 2 2 0 0 3
Q.15  2 3 0 + 0 0 −6 ;  2 3 − 3 +  0 0 − 3
−1 0 4 0 0 0   2 − 3 4   − 3 3 0 

Q.16 4

Q.17 n=7

Q.18 650

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EXERCISE-II

 17 4 − 19
Q.1 f = – (a + d) ; g = ad – bc Q.2 225 Q.3  − 10 0 13 
 − 21 − 3 25 

 − 4 7 − 7 3 1 − 12 − 5 
Q.4  3 −5 5  Q.5 Q.7 − 12
  2 13  5

Q.8 (i) x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 ; (ii) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 ;

(iii) x = 2 + k, y = 1 − 2k, z = k where k ∈ R ; (iv) inconsistent, hence no solution

Q.9 1

Q.10 x1 = 1, x2 = – 1, x3 = 1

1  48 − 25
19 −70 42 
Q.11

1 n − m
Q.12
kn − lm − l k 


 a b 
Q.13 (i) X =  2 − 2a 1 − 2b  for a, b ∈ R ; (ii) X does not exist ;
 

a − 3a 
(iii) X =  c − 3c  a, c ∈ R and 3a + c ≠ 0; 3b + d ≠ 0
 

 − 2c − 2d 
Q.14 x = 2, y = 1, z = − 1 Q.15 X=  c d  , where c, d ∈ R – {0}, NO


Q.16 (i) a ≠ – 3 , b ∈ R ; (ii) a = – 3 and b ≠ 1/3 ; (iii) a = –3 , b = 1/3

 − 3 − 3
Q.17 (a) X=  5  , (b) X =  1 2
 2 2  
 − 1 − 2 , (c) no solution

Q.19 (A) Q; (B) S; (C) P; (D) P

EXERCISE-III
Q.1 4 Q.2 A Q.5 C Q.6 A Q.7 (a) A, (b) B, (c) A

Q.8 (A) R (B) Q,S (C) R,S (D) P,R Q.9 (a) A, (b) B, (b) B
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