1

PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OBLIGATIONS

AMONG SECURITY GUARDS OF PRIVATE SECURITY
AGENCY (PSA): BASIS FOR CAPABILITY TRAINING
PROGRAM

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School

Republican College
th
15 Avenue, Murphy, Quezon City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Master of Science in Criminology

By

STEVENSON T. SALAGOSTE
January, 2019
2

ABSTRACT
3

The purpose of this study was to assess the profile

characteristics of the security guards and its relationship to their

capability in performing their obligations among security guards of

Private Security Agency (PSA) during the year 2018-2019. The

researcher will describe the profile characteristics of the security

guards as to abilities, knowledge, and skills. The researcher also

described the capability of the security guards in performing their

obligations in terms of job activities, and job duties and tasks.

Moreover, the researcher identified the problems encountered by the

security guards in performing their obligations. It is hoped that based

from the findings of the study, a capability training program can be

developed to enhance the performance of the security guards in doing

their obligations. The respondents included 50 security guards of the

Private Security Agency (PSA) posted in Quezon City. The period of

study was from December, 2108 to February, 2019.

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It was found out that the security guards are satisfactory

considering their profile characteristics in terms of skills, knowledge,

and abilities. The security guards are capable in performing their

obligations in terms of job activities and job duties and tasks.

Significant relationship exists between the profile characteristics of

the security guards, and their capability in performing their

obligations. There are problems encountered by the security guards

in performing their obligations such as facing life risks and danger,

placing life on the line every time they go to work, low salary, lack of

leadership from management, facing hardship of dealing with rude or

nasty people, and lack of security training.

It was recommended to encourage the security guards to

upgrade their profile characteristics in terms of skills, knowledge,

and abilities by attending seminars and training development,

strengthen areas that were found not capable in the security guards’

performance in doing their obligations in terms of job activities and

job duties and tasks, and encourage the security guards to upgrade

their profile characteristics by attending relevant trainings and

seminars to enhance their capability in performing their obligations.

Moreover, the researcher recommended to develop strategies to

address the problems encountered by the security guards in

performing their obligations such as facing life risks and danger,

placing life on the line every time they go to work, low salary, lack of
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leadership from management, facing hardship of dealing with rude or

nasty people, and lack of security training, and consider the use of

the capability training program developed to enhance the

performance of the security guards in doing their obligations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Dedication
CHAPTER
I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction…………………………………………………….. 8
Background of the Study……………………………………. 9
Research Paradigm…………………………………………… 11
Statement of the Problem…………………………………… 13
Hypothesis of the Study…………………………………….. 14
Scope and Limitations of the Study…………………….... 14
Significance of the Study…………………………………… 15
Definition of Terms…………………………………………… 15
II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Security guard………………………………………………… 17
Personnel………………………………………………………. 21
Training………………………………………………………… 26
Business and outsource of Security Guard……………. 27
6

Courtesy Officer vs. Security Guard…………………….. 32

III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design ……………………………………………… 52
Instruments to be Used ………………..…………………… 52
Respondents of the Study …..…………………………….. 53
Sampling Technique ………………………………………… 54
Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………… 54
Statistical Treatment of the Data ………………………... 54
IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS and INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings .………………………………………. 73
Conclusions…………….………………………………………. 76
Recommendations…………………………………………….. 77
SURVEY QUESTIONAIRE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Title Page

1 Profile characteristics of the security

guards in terms of Skills ...…………………… 58

2 Profile characteristics of the security

guards in terms of Knowledge …………….… 59

3 Profile characteristics of the security

guards in terms of Abilities ………………….. 61

4 Capability of the security guards in

performing their obligations in terms
of: Job Activities …………………….…………... 63

5 Capability of the security guards

in performing their obligations in
terms of Job Duties and Tasks ……………… 65

6 Significant relationship between the

profile characteristics of the security
guards, and their capability in
performing their obligations …………………. 68

7 Capability training program developed

to enhance the performance of the
security guards in doing their obligations .. 72
8

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Number Title Page

1 Research Paradigm 36
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Security guards typically protect and enforce laws on an

employer’s property, monitor alarms and closed-circuit TV cameras,

control access for employees, visitors, and outside contractors,

conduct security checks over a specified area, write comprehensive

reports outlining what they observed while on patrol, interview

witnesses for later court testimony, and detain criminal violators

Guards must remain alert, looking for anything out of the

ordinary throughout their shift. In an emergency, guards may call for

assistance from police, fire, or ambulance services. Some security

guards may be armed.

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A security guard, security officer, or protective agent is a

private person who is paid to protect an organization's assets

(property, people, money, etc.) from a variety of hazards (such as

waste, damaged property, unsafe worker behaviour, criminal activity,

etc.) by utilizing preventative measures. They do this by maintaining

a high-visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions,

observing (either directly, through patrols, or by watching alarm

systems or video cameras) for signs of crime, fire or disorder; then

taking action to minimize damage (example: warning and escorting

trespassers off property) and reporting any incidents to their client

and emergency services as appropriate. Their international (at least

in the United States of America and Canada) symbol of brotherhood

is The Thin Green Line. Security officers are generally uniformed to

represent their lawful authority on private property.

The nature and the heavy workload of the security guards

prompted some of the security guards to do wrong. Some of the

guards have been reported to have not doing their assigned tasks

religiously. Some have been reported as they are not performing well.

The worst was that there were some guards who have been accused

of corruption, rape, insubordination, etc. This is the reason why the

researcher conducted this study in understanding the duties and

obligations of the security guards.

Background of the Study

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A security guard’s job responsibilities vary from one employer

to another. In retail stores, guards protect people, records,

merchandise, money, and equipment. They may work with

undercover store detectives to prevent theft by customers or

employees, detain shoplifting suspects until the police arrive, or

patrol parking lots. In office buildings, banks, hotels, and hospitals,

guards maintain order and protect the organization’s customers,

staff, and property. In museums or art galleries, guards protect

paintings and exhibits by watching people and inspecting packages

entering and leaving the building.

In factories, government buildings, and military bases, security

guards protect information and products and check the credentials of

people and vehicles entering and leaving the premises. At

universities, in parks, and at sports stadiums, guards do crowd

control, supervise parking and seating, and direct traffic. At bars and

nightclubs, guards (or bouncers) keep under-age people from

entering, collect cover charges at the door, and maintain order among

customers. Guards who work as transportation security screeners

protect people, transportation equipment, and freight at airports,

train stations, and other transportation facilities.

Guards protects members of Parliament during public visits by

visitors in the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic in 2015.

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Many security firms and proprietary security departments practice

the "detect, deter, observe and report" methodology. Security officers

are not required to make arrests, but have the authority to make a

citizen's arrest, or otherwise act as an agent of law enforcement, for

example, at the request of a police officer or sheriff.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored with the replacement theory model

developed by Timane (1998). The Replacement Theory in Operations

Research is used in the decision making process of replacing a

certain system/procedure/used equipment with a substitute; mostly

a new system/procedure/used equipment of better usage. The

replacement might be necessary due to the deteriorating property or

failure or breakdown of particular system/procedure/used

equipment. The ‘Replacement Theory’ is used in the cases like;

existing items have out-lived, or it may not be economical anymore to

continue with them, or the items might have been destroyed either by

accident or otherwise. The above discussed situations can be solved

mathematically and categorized on some basis which may be called

as Replacement Models.

Research Paradigm

Figure 1 presents the research paradigm showing the

interrelationships of all the variables utilizing the input-process-

output.
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Box 1 focuses on the input stage showing the profile

characteristics among security guards of Private Security Agency

(PSA) as to abilities, knowledge, and skills. The input also contains

the capability of the security guards in performing their obligations in

terms of job activities, and job duties and tasks, and the problems

encountered by the security guards in performing their obligations.

On the other hand, box 2, shows the process stage indicating

the analysis and interpretation of data through questionnaire,

interview, and observation. Box 3 being the output indicates the

development of a capability training program to enhance the

performance of the security guards.

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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Respondents’ profile Analysis and

characteristics of the interpretation of
security guards along data through:
the following 1. questionnaire
dimensions: 2. interview
1. skills 3. observation
2. knowledge
3. abilities Development
of a capability
Testing the training
Respondents capability
significant program to
of the security guards in
relationship enhance the
performing their
between the profile performance
obligations in terms of:
characteristics of of the security
1. job activities
the security guards, guards
2. job duties and tasks
and their capability
in performing their
Problems encountered
obligations
by the security guards in
performing their
obligations

Feedback loop

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the profile characteristics of the

security guards and its relationship to their capability in performing

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their obligations among security guards of Private Security Agency

(PSA) during the year 2018-2019 with the end in view that a

capability training program can be developed for performance

enhancement.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the profile characteristics of the security guards

along the following dimensions:

1.1 skills

1.2 knowledge

1.3 abilities

2. What is the capability of the security guards in performing

their obligations in terms of:

2.1 job activities

2.2 job duties and tasks

3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile

characteristics of the security guards, and their capability in

performing their obligations?

4. What problems are encountered by the security guards in

performing their obligations?

5. What capability training program can be developed to

enhance the performance of the security guards in doing their

obligations?

Hypothesis
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The hypothesis that will be tested using 0.05 level of

significance will be that:

H(o): There is no significant relationship between the profile

characteristics of the security guards, and their capability in

performing their obligations.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The purpose of this study was to assess the profile

characteristics of the security guards and its relationship to their

capability in performing their obligations among security guards of

Private Security Agency (PSA) during the year 2018-2019. The

researcher will describe the profile characteristics of the security

guards as to abilities, knowledge, and skills. The researcher also

described the capability of the security guards in performing their

obligations in terms of job activities, and job duties and tasks.

Moreover, the researcher identified the problems encountered by the

security guards in performing their obligations. It is hoped that based

from the findings of the study, a capability training program can be

developed to enhance the performance of the security guards in doing

their obligations. The respondents included 50 security guards of the

Private Security Agency (PSA) posted in Quezon City. The period of

study was from December, 2108 to February, 2019.

Significance of the Study

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This study shall offer substantial benefits to the following

sectors:

Private Security Agency (PSA) may be provided relevant

information as to the effectiveness of hiring security guards in

keeping the security of the workplace where they are assigned.

Policemen may be informed of the policies of Private Security

Agency (PSA) in hiring security guards.

Security Guards may be given insights as to their capability

in performing their obligations as basis for development of a training

program.

General Public may be able to increase their awareness on the

responsibilities and obligations the security guards are doing so as

for them to understand their situations.

Future Researchers may also find this study significant in a

similar study that they may be conducting pertaining to the

effectiveness of hiring security guards.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined as how it was used in this

study:
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Abilities refer to the security guards’ capability in doing their

duties on problem sensitivity, selective attention, inductive

reasoning, flexibility of closure, perceptual speed, and category

flexibility.

Job Activities refer to the security guards’ capability in doing

their duties in making decisions and solving problems,

documenting/recording Information, monitor processes,

materials, or surroundings, resolving conflicts and negotiating

with others, inspecting equipment, structures, or material,

communicating with persons outside organization, performing

general physical activities, evaluating information to determine

compliance with standards, and assisting and caring for

others.

Job Duties and Tasks refer to the security guards’ capability

in doing their duties in patrolling, answering alarms and investigate

disturbances, and writing reports of daily activities and irregularities.

Knowledge refers to the security guards’ capability in doing

their duties on public safety and security, customer and

personal service, English language, law and government, and

clerical.

Security guard is someone who patrols and inspects property

against fire, theft, vandalism, terrorism, and illegal activity. They

monitor people and buildings in an effort to prevent crime.

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Skills refer to the competencies of the security guards in

reading comprehension, active listening, speaking, writing,

critical thinking, and in active learning.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents all related literature and studies, foreign

and local, which have greater focus on hiring security guards to

replace policemen in security on augmentation for PNP personnel.

Security guard

Functions and duties

A private security officer's primary duty is the prevention and

deterrence of crime. Security personnel enforce company rules and

can act to protect lives and property, and they often have a

contractual obligation to provide these actions. In addition to basic

deterrence, security officers are often trained to perform specialized

tasks such as arrest and control (including handcuffing and

restraints), operate emergency equipment, perform first aid, CPR,

take accurate notes, write detailed reports, and perform other tasks

as required by the client they are serving.

All security officers are also required to go through additional

training mandated by the state for the carrying of weapons such as

batons, firearms, and pepper spray (e.g. the Bureau of Security and

Investigative Services in California has requirements that a license

for each item listed must be carried while on duty). Some officers are

required to complete police certification for special duties. Virginia

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training standards for security are identical to police training with

regards to firearms (shotgun and handgun) but do not place licensing

requirements for other items carried, only that training be provided

that is documented. Several security companies have also become

certified in RADAR and trained their sworn special police officers to

use it on protected properties in conjunction with lights/sirens,

allowing them to legally enforce traffic laws on private property.

The number of jobs is expected to grow in the U.S., with

175,000 new security jobs expected before 2016. In recent years, due

to elevated threats of terrorism, most security officers are required to

have bomb-threat training and/or emergency crisis training,

especially those located in soft target areas such as shopping malls,

schools, and any other area where the general public congregate.

One major economic justification for security personnel is that

insurance companies (particularly fire insurance carriers) will give

substantial rate discounts to sites which have a 24-hour presence.

For a high risk or high value property, the discount can often exceed

the money being spent on its security program. Discounts are offered

because having security on site increases the odds that any fire will

be noticed and reported to the local fire department before a total loss

occurs. Also, the presence of security personnel (particularly in

combination with effective security procedures) tends to diminish

"shrinkage", theft, employee misconduct and safety rule violations,

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property damage, or even sabotage. Many casinos hire security

guards to protect money when transferring it from the casino to the

casino's bank.

Security personnel may also perform access control at building

entrances and vehicle gates; meaning, they ensure that employees

and visitors display proper passes or identification before entering

the facility.

Security officers are called upon to respond to potential

hazards (such as broken lights or doors, disturbances, lost persons,

minor injuries, etc.) and to assist in serious emergencies (medicals,

fires, crime, etc.) by securing the scene to prevent further loss or

damage, summoning emergency responders to the incident, helping

to redirect foot traffic to safe locations, and by documenting what

happened on an incident report to give their client an idea of how to

prevent similar situations from occurring.

Armed security officers are frequently contracted to respond as

law enforcement until a given situation at a client location is under

control and/or public authorities arrive on the scene.

Patrolling is usually a large part of a security officer's duties, as

most incidents are prevented by being looked for instead of waiting

for them to occur. Often these patrols are logged by use of a guard

tour patrol system, which require regular patrols. Until recently the

most commonly used form used to be mechanical clock systems that

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required a key for manual punching of a number to a strip of paper

inside with the time pre-printed on it. But recently, electronic

systems have risen in popularity due to their light weight, ease of

use, and downloadable logging capabilities. Regular patrols are,

however, becoming less accepted as an industry standard, as it

provides predictability for the would-be criminal, as well as monotony

for the security officer on duty. Random patrols are easily

programmed into electronic systems, allowing greater freedom of

movement and unpredictability. Global positioning systems are

beginning to be used because they are a more effective means of

tracking officers' movements and behavior.

Workplace of a Security Guard

Security guards work in a wide variety of environments,

including public buildings, retail stores, and office buildings. Guards

who serve as transportation security screeners work in air, sea, and

rail terminals and other transportation facilities, and are employed by

the federal government. Gaming surveillance officers do most of their

work in casino observation rooms, using audio and video equipment.

Most security guards spend considerable time on their feet,

either assigned to a specific post or patrolling buildings and grounds.

Some may sit for long hours behind a counter or in a guardhouse at

the entrance to a gated facility or community. Some security guards

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provide surveillance around the clock by working shifts of eight hours

or longer with rotating schedules.

Guards who work during the day may have a great deal of

contact with other employees and the public. Although the work can

be routine, it can also be hazardous, particularly when an altercation

occurs.

Personnel

Although security guards (also called security officers) differ

greatly from police officers, military personnel, federal

agents/officers, and the like, Australia and the United States have a

growing proportion of security personnel that have former police or

military experience, including senior management personnel. On the

other hand, some security officers, young people in particular, use

the job as practical experience to use in applying to law enforcement

agencies.

Types of security personnel and companies

A security guard protecting the entrance to an apartment

building, and managing the parking of cars in Haikou, Hainan

Province, China.

Security personnel are classified as one of the following:

"In-house" or "proprietary" (i.e. employed by the same company

or organization they protect, such as a mall, theme park, or casino);

25

formerly often called works police or security police in the United

Kingdom.

"Security supervisor", meets with clients and employees as

necessary to ensure client and employee satisfaction.

"Scheduler", Security Officer assignment and strategic

scheduling resulting in client satisfaction, employee retention and

cost maintained within District financial plans.

"Human Resources Manager", effective delivery of human

resources services such as employment, employee/labor relations,

compensation, benefits administration, training and development,

workers’ compensation, and audit compliance. Maintains and

implements corporate policies and programs related to employment.

"Client Service Manager", promotes financial growth for the

District by ensuring client retention, Security Officer retention, and

support for the development of new business.

"Client Service Supervisor", provides security services for

designated clients resulting in customer satisfaction, Security Officer

retention, and financial growth for the District. Provides service in a

large and complex area.

"Contract", working for a private security company which

protects many locations.

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"Public Security", a person employed or appointed as an

(usually armed) security officer by a government or government

agency.

"Private Police Officers” or "Special Police".

"Private Patrol Officers", vehicle patrol officers that protect

multiple client premises.

"Parapolice", aggressive firms that routinely engage in criminal

investigation and arrest.

Industry terms for security personnel include: security guard,

security officer, security agent, safety patrol, private police, company

police, security enforcement officer, and public safety. Terms for

specialized jobs include bouncer, bodyguards, executive protection

agent, loss prevention, alarm responder, hospital security officer,

mall security officer, crime prevention officer, patrolman, private

patrol officer, and private patrol operator.

State and local governments sometimes regulate the use of

these terms by law—for example, certain words and phrases that

"give an impression that he or she is connected in any way with the

federal government, a state government, or any political subdivision

of a state government" are forbidden for use by California security

licensees by Business and Professions Code Section 7582.26. So the

terms "private homicide police" or "special agent" would be unlawful

for a security licensee to use in California. Similarly, in Canada,

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various acts specifically prohibits private security personnel from

using the terms Probation Officer, law enforcement, police, or police

officer.

Alberta and Ontario prohibit the use of the term Security

Officer, which has been in widespread use in the United States for

many decades. Recent changes to the act have also introduced

restrictions on uniform and vehicle colours and markings to make

private security personnel clearly distinctive from police personnel.

Some sources feel that some of these restrictions are put in place to

satisfy the Canadian Police Association.

Specialized Vip security guard services and companies are in

high demand and are defined by their ability to protect celebrities

and executives during times of unrest.

There is a marked difference between persons performing the

duties historically associated with watchmen and persons who take a

more active role in protecting persons and property. The former, often

called "guards", are taught the mantra "observe and report", are

minimally trained, and not expected to deal with the public or

confront criminals.

The latter are often highly trained, sometimes armed depending

on contracts agreed upon with clientele, and are more likely to

interact with the general public and to confront the criminal element.
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These employees tend to take pride in the title "Security Officer" or

"Protection Officer" and disdain the label of "guard".

Security jobs vary in pay and duties. There is sometimes

little relationship between duties performed and compensation, for

example some mall "security officers" who are exposed to serious

risks earn less per hour than "industrial security guards" who have

less training and responsibility.[18] However, there are now more

positions in the security role that separate not just the titles, but the

job itself. The roles have progressed and so have the areas for which

security people are needed.

The term "agent" can be confusing in the security industry

because it can describe a civil legal relationship between an employee

and their employer or contractor ("agent of the owner" in California

PC 602), and also can describe a person in government service

("Special Agent Jones of the Federal Bureau of Investigation".) The

title "agent" can be confused with bail enforcement agents, also

known as "bounty hunters", who are sometimes regulated by the

same agencies which regulate private security. The term "agent" is

also used in other industries, such as banking agents, loan agents

and real estate agents.

Security agents are often employed in loss prevention and

personal or executive protection (bodyguards) roles. They typically

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work in plainclothes (without a uniform), and are usually highly

trained to act lawfully in direct defense of life or property.

Security personnel are essentially private citizens, and

therefore are bound by the same laws and regulations as the citizenry

they are contracted to serve, and therefore are not allowed to

represent themselves as law enforcement under penalty of law.

Training

Just as with the police profession, training requirements for

the private security industry have evolved over time.[4] For many

years security guards were poorly chosen and poorly trained (if at all),

partly because security guard companies who contracted with clients

in private industry were paid very little for their security guard

services. For the most part, contracts were awarded to security guard

companies through a competition process and the final selection was

often made based on cost rather than the experience or

professionalism of the security guard company. That changed

drastically on September 11, 2001 when radical terrorists attacked

the United States. The event moved corporate threat concerns to the

top of the priority list for most security guard contracts started being

awarded based on professionalism. More money was invested in

security so more money became available for training of security

guards. The term 'security professional' began to surface and large

private security companies like Blackwater, USA began offering

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training services for the private security industry that approached the

level of training provided by the military. Security guard companies

began paying enough to attract people with significant backgrounds

in law enforcement and the military, often in special operations.

Business and outsource of Security Guard

Most companies focus on their core business and outsource

other business-related supporting tasks that fall outside of their

expertise. However, some Companies still opt to hire their own staff

for non-business related tasks – this includes security. Such

companies will hire their own security directly (in house) as opposed

to outsourcing security to a third party company that provides

security (or bundled services including security).

There are several advantages and disadvantages for a company

to hire its own security directly.

Advantages. Selecting, training, and supervising your own

security personnel. In essence the company hand picks the staff to

secure their premises as opposed to having a third party select the

personnel on the company’s behalf. This advantage comes with

additional (and perhaps costly) tasks such as recruiting and training

personnel that fall outside of your core business tasks / work

experience. Additionally when a company hires its own staff, while

their security manager may have more control of the security guards,

the time spent with supervising the guards may distract from the
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security manager’s duties of overseeing the bulk of the company’s

other staff and customers and improving the company’s security

program.

Hiring your own security creates a more direct relationship

between the Company and the security officers in comparison to

bringing in persons perceived to be “outsiders.” This, in turn, can

create a sense of more loyalty among the security officers. Similarly

the company’s remaining employee population are more likely to see

the security officers as part of their own team. As an employee gains

experience, and longevity in a given company, their sense of loyalty is

likely to grow. However this is a double-edged sword. Security

officers who remain with one company for a long period of time may

become more loyal to the other employees then to the company

thereby creating a potential conflict of interest in enforcing company

regulations and procedures amongst the employee population and /

or in the event an employee is suspected of doing wrong.

Security officers a company hires directly can be more

reliable. When a company hires their own employees the same

employee reports to work every day; when out-sourcing, the security

company may assign different officers to the company’s premises

depending on the security company’s requirements elsewhere. This

can cause a lack of consistency in performance. The new security

officers do not have a firm grasp of the company’s layout, procedures,

32

or staff; the learning curve constantly reverts back to the start. The

flip side of this is even when a company hires their own staff they will

also require replacements as staff move on and usually such

companies do not have a recruitment program to readily replace the

security officers whereas a security company does maintain this

capability.

Disadvantages. There are also disadvantages for a company to

hire their own security officers. Most likely the company hiring its

own staff will have higher security costs in comparison to a monthly

contracted rate for the same security requirements given to an out-

sourced security company. For example:

 A full time employee will normally include additional costs

such as employee taxes, vacation, benefits, overtime, holiday pay,

annual raises, relief for days off (an additional one or two officers for

every five or six security requirements); as well as the supportive

costs of recruiting, background checks, training, uniforms,

equipment, and sustainment. An outsource security can provide all

of these normally at a steady (and much lower) cost.

 Outsource security companies have an inventory of security

equipment and systems they can readily provide to their customers

to supplement the manned guarding. This equipment is beneficial in

responding to emergency situations and providing an evidentiary

record of events. All of this comes as an upfront cost to the security

33

company which traditionally will absorb these overheads or amortize

a fraction of the costs over an extended period of time and at a cost-

savings to their customers.

 Spreading Risk and Liability. This is often the most single

compelling reason for out-sourcing security. Companies that hire

their own security assume responsibility for the security officers

selection, training and are liable for all of their security officers’

actions (or inactions) during incidents and emergencies. A company

that outsources security parlays (contracts) a portion of the

company’s liability and protection to a third party; thereby reducing

their insurance premiums and potential claims. In some instances

the insurance cost savings for shifting a portion of the liability to a

third party can offset the cost of out-source security.

Expertise. Most security companies have only one mission:

security; and all company efforts and expenses go towards security

operations. The (proper) security company’s guards have already

been background checked, trained, uniformed and equipped. The

guards routinely have years of experience; the management team

have diversified security backgrounds and can consult with their

customers to provide the most costeffective security force to meet the

customer’s requirements.

Outsourced guards are more accountable. Not only do the

guards answer to you as their company’s customer, they also answer

34

to their own security company. Guard post orders, actions, logs, and

reports are scrutinized by both the customer and the company

thereby normally resulting in a better service.

An out-sourced security company can surge to meet temporary

additional requirements such as support of a specific function, VIP,

or short-term change in the threat. Hiring in-house will normally

require a lot of additional costs associated with hiring part time staff

to recruit, train, uniform, equip and so forth OR the company may

divert other non-security trained staff to assist in security thereby

impacting the company’s routine operations.

Despite the cost savings, assumption of 100% of the liability,

and the disadvantages that come from hiring your own security,

some companies still hesitate to put their trust in a third party

security company due to the perception of a lack of quality in the

security companies. Given the number of security companies that

operate inappropriately this concern may be well justified. However

there are enough properly run security companies that are capable

and can be trusted to meet the company’s security requirements.

The challenge is doing proper due diligence, through the contract

process, to ensure you are considering the properly operated and

trustworthy security companies. Of course the security company

hires people and people do make mistakes. Even a properly operated

security company can have a “bad apple;” the same “bad apple” can
35

also arise when a company hires their own security. The difference is

when a bad security officer surfaces in the outsource security

company you can inform the security company that this officer can

no longer work on your premises and the officer is replaced straight

away; when you hire a bad apple you may be stuck with that person

for a while or incur additional costs to get rid of him (or her); if you:

Terminate the employee it can be a timely process in which the

company must repeatedly document (security) infractions and accept

a marginal, perhaps untrustworthy security officer, or inadequate

performance throughout this period.

Requiring the unacceptable employee to resign often has

additional redundancy costs associated with the process

The potential for a “bad apple” is an additional disadvantage

you incur when hiring your own security officers. If an outsource

security company assigns a “bad apple” to your premises, you merely

advise the company and the officer is gone straight away with no

additional risks or associated costs.

Courtesy Officer vs. Security Guard

Is there a difference between a uniformed security guard and a

courtesy officer on an apartment property? The name obviously...but

their function is often identical. It seems that some apartment

managers believe that calling a uniformed security guard a "courtesy

officer" somehow reduces their exposure to civil liability. This belief

36

can’t be farther from the truth. The old saying applies here, If it looks

like a duck, quacks like at duck, and walks like a duck...it’s probably

a duck. Call them what you will, but know that it's the security guard

uniform and conduct that will define their true job function.

In practical terms, the primary difference between the two is

that the contract security guard is employed by the contractor and

not by you. The in-house courtesy officer is an employee of the

property management company and usually lives on the premises.

The courtesy officer may not be in traditional uniform and may only

wear a logo shirt. There are advantages and disadvantages of both

types. The biggest advantage of a courtesy officer over the contract

worker is the ability to have them live on-site and get to know the

property and residents better. Most carry a pager and can respond

quickly. Many courtesy officers offer superior service and become

very loyal to the property they protect.

Many courtesy officers are off-duty police officers, and with

them come superior training and experience. However, don't assume

that off-duty police officers know how to provide adequate security to

an apartment property. Apartment security isn’t taught at the police

academy. Also, remember that off-duty police officers may be tired

and may not want to wear another uniform or do a lot of foot patrol.

However, many courtesy officers are mere civilians and can have the
37

disadvantage of a lack of professional security or police training.

Obviously, the training problem can be overcome with a little effort.

Background Checks

Another issue is one of background screening. Most uniformed

contract security officers should have been screened at some level.

Off-duty police officers, presumably, should have already been

screened before being hired by their municipality. At minimum, job

references and a basic criminal background should be checked on

contract officers and non-police courtesy officers. You must inquire

about this and require it of the guard company, in writing, as part of

your contract to afford yourself greater liability protection.

If courtesy officers live on site, they should be qualified like any

other resident including having verifiable job references and no felony

criminal convictions. Yes, ex-felons need jobs too, but not working a

security job at a residential property...too much liability.

Most good applicants will have solid identifiable references,

most bad applicants will not.

Don't hire bad security applicants.

The bottom line is: if you going to issue unit keys or master

keys to a security guard or courtesy officer you better feel comfortable

with them.
38

How to accurately check job references and criminal

backgrounds is a constant source of complaint from property

managers. It's not difficult, but access varies depending on where you

live. The solution is to try, and to make a good faith effort. There are

dozens of background screening services available and private

investigators that perform this service at a reasonable rate. Look in

the telephone directory or check with your local apartment

association for referrals.

Contract Security Guard Service

The question that I’m most often asked is, "How do I find a

quality contract security guard service for a reasonable price that will

perform the patrols responsibly?" To answer this question you must

first accept certain facts as being true.

Accept the fact that the words "quality and reasonable price"

are often contradictory terms. Accept the fact that paying the highest

or lowest price for a contract security patrol officer doesn't always

equate to the quality of service, although there are exceptions. Accept

the fact that all contract security agencies are drawn from the same

labor pool for potential employees. If your market area has high

employment the security guard labor pool may be substandard. In

fact, many poor quality security officers will drift between contract

agencies until they exhaust the supply of employers. Security guards

are often transient and this is the first job they find after hitting
39

town. Because of this fact, it can become a kind of a crapshoot

sometimes as the contract agency sends a different security officer to

patrol your property each night.

So what’s the Solution?

As a rule of thumb, you can increase your options and success

if you select a larger, established contract agency over a smaller one.

A larger agency can usually replace no-shows or unacceptable

officers, even at the last minute, because they have a larger pool of

employees. Also, larger agencies tend to retain officers longer because

they can offer better training and supervision, more benefits, and can

provide a defined career path. This doesn't guarantee success

however, you still need to accept or reject poor quality security

guards when it becomes apparent that they are not meeting the

challenge.

You can drastically improve your success potential by setting

up strict patrol compliance standards as part of the written contract.

These are usually called "post-orders." Post orders should be detailed

and always in writing. They are given to each officer as the basis for

how they are to service your property. Any breach of the post-orders

could be grounds for not paying for the defective service, for replacing

the officers, or for replacing the contract security agency. Long-term

40

courtesy officers usually don't require post-orders but more of a

detailed job description.

Specific post-orders might include, for example, a set time

requirement for patrol such as one-hour of foot patrol, three times

per night, and between 8:00 PM and 4:00 AM. You should require

that the security officers patrol all areas of the property and to

document their patrol pattern in detail. This can be done either with

written activity logs or with the use of a watchman’s clock or similar

device. Don’t accept activity logs that merely state, "10:00 PM or

11:00 PM – all quiet." A proper activity log might state, "10:06 PM –

Completed patrol of the south parking lot, one light burned out over

parking space #256 or "10:14 PM – Checked the mail room, pool gate,

laundry room, and bathroom door locks. All were secure."

Drive-through security patrols can be a waste of money if the

security officer never stops or gets out of the car. Drive-through

accounts rely on high visibility and therefore must spend time on a

property to be really effective. Some contract security agencies will

overbook drive-through accounts and thereby create a schedule that

is impossible for the patrol officer to maintain. Because of this, some

properties might get skipped altogether or receive only a high-speed

pass through their property.

Basic rules to maximize contract security guard productivity

41

 Always read the fine print on the contract. You may be

signing an indemnity clause in favor of the contract guard
agency.

 Always ask for a copy of their guard company license, and

evidence of insurance coverage.

 Request to be named as an "additionally insured" on their

policy and indemnity from their negligent acts.

 Always attach the detailed post-orders and patrol

instructions as a contract addendum.

 Always require that detailed written activity logs be

submitted following the last patrol. Read them, act upon
them, and file them for at least two years. Do not accept or
pay for incomplete service.

 Always require, in writing, that the security guard agency

properly equip their officers with a full uniform, a hand-held
radio or cell phone, a notebook and pen, a flashlight, and a
vehicle if necessary.

 Always require, in writing, that the contract agency will

provide necessary background screening, and all training
that is suitable for the site to be patrolled.

 Always supply the security guards with an emergency call

list and telephone access.

 Always notify the residents how to the contact security

guards when needed.

 Communicate often with the security guard supervisors to

get higher quality and service.

 Do not settle or pay for poor performance or inappropriate

behavior.

Sense of Security

The presence of a security guard at a business can provide

peace of mind and a sense of security to the business owner,

42

employees and customers. Employees that work in high-risk areas

are more productive and easier to retain when they don't

have to worry about personal safety. It also lets customers know that

you are concerned about their safety and willing to take steps to

insure it. This may be particularly important for businesses that deal

in very high-end merchandise or are located in high-crime areas.

Prevention. Simply having a security guard present is a great

deterrent to crime. Thieves will think twice about targeting a

business that has uniformed protection. Professional guards are

trained to look for suspicious activity on the spot. They can assess a

situation and react to security breaches. A guard is a greater visual

deterrent than just camera surveillance or a standard security

system. It sends a message to potential criminals that you are

serious about the security of your business.

Customer Service. Security guards can also be customer

service ambassadors. A guard may man a front desk or act as a

sentry to control access to an area. This can mean that there is a

substantial amount of interaction with customers and clients.

Guards may be able to help direct people to find products and get to

the right location in a business. Guard can also be available as

escorts for customers and employees to get to their cars after dark.

Hiring personable and capable guards lets you communicate that

your business is secure and customer-oriented.

43

Handling Crime. Security guards can receive varying levels of

training when it comes to actively responding to a crime. Some may

simply take down details and contact the police. Some may be able to

detain suspects. It is up to the business to decide whether to have an

armed or unarmed guard, and what procedures should be in place

for handling a suspect should a crime occur. Hiring a trained and

licensed guard from a reputable company can ensure that the guard

behaves capably and sensibly when faced with criminal activity on

business premises.

Monitoring. Not all security guards spend all their time on

active patrol of a business property. A security professional may be

employed to monitor video surveillance, check credentials, check for

contraband or restrict access to an area. A security guard may have

specific goals, such as watching for shoplifters, keeping an eye on the

grounds after hours, and opening or closing a business for the day.

These monitoring duties take a lot of security responsibility off the

shoulders of the business owner and employees, and allows them to

focus on their jobs.

Effective Crime Deterrent

Research has shown that having security personnel on a

property, or patrolling through a community, can act as a way to

deter crime. If you were a would-be thief or vandal, would you choose

to target a property that was under surveillance? The answer is likely

44

no. Hiring a trained professional to operate a gatehouse, patrol a

community, or work a front desk, is a great way to send a message

that there is no tolerance to vandalism or any other type of criminal

behavior. Having an actual person working as a security guard will

act as a greater deterrent than just having video surveillance on your

property.

Appeal to an Upscale Clientele

When you have solid security protocols and guards in place at

your building or community gatehouse, you send a message to a

specific type of potential client, as well as to your current residents.

You have an establishment that takes the safety and security of its

residents seriously. Security guards portray this image and will help

to keep out specific types of people. In addition, having them on your

property will help you keep your current residents by providing them

with a sense of security. Having peace of mind will go a long way to

keeping your residents happy and not having to be concerned with

their personal safety when at home.

Keep Track of Who is on Your Property

Another great thing about having security guards at points of

entrance is that you can effectively keep track of non-residents who

are coming onto your property. Guests who are not with residents are

required to sign in, as well as all workmen who venture onto the
45

property. This is a great way to monitor the comings and goings of

your property and keep your community safe.

Valuable Concierge Services

They are also effective way of providing great customer service

to your clients. If you have security guards employed in a concierge

role they can help your residents and clients do anything, from

arrange for a taxi to arrange for dry cleaning to be picked up, as well

as a number of other services. Our security concierge servicemen

provide fantastic public relations and exceptional security operations.

From enforcing community policies or by-laws, to keeping residents

safe, to patrolling the premises and deterring crime, trained security

specialists can fulfill a number of functions on your property. Don’t

just use video surveillance! See the difference experienced security

personnel can make today. Give us a call for more information about

how our security guards can help you and hiring an effective form of

security right away.

An Armed Guard Is Better Trained

Armed security guard companies make sure that each armed

guard that is employed has advanced training in weaponry. The

reason why armed security companies make this an emphasis is that

their private armed security has to be able to understand not only

the technical aspects of using their weapons, but also when to use

them. Otherwise, armed security guard companies, as well as the

46

individual armed security officer, can be held liable for inappropriate

use of force.

Armed security companies make sure to test each individual

armed guard. They not only have to have the same training that

unarmed security guards also do, but also need to pass the state

standards and the armed security guard companies’ own internal

standards.

Private Armed Security Are Put Through Extensive Background

Checks

Armed security guard companies also make sure to put each

armed security officer through more extensive background checks.

This usually includes an FBI background check, which means that

that their fingerprints are checked and that they legally are able to

receive a gun permit. An armed security guard will not be able to

have a criminal record or display any known signs of certain mental

instability. You can be confident that private armed security from

credible armed security companies will be more than qualified to be

an armed guard.

An Armed Security Guard Is A Proven Deterrent

There can be no denying the fact that an armed guard is an

extremely effective deterrent to crime. Those who are considering

committing a crime would be less likely to do so if they see an armed

security officer in their presence. That’s because an armed guard

47

means more risk in committing the crime as opposed to an unarmed

guard. Many businesses and institutions are taking note of this,

which is why armed security guard companies have been growing in

popularity in recent years.

Unarmed security guards still serve a purpose, but an armed

security guard can certainly bring many advantages that an unarmed

security guard simply can’t. An armed security guard would better be

able to deal with criminals, especially those who are armed with

weapons, and because of this, armed security guards can be the

better choice at times.

Security Industry

Security is a very wide concept and although some parts

sometimes arguably are better covered by one certain actor, quite

often a co-operation of private and public counterparts appears

preferable. Since long, the private security industry seems to be here

to stay. "The need for private action is especially great in highly

interdependent modern economies, where frequently a person must

trust his resources…" (Becker, 1974). But we do not know much

about how these private actions effect our society. The topic

encompasses more than meets the eye at first glance. Just from the

title three questions arises immediately namely: what is private, how

can security be defined and what does policing mean? To answer any

of these questions at length would demand a thesis of its own.

48

Fortunately it is not necessary here to give anything but definitions

relevant for this paper. Other questions that will be dealt with are

why and how the private security service industry has emerged and

(perhaps) increased, what it offers, who it serves, today’s blurred

distinction between public and private policing, their respective pros

and cons and the future outlook.

About private. The actual word has various meanings but in

the sense it is relevant for us, private can be described as: of, relating

to, or provided by a private individual or organization, rather than by

a public body or the state. An important distinction is who pays for

the services performed. In this thesis, policing by private bodies that

are paid for by governments, counts as ‘public’. The opposite applies

for what police officers does outside the scope of their duty.

About security. In this thesis, security refers to precautions

taken to ensure against unwanted events. Security services deals

with protection of property, persons and information, and that serves

as a sufficient definition here.

About policing. Police is usually understood as the organized

civil force of a state, dealing with detection and prevention of crime

and maintenance of law and order. The police are "…persons with a

special legal status employed by governments to preserve the peace"

(Shearing, 1980). In the 20th century, man has gradually accepted

these men as the sole and ultimate source for performing such tasks
49

but it must be added that today neither employers nor employees

necessarily are connected to governments. Policing is not even the

work of a particular group of people, it is a set of activities - activities

that consists of both private and public initiatives. Not all of them are

organized, some of these activities are regular parts of every-day life.

The word will be used to describe actions by both public and private

elements.

About private security service

What distinguishes private security services from the public

police is that the former operates "…almost always in private …

premises, behind the traditional and legal boundary … which the

police cannot lawfully cross unless by invitation or in other special

circumstances" (Philip-Sorensen, 1972). There are places where the

public police may not, cannot or will not work or where they are not

welcome. There are also many restrictions and regulations

surrounding them that do not constrain their private counterparts.

Private security services are therefore arguably "…a broader

enterprise than public policing, with a wider range of functions"

(South 1988 p 4), which is important to keep in mind. To contrast

these paid-for services of professionals from regular self-protection,

the term contract security will sometimes be used too.

The public provision of security

50

The ultimate goal for public provision of security is to make

society run smoothly by maximizing order. Although the costs for

achieving this has attracted increased attention lately, profit

maximization is not discussed, since making money is not a part of

the concept.

Public security includes a variety of services produced by the

state. Economists describes the justice process as a public service

industry. The inputs, or ‘raw materials’ consists of crimes and

offenses. The numbers of arrests, prosecutions and convictions can

be seen as the value added. However, there is no consensus

regarding what the product, the security (or order), actually is.

In daily conversations, we often make a distinction between

inner and outer security, the latter being a country’s security against

harms from the rest of the world. What this usually means is a

national defense. A state’s inner security is also a sort of defense, but

this time against enemies within its own territory and its own

jurisdiction. These tasks are performed by guards, intelligence

services and primarily by public state police-forces. Order is also

maintained by other strategies, one of the more important being

social security; a welfare system of public health-care, hospitals, fire-

brigades and so forth. All of these makes their important

contributions to security because in theory people act in a more

responsible way when the level of fundamental threats against their

51

basic well-being is low. Here, focus will be on how different forms of

policing succeed in establishing and maintaining order.

The private provision of security

In every society a certain amount of security is produced

without actually being paid for, for instance through private interests

such as etiquette or the need to feel secure. Criminology scholars

have found that there are three basic ways that people respond to the

threat of crime: 1) restricting their own behavior, for instance to avoid

crime-ridden areas at certain times or the habit to look after

property, 2) creating physical and psychological barriers to potential

offenders, e g better locks, fences, alarm systems and insurance, and

3) joining others in active efforts to prevent crime (Lavrakas & Herz

1982). Self-policing community solutions such as neighborhood

watches are common features of modern urban life.

Many of these private precautions benefit the parties who take

them, but that does not necessarily mean that they benefit society in

general. The fact that one citizen is safer does not give more safety to

other citizens. If precautions are not known until after a crime has

taken place (ex-post), as much policing and crime will affect the

‘secure’ people as the ‘insecure’. But with ex-ante observable

precautions (such as window-bars, dogs and lights) the criminals,

who are most likely to quickly respond to obvious precautions, will

concentrate on areas without these protection devices. The result is

52

that un-protected, ‘insecure’ citizens and/or areas will be more

frequently attacked. This phenomenon is called crime redistribution

and does not benefit society in general.

Measures of these kinds are the very corner-stones of security.

However they do not manage crime, they simply provide a sense of

control and security within a specific community. But they also have

an alternative cost (e g time, money and effort spent) - a cost that has

to be borne by society. To understand whether they benefit society or

not, the ex-ante/ex-post distinction regarding crime redistribution

(mentioned above) is a useful tool.

What does contract security offer?

The major components of private security are security guards,

alarm services and investigative services. Most of them perform

perfectly legal services with a bias towards crime prevention.

Guard services. The type of private security personnel that the

public comes in contact with most frequently are the in-house

security staff. Major tasks include control of access to, and general

monitoring of, site premises as for instance public buildings, factories

and shopping malls. Factory guards often also perform surveillance

of workforces. This first category is closely connected to the "gate-

keeping" work of static guards, like pre-boarding checks at airline

terminals and other entrance/exit security (and bouncers). A third

group are the mobile units / patrols. They perform various tasks like
53

irregular checks (night watchmen) and body guard services. Their

work can be similar to traditional policing. This category also include

one of the first privatized fields of policing, transports of cash (‘CIT’)

and other valuable goods, in for instance armored cars.

Alarm services and security consulting. Some scholars

indicate that fear of crime and the public’s feeling of insecurity have

increased over the years. The last century has seen the birth of many

innovations to overcome these problems. Security hardware are

provided in many shapes and forms (e g locks, alarms and various

detectors). The work is rather technical, often more suited for

carpenters or engineers, than for policemen. Consulting also include

analyzes of security routines, where many achievements have yet to

come.

Investigative services. This field of private security services

has for decades tickled the minds of authors and film-makers. The

investigative services include store detectives, shopfloor spies and the

inevitable private detectives. Which side of the law they are operating

on, can often be questioned. In reality however, the work is seldom as

glamorous and adventurous as suggested in the novels.

Other services. This category includes the darker sides of the

business like industrial espionage, "strong-arms", agent-provocateurs

and security provided by the Mafia etc. Although certainly offering

54

privately provided security in relative terms, the latter categories -

being illegal - falls outside the scope of this thesis.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research methodology used in the

study including the research design, instruments to be used,

sampling techniques; respondents and statistical treatment of data

are presented in this chapter.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive type of research since this

study aims to describe the profile characteristics of the security

guards and its relationship to their capability in performing their

obligations among security guards of Private Security Agency (PSA).

According to Reyes (2009) descriptive design aimed at describing

events, phenomena situation, practices, processes and trends

developing. Furthermore, Aquino (2012) stressed that descriptive type

55

of research also involves the process of obtaining, classifying,

analyzing and allotting data about situations, processes, practices

and trends that may be interpreted meaningfully. It is less expensive

and time consuming. It collects a large amount of data for detailed

studying. As it used to describe and not make any conclusions it is

easier to start the research with and it can identify further area of

study.

Instruments to be Used

To gather relevant data on the effectiveness of the security

guards in performing their duties, the researcher used the following

research instruments:

1. Questionnaire will be the main data gathering tool in this

study. It will be used because it gathers data faster than any other

method. The researcher will construct the questionnaire after

performing a brief study on the literature related to the profile

characteristics of the security guards and their capability in

performing their obligations. The draft of the questionnaire will be

presented to her research adviser for correction before it will be

finalized. The questionnaire was composed of items focusing on the

effectiveness of the security guards in performing their obligations.

Validation. A pilot study will be conducted with 5 security

guards to check the reliability and validity of the questionnaire to be

used. In this process, the researcher will be able to determine items

56

in the questionnaire which will be included and discarded in the final

draft of the questionnaire.

2. Unstructured Interview will also be conducted to determine

other relevant issues and concern regarding the effectiveness of the

security guards in performing their obligations. This will be done with

an open-ended, semi-structured interview questions to the

respondents face-to-face to know their opinion on their effectiveness.

Respondents of the Study

There will be 50 security guards who will be selected as

respondents of the study. They will be chosen based on the criteria

that they have been working as security guards for three years or

more.

Sampling Technique

This study will used random sampling technique. This

sampling is a type of probability sampling technique since the all the

security guards chosen by the researcher will be given the chance to

be selected. The researcher will randomly select his respondents with

the use of Slovens’ formula. The researcher will list the names of

respondents separately categorized by their position and will be

written in a piece of paper then put it out in a box one at a time until

the desired respondents will be completed.

Data Gathering Procedure

57

The researcher will prepare a letter requesting to conduct the

study to the Philippine Security Agency (PSA) director. Upon

approval, the researcher will ask for the respondents’ consent for the

conduct of the study. They will be briefed on the purpose of the study

and assured them of their anonymity and confidentiality. The

researcher will explain to them the questionnaire that will be given to

them. The researcher will personally administer the survey

questionnaire to the respondents.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

The statistical techniques used for in-depth analyses and

interpretations of the data were the following:

1. Weighted Mean was used to describe the security guards’

profile characteristics in terms of skills, knowledge, and abilities. The

weighted mean will also be used to describe the capability of the

security guards in performing their obligations in terms of job

activities, and job duties and tasks. According to Reyes (2008) the

weighted mean will be obtained using the formula:

Wx= fx
____
N

where: f x - Sum of the product of the frequency and score

N - Number of respondents

Four-point Likert scale was used in computing for the weighted means of

gathered data using the following rating:

58

Rating Scale Level of Capability Profile

characteristics
4 3.50 – 4.00 Very capable Very satisfactory
3 2.50 – 3.49 Capable Satisfactory
2 1.50 – 2.49 Moderately capable Fair
1 1.00 – 1.49 Not capable Poor

2. Pearson Product Moment correlation r formula was used

to determine the significant relationship between the between the

profile characteristics of the security guards, and their capability in

performing their obligations. Pagoso (2010) defined the Pearson’s r

by using the formula;

r= N (∑XY) - (∑X) ( ∑Y)

√ [ N (∑X2) - (∑X) 2 ] [N (∑Y2) - (∑Y) 2 ]

where: N - number of respondents

∑x - summation of first variable

∑y - summation of second variable

∑xy - summation of the product of first and second

variable

5. t-statistic was used to test the significance of Pearson r.

Reyes (2001) defined t-statistic by the formula;

n–2
t = r
2
1–r

where: t – computed t-value

59

r – Pearson product moment correlation coefficient

n – number of paired observations

All data was interpreted and computed with the use of

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALAYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with presentation, analysis and

interpretation of the findings based on the results of the statistical

treatment used.

Problem 1. Profile characteristics of the security guards

The following tables illustrate the profile characteristics of the

security guards.

1.1 Skills. Table 1 displays the profile characteristics of the

security guards in terms of skills.

Data show that the profile characteristic of the security guards

is very satisfactory in reading comprehension in understanding

written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents based

on the mean score of 3.89, followed immediately in critical thinking

in using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses

of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems as

60

described from the mean score of 3.40, and that the security guards

are satisfactory in active listening in giving full attention to what

other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being

made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at

inappropriate times as reflected from the mean score of 3.36.

Table 1. Profile characteristics of the security

guards in terms of Skills

Skills Mean Verbal

Interpretation
Reading Comprehension. Understands 3.89 Very Satisfactory
written sentences and paragraphs in work
related documents
Active Listening. Gives full attention to 3.36 Satisfactory
what other people are saying, taking time
to understand the points being made,
asking questions as appropriate, and not
interrupting at inappropriate times
Speaking. Talks to others to convey 2.99 Satisfactory
information effectively
Writing. Communicates effectively in 3.26 Satisfactory
writing as appropriate for the needs of the
audience
Critical Thinking. Uses logic and 3.40 Satisfactory
reasoning to identify the strengths and
weaknesses of alternative solutions,
conclusions or approaches to problems
Active Learning. Understands the 3.05 Satisfactory
implications of new information for both
current and future problem-solving and
decision-making
3.33 Satisfactory
Over-all Mean

Security guards stand at the defense of several business

enterprises to ensure that problems can be handled effectively and

61

efficiently. The constant possibility of a threat means that security

guards need to always be on the ball. Tolentino (2011) stated that in

order to perform their tasks in this way, security guards need to have

a particular skill set. These skills involve being properly and

adequately equipped to handle any situation that comes their way.

1.2 Knowledge. Table 2 depicts the profile characteristics of

the security guards in terms of knowledge.

Table 2. Profile characteristics of the security

guards in terms of Knowledge

Knowledge Mean Verbal

Interpretation
Public Safety and Security. Knowledge of 3.73 Very Satisfactory
relevant equipment, policies, procedures,
and strategies to promote effective local,
state, or national security operations for the
protection of people, data, property, and
institutions
Customer and Personal Service. 2.75 Satisfactory
Knowledge of principles and processes for
providing customer and personal services.
This includes customer needs assessment,
meeting quality standards for services, and
evaluation of customer satisfaction
English Language. Knowledge of the 3.86 Very Satisfactory
structure and content of the English
language including the meaning and
spelling of words, rules of composition, and
grammar
Law and Government. Knowledge of laws, 3.32 Satisfactory
legal codes, court procedures, precedents,
government regulations, executive orders,
agency rules, and the democratic political
process
Clerical. Knowledge of administrative and 3.34 Satisfactory
clerical procedures and systems such as
word processing, managing files and
records, stenography and transcription,
62

designing forms, and other office

procedures and terminology
3.40 Satisfactory
Over-all Mean

Findings indicate that the security guards is very satisfactory

in English language in the knowledge of the structure and content of

the English language including the meaning and spelling of words,

rules of composition, and grammar as seen from the mean score of

3.86, followed immediately in public safety and security on

knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies

to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for

the protection of people, data, property, and institutions as indicated

from the mean score of 3.73, and that they are satisfactory in

knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and

personal services that includes customer needs assessment, meeting

quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer

satisfaction as reflected from the mean score of 2.75.

Foster (2011) said that most importantly, a security guard

needs to have a complete understanding/knowledge of security

operations. These standards and practices including public safety

and security, customer and personal service, English language, Law

and Government, and clerical are necessary for performing all tasks
63

in a professional manner. Being educated and trained for this career

ensures that you are able to find and maintain a steady career.

1.3 Abilities. Table 3 presents the profile characteristics of the

security guards in terms of abilities.

Table 3. Profile characteristics of the security

guards in terms of Abilities

Abilities Mean Verbal

Interpretation
Problem Sensitivity. The ability to tell 3.69 Very Satisfactory
when something is wrong or is likely to go
wrong. It does not involve solving the
problem, only recognizing there is a
problem
Selective Attention. The ability to 3.76 Very Satisfactory
concentrate on a task over a period of time
without being distracted
Inductive Reasoning. The ability to 3.03 Satisfactory
combine pieces of information to form
general rules or conclusions (includes
finding a relationship among seemingly
unrelated events)
Flexibility of Closure. The ability to 3.19 Satisfactory
identify or detect a known pattern (a figure,
object, word, or sound) that is hidden in
other distracting material
Perceptual Speed. The ability to quickly 3.79 Very Satisfactory
and accurately compare similarities and
differences among sets of letters, numbers,
objects, pictures, or patterns.
Category Flexibility. The ability to 2.99 Satisfactory
generate or use different sets of rules for
combining or grouping things in different
ways
3.41 Satisfactory
Over-all Mean
64

It was found out that the security guards are very satisfactory

in perceptual speed which is the ability to quickly and accurately

compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers,

objects, pictures, or patterns as indicated from the mean score of

3.79, followed immediately in selective attention which is the ability

to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being

distracted with the mean score of 3.76, and that they are satisfactory

in immediately in flexibility of closure which is the ability to identify

or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is

hidden in other distracting material as reflected from the mean score

of 3.19.

There are many reasons of why security guards are important.

They help protect businesses, schools, banks, and other important

places. Not only do they protect places, but they also protect people.

Security guards help many people in the world. They have many

responsibilities that they must uphold, and if they did not fulfill

them, the world could be very different and much more unsafe. This

is why security guards are of utmost importance in this world.

Problem 2. Capability of the security guards in performing their

obligations

The following tables illustrate the capability of the security

guards in performing their obligations.

65

2.1 Job activities. Table 4 indicates the capability of the

security guards in performing their obligations as to job activities.

Table 4. Capability of the security guards in performing their

obligations in terms of: Job Activities

Job Activities Mean Verbal

Interpretation
3.42 Satisfactory
Making Decisions and Solving Problems.
Analyzes information and evaluates results to
choose the best solution and solve problems
2.96 Satisfactory
Documenting/Recording Information.
Enters, transcribes, records, stores, or
maintains information in written or
electronic/magnetic form
3.61 Very Satisfactory
Monitor Processes, Materials, or
Surroundings. Monitors and reviews
information from materials, events, or the
environment, to detect or assess problems
3.36 Satisfactory
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with
Others. Handles complaints, settling disputes,
and resolving grievances and conflicts, or
otherwise negotiating with others
3.44 Satisfactory
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or
Material. Inspects equipment, structures, or
materials to identify the cause of errors or other
problems or defects
3.60 Very Satisfactory
Communicating with Persons Outside
Organization. Communicates with people
outside the organization, representing the
organization to customers, the public,
government, and other external sources. This
information can be exchanged in person, in
writing, or by telephone or e-mail
66

3.58 Very Satisfactory

Performing General Physical Activities.
Performs physical activities that require
considerable use of your arms and legs and
moving your whole body, such as climbing,
lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and
handling of materials
3.41 Satisfactory
Evaluating Information to Determine
Compliance with Standards. Uses relevant
information and individual judgment to
determine whether events or processes comply
with laws, regulations, or standards
3.65 Very Satisfactory
Assisting and Caring for Others. Provides
personal assistance, medical attention,
emotional support, or other personal care to
others such as coworkers, customers, or
patients
3.45 Satisfactory
Over-all Mean
On the other hand, the security guards are performing

satisfactory in resolving conflicts and negotiating with others,

handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and

conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others base on the mean score

of 3.36, and that they are capable in documenting/recording

information, enters, transcribes, records, stores, or maintains

information in written or electronic/magnetic form with the mean

score of 2.96.

There is a strong manifestation that the guards are satisfactory

in assisting and caring for others where they provide personal

assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal

care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients. The guards

are also exemplified in monitoring processes, materials, or

67

surroundings where they monitor and review information from

materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.

Ferrer (2011) said that hiring a security guard has several

benefits to all aspects of the business. Security guards provide a

visible deterrent to criminals and provide professional protection for

the assets that any business can benefit from a security guard.

2.2 Job Duties and Tasks Table 2 indicates the capability of

the security guards in performing their obligations.

Table 5. Capability of the security guards in performing their

obligations in terms of Job Duties and Tasks

Job Duties and Tasks Mean Verbal

Interpretation
Patrol industrial and commercial premises to 2.90 Satisfactory
prevent and detect signs of intrusion and
ensure security of doors, windows, and gates
3.46 Satisfactory
Answer alarms and investigate disturbances
3.16 Satisfactory
Monitor and authorize entrance and
departure of employees, visitors, and other
persons to guard against theft and maintain
security of premises
3.26 Satisfactory
Write reports of daily activities and
irregularities, such as equipment or property
damage, theft, presence of unauthorized
persons, or unusual occurrences
3.24 Satisfactory
Call police or fire departments in cases of
emergency, such as fire or presence of
unauthorized persons
68

3.57 Very Satisfactory

Circulate among visitors, patrons, and
employees to preserve order and protect
property
2.80 Satisfactory
Answer telephone calls to take messages,
answer questions, and provide information
during non-business hours or when
switchboard is closed
3.27 Satisfactory
Warn persons of rule infractions or
violations, and apprehend or evict violators
from premises, using force when necessary
3.03 Satisfactory
Operate detecting devices to screen
individuals and prevent passage of prohibited
articles into restricted areas
3.47 Satisfactory
Escort or drive motor vehicle to transport
individuals to specified locations and to
provide personal protection
Inspect and adjust security systems, 3.23 Satisfactory
equipment, and machinery to ensure
operational use and to detect evidence of
tampering
Over-all Mean 3.22 Satisfactory

It was found out that the security guard’s capability in

performing their obligation in terms of job duties and task is very

satisfactory in circulating among visitors, patrons, and employees to

preserve order and protect property base on the mean score of 3.57,

followed immediately in escorting or drive motor vehicle to transport

individuals to specified locations and to provide personal protection

with the mean score of 3.47. The respondents’ lowest assessment was

that they are satisfactory in answering telephone calls to take

69

messages, answer questions, and provide information during non-

business hours or when switchboard is closed as described from the

mean score of 2.80, and in patrolling industrial and commercial

premises to prevent and detect signs of intrusion and ensure security

of doors, windows, and gates based from the mean score of 2.90.

Data implies that the security guards are very satisfactory in

circulating among visitors, patrons, and employees to preserve order

and protect property, and in escorting or driving motor vehicle to

transport individuals to specified locations and to provide personal

protection. Findings validated the findings of Dowd (2018) that

security guards duties include protecting people, places and property

from potential threats. Although the security guard job description

varies, depending on the specific work setting, security guard duties

focus primarily on preventing crime.

Dizon (2011) confirmed that although being a security officer

can be exciting at times, the typical security officer job description

emphasizes the importance of consistency and routine. For instance,

security guard duties include locking doors, watching surveillance

footage for hours, patrolling a quiet area and monitoring alarms.

Security guards look for signs of suspicious activity in the shadows,

listen for unusual sounds in a locked building and write daily

reports.
70

Problem 3. Significant relationship between the profile

characteristics of the security guards, and their capability in
performing their obligations

Table 3 presents the significant relationship between the profile

characteristics of the security guards, and their capability in

performing their obligations.

Table 6. Significant relationship between the profile

characteristics of the security guards, and their capability in
performing their obligations

Variables Pearson’s Correlation t-value Decision Remarks

r Comp Tab
Characteristics
of the security
guards 0.82 High 2.13 1.645 Reject Significant
Capability in correlation
performing
obligations

Based from the results of Pearson’s r of 0.82, it can be said

that there is a high correlation between the profile characteristics of

the security guards, and their capability in performing their

obligations. Moreover, since the computed t-value of 2.13 is greater

than the tabular t-value of 1.645 using 0.05 level of significance, the

hypothesis was rejected and concludes that there is a significant

relationship between the profile characteristics of the security

guards, and their capability in performing their obligations. Data

indicates that the security guards’ capability in performing their

obligations is affected by their profile characteristics.

71

Coronel (2010) stated that working with the public is also part

of security officer duties. Many jobs entail greeting people and

identifying visitors, giving directions, and redirecting individuals who

are present in an unauthorized area, such as backstage at a concert.

Excellent communication skills are essential in order to effectively

listen, understand and answer questions in a polite, friendly and

professional manner.

Problem 4. Problems Encountered by the security guards in

performing their obligations

The following are the problems encountered by the security

guards:

4.1 Facing life risks and danger. Security officer’s job is

difficult and risky because it requires the officer to protect the

individuals and property where he works. The officers deter criminal

activity such as theft, vandalism and terrorism, protect their

employer’s investments and enforce the rules in the property where

they work. They are also usually the first to respond in an emergency

situation. Although technology such as surveillance cameras and

alarms aid their work, it is still very involving and the job has several

disadvantages.

4.2 Placing life on the line every time they go to work.

Security officers place their life on the line every time they go to work.

A guard must confront every threat that presents itself. Therefore,

security guards are a target for criminals who are looking to steal
72

from, destroy, harm or otherwise conduct illegal activities on a

premise. Not all security guards bear arms, however, because to do

so they must first train on how to use them and receive relevant

certification and permits. Unarmed security guards face an even

higher risk on the job, particularly when they are up against armed

criminals. A security guard patrols and monitors buildings and

other areas to prevent or stop incidents, such as theft or

violence.

Security guards also answer alarms, and may apprehend

individuals who pose a security threat. Many large

organizations hire security guards and security directors, the

latter of whom manages the guards and the security system

overall. A security guard provides safety for the employer by

guarding against violations of the law as well as disturbances

that could result in a loss to the client.

4.3 Low salary. Security guards do not earn a high wage

considering what they put into their jobs. The security guards work

in shifts throughout the year, and many are paid by the hour.

According to the Bureau of Labour Statistics, in 2011, security

guards earned an average salary of below the minimum. Although

their pay increases with experience, it is still considerably lower than

that of other professions.

73

4.4 Lack of leadership from management. Security guards

have the potential to encounter hardships on a daily basis while

performing their duties. One of the biggest hardships is the lack of

leadership from management. Many security guards are left on a post

without any follow up from the companies they provide services for.

Without direction and the company not showing they care about the

guard can often lead to a lack of service they are providing.

4.5 Facing Hardship of dealing with rude or nasty people.

The guards may also face the hardship of dealing with rude or nasty

people on a daily basis. When working as a security guard people

may look down on that individual because there job is to ensure all

rules are followed on that property. They must also exhibit good

customer service. Security Guards should learn how to de-escalate

situations to help them better deal with situations.

4.6 Lack of security training. Security guards also

lack security training. The companies do not reinvest back in the

security guard with better training. Security Training for guards is

very important especially when that security guard may have to deal

with emergency situations.

Problem 5. Capability training program developed to enhance the

performance of the security guards in doing their obligations
74

Table 4 illustrates the capability training program developed to

enhance the performance of the security guards in doing their

obligations.

Table 7. Capability training program developed to enhance the

performance of the security guards in doing their obligations

KEY AREAS OBJECTIVES STRATEGIES PERSONS TIME BUDGET

INVOLVED FRAME
Job Activities Competent Conduct re- Security office Summer, P200,000
on security guards orientation on company 2019
Documenting on entering, procedures in owners
/Recording transcribing, documenting/
Information recording, recording Chief security
storing, or information officer
maintaining
information in Invite experts to Security guards
written or conduct
electronic/ simulation in
magnetic form documenting/
recording
Knowledgeable information
security guards
on Practice security
documenting guards in
and recording entering,
information transcribing,
recording,
storing, or
maintaining
information in
written or
electronic/
magnetic form
75

Job duties Well-versed Invite a lecturer Security office May, 2019 P100,000
and tasks guards in to discuss the company
answering appropriate owners
telephone calls decorum in
to take answering Chief security
messages and telephone calls officer
answer to take
questions messages, and in Security guards
answering
questions

Review/
simulate
situational cases
for guards to
practice
answering
telephone calls
to take messages
and answer
questions

Chapter 5
76

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the study which

includes its findings, conclusions and recommendations.

Summary of Findings

Based on the data gathered and presentation, the researcher

came up with the following summary of findings:

1. Profile characteristics of the security guards

Data below summarizes the profile characteristics of the

security guards.

1.1 Skills. It was found out that the profile characteristic of

the security guards is very satisfactory in reading comprehension in

understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related

documents based on the mean score of 3.89, and that the security

guards are satisfactory in active listening in giving full attention to

what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points

being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at

inappropriate times as reflected from the mean score of 3.36.

77

1.2 Knowledge. Data reveals that the security guards is very

satisfactory in English language in the knowledge of the structure

and content of the English language including the meaning and

spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar as seen from

the mean score of 3.86, and that they are satisfactory in knowledge of

principles and processes for providing customer and personal

services that includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality

standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction as

reflected from the mean score of 2.75.

1.3 Abilities. Data show that the security guards are very

satisfactory in perceptual speed which is the ability to quickly and

accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters,

numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns as indicated from the mean

score of 3.79, and that they are satisfactory in immediately in

flexibility of closure which is the ability to identify or detect a known

pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other

distracting material as reflected from the mean score of 3.19.

2. Capability of the security guards in performing their

obligations

Data below summarizes the capability of the security guards in

performing their obligations.

2.1 Job activities. It was found out that the security guard’s

capability in performing their obligation in terms of job activities is

78

very satisfactory in assisting and caring for others, provides personal

assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal

care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients base on the

mean score of 3.65, and that they are capable in

documenting/recording information, enters, transcribes, records,

stores, or maintains information in written or electronic/magnetic

form with the mean score of 2.96.

2.2 Job Duties and Tasks. Findings reveal that the security

guard’s capability in performing their obligation in terms of job duties

and task is very satisfactory in circulating among visitors, patrons,

and employees to preserve order and protect property base on the

mean score of 3.57, and in patrolling industrial and commercial

premises to prevent and detect signs of intrusion and ensure security

of doors, windows, and gates based from the mean score of 2.90.

3. Significant relationship between the profile characteristics of

the security guards, and their capability in performing their
obligations

Since the computed t-value of 2.13 is greater than the tabular

t-value of 1.645, the hypothesis was rejected and concludes that

there is a significant relationship between the profile characteristics

of the security guards, and their capability in performing their

obligations.

4. Problems Encountered by the security guards in performing

their obligations
79

The following are the problems encountered by the security

guards:

4.1 Facing life risks and danger. Security officer’s job is

difficult and risky because it requires the officer to protect the

individuals and property where he works.

4.2 Placing life on the line every time they go to work.

Security officers place their life on the line every time they go to work.

A guard must confront every threat that presents itself.

4.3 Low salary. Security guards do not earn a high wage

considering what they put into their jobs.

4.4 Lack of leadership from management. Security guards

have the potential to encounter hardships on a daily basis while

performing their duties. One of the biggest hardships is the lack of

leadership from management.

4.5 Facing Hardship of dealing with rude or nasty people.

The guards may also face the hardship of dealing with rude or nasty

people on a daily basis.

4.6 Lack of security training. Security guards also

lack security training.

5. Capability training program developed to enhance the

performance of the security guards in doing their obligations

Based from the results of the study, a capability training

program was developed to enhance the performance of the security

guards in doing their obligations.

80

Conclusions

Based from the results of the study, the following conclusions

were drawn:

1. The security guards are satisfactory considering their profile

characteristics in terms of skills, knowledge, and abilities.

2. The security guards are capable in performing their

obligations in terms of job activities and job duties and tasks.

3. Significant relationship exists between the profile

characteristics of the security guards, and their capability in

performing their obligations.

4. There are problems encountered by the security guards in

performing their obligations such as facing life risks and danger,

placing life on the line every time they go to work, low salary, lack of

leadership from management, facing hardship of dealing with rude or

nasty people, and lack of security training.

5. A capability training program was developed to enhance the

performance of the security guards in doing their obligations.

Recommendations

Based from the results and conclusions of the study, the

following recommendations are forwarded:

1. Encourage the security guards to upgrade their profile

characteristics in terms of skills, knowledge, and abilities by

attending seminars and training development.

81

2. Strengthen areas that were found not capable in the security

guards’ performance in doing their obligations in terms of job

activities and job duties and tasks.

3. Encourage the security guards to upgrade their profile

characteristics by attending relevant trainings and seminars to

enhance their capability in performing their obligations.

4. Develop strategies to address the problems encountered by

the security guards in performing their obligations such as facing life

risks and danger, placing life on the line every time they go to work,

low salary, lack of leadership from management, facing hardship of

dealing with rude or nasty people, and lack of security training.

5. Consider the use of the capability training program

developed to enhance the performance of the security guards in doing

their obligations.
82

QUESTIONNAIRE

This is a questionnaire on my thesis titled “PROFILE

CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OBLIGATIONS AMONG
SECURITY GUARDS OF PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY (PSA):
BASIS FOR CAPABILITY TRAINING PROGRAM”. Please feel free to
answer all items sincerely and honestly. Rest assured, all your
answers shall be treated with utmost confidentiality.

NAME: (Optional)____________________________Date:________________

Part 1. Profile characteristics of the security guards

Direction: The following are items that will assess the profile
characteristics of the security guards in terms of their skills,
knowledge, and abilities in doing their responsibilities. Please
check (√) the item/s which you think suit your judgment or
write the information on the blank provided using the
corresponding scale provided in each item below:

4 3.50-4.00 Very satisfactory

3 2.49-3.49 Satisfactory
2 1.50-2.49 Fair
1 1.00-1.49 Poor

Skills 4 3 2 1
VS S F P

Reading Comprehension. Understands written

sentences and paragraphs in work related documents

Active Listening. Gives full attention to what other

people are saying, taking time to understand the
points being made, asking questions as appropriate,
and not interrupting at inappropriate times
83

Speaking. Talks to others to convey information

effectively

Writing. Communicates effectively in writing as

appropriate for the needs of the audience

Critical Thinking. Uses logic and reasoning to

identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative
solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems

Active Learning. Understands the implications of

new information for both current and future problem-
solving and decision-making
Knowledge 4 3 2 1
VS S F P

Public Safety and Security. Knowledge of relevant

equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to
promote effective local, state, or national security
operations for the protection of people, data, property,
and institutions

Customer and Personal Service. Knowledge of

principles and processes for providing customer and
personal services. This includes customer needs
assessment, meeting quality standards for services,
and evaluation of customer satisfaction

English Language. Knowledge of the structure and

content of the English language including the
meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition,
and grammar

Law and Government. Knowledge of laws, legal

codes, court procedures, precedents, government
regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the
democratic political process

Clerical. Knowledge of administrative and clerical

procedures and systems such as word processing,
managing files and records, stenography and
transcription, designing forms, and other office
procedures and terminology
Abilities 4 3 2 1
84

VS S F P
Problem Sensitivity. The ability to tell when
something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does
not involve solving the problem, only recognizing
there is a problem

Selective Attention. The ability to concentrate on a

task over a period of time without being distracted

Inductive Reasoning. The ability to combine pieces

of information to form general rules or conclusions
(includes finding a relationship among seemingly
unrelated events)

Flexibility of Closure. The ability to identify or detect

a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound)
that is hidden in other distracting material

Perceptual Speed. The ability to quickly and

accurately compare similarities and differences
among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or
patterns. The things to be compared may be
presented at the same time or one after the other.
This ability also includes comparing a presented
object with a remembered object

Category Flexibility. The ability to generate or use

different sets of rules for combining or grouping
things in different ways

Part 2. Capability of the security guards in performing their

obligations

Direction: The following are items that will assess the capability of
the security guards in performing their obligations in
terms of job activities, and job duties and tasks. Please
check (√) the item/s which you think suit your judgment
or write the information on the blank provided using the
corresponding scale provided in each item below:

4 3.50-4.00 Very capable

3 2.49-3.49 Capable
2 1.50-2.49 Moderately capable
85

1 1.00-1.49 Not capable

Job Activities 4 3 2 1
VC C MC NC

Making Decisions and Solving Problems. Analyzes

information and evaluates results to choose the best
solution and solve problems

Documenting/Recording Information. Enters,

transcribes, records, stores, or maintains information
in written or electronic/magnetic form

Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings.

Monitors and reviews information from materials,
events, or the environment, to detect or assess
problems

Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others.

Handles complaints, settling disputes, and resolving
grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with
others

Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material.

Inspects equipment, structures, or materials to
identify the cause of errors or other problems or
defects

Communicating with Persons Outside

Organization. Communicates with people outside the
organization, representing the organization to
customers, the public, government, and other
external sources. This information can be exchanged
in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail

Performing General Physical Activities. Performs

physical activities that require considerable use of
your arms and legs and moving your whole body,
such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking,
stooping, and handling of materials

Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance

with Standards. Uses relevant information and
individual judgment to determine whether events or
processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards
86

Assisting and Caring for Others. Provides personal

assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal
care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients
Job Duties and Tasks 4 3 2 1
VC C MC NC
Patrol industrial and commercial premises to prevent
and detect signs of intrusion and ensure security of
doors, windows, and gates

Answer alarms and investigate disturbances

Monitor and authorize entrance and departure of

employees, visitors, and other persons to guard
against theft and maintain security of premises

Write reports of daily activities and irregularities,

such as equipment or property damage, theft,
presence of unauthorized persons, or unusual
occurrences

Call police or fire departments in cases of emergency,

such as fire or presence of unauthorized persons

Circulate among visitors, patrons, and employees to

preserve order and protect property

Answer telephone calls to take messages, answer

questions, and provide information during non-
business hours or when switchboard is closed

Warn persons of rule infractions or violations, and

apprehend or evict violators from premises, using
force when necessary

Operate detecting devices to screen individuals and

prevent passage of prohibited articles into restricted
areas

Escort or drive motor vehicle to transport individuals

to specified locations and to provide personal
protection

Inspect and adjust security systems, equipment, and

machinery to ensure operational use and to detect
87

evidence of tampering

THANK YOU

REFERENCES

Buzatu, A.-M., and B. S. Buckland, Private Military & Security

88

Companies: Future Challenges in Security Governance, DCAF

Horizon 2015 Working Paper No. 3 (Geneva: DCAF, 2010). – Includes
the Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct for
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