Citing Medicine

Chapter 6: Bibliographies
Created: October 10, 2007.

A. Entire Bibliographies
• Sample Citation and Introduction
• Citation Rules with Examples
• Examples
B. Parts of Bibliographies
• Sample Citation and Introduction
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• Citation Rules with Examples

• Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Bibliographies
The general format for a reference to an entire bibliography, including punctuation:

- with bibliography in the title:

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- without bibliography in the title:

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Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies

Bibliographies are collections of references to the literature made for a specific purpose,
such as to bring together references on a specific subject or by a particular author. Their
citation format is identical to that of the standard book (see Chapter 2 for details) with three
exceptions:
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• Authors are termed "compilers".

• The content type "[bibliography]" is added after the title if the word is not part of the
title. This alerts the user that the publication is not a standard book.
• Descriptive information, such as the number of citations included, the sources
searched, and the time period covered, may be added as notes to help the user
identify the scope of the publication.
The chief source for information about a bibliography is its title page. The back of the title
page, called the verso or copyright page, and the cover of the book are also sources of
authoritative information.

References to bibliographies in print or in microform (microfilm, microfiche) are included in

Citing Medicine

this chapter. For references to bibliographies in electronic form, see Chapter 18 and Chapter
22.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Bibliographies.

Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies.

Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Bibliographies

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after
the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is
optional.

Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium
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(R) |Edition (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) |
Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Series
(O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)

Author/Editor for Bibliographies (required)

General Rules for Author/Editor
• Authors of bibliographies are called compilers
• List names in the order they appear in the text

Bibliographies
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• Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author/editor

• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the
document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For
example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
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• Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two
initials following each surname
• Give all authors/editors, regardless of the number
• Separate author/editor names from each other by a comma and a space
• Follow the last named compiler with a comma and the word compiler or compilers;
see Editor and Other Secondary Authors below if there are authors and editors
• If there are no authors, only editors, follow the last named editor with a comma and
the word editor or editors
• End author/editor information with a period

Specific Rules for Author/Editor

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• Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them

• Other surname rules
• Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle
• Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name
• Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III
• Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-based
languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)
• Non-English words for compiler
• Non-English words for editor
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• Organizations as author
• No author can be found
• Options for author names

Box 1
Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them
• Keep hyphens in surnames
Estelle Palmer-Canton becomes Palmer-Canton E
Ahmed El-Assmy becomes El-Assmy A
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'
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Alan D. O'Brien becomes O'Brien AD

James O. L'Esperance becomes L'Esperance JO
U. S'adeh becomes S'adeh U
• Omit all other punctuation in surnames
Charles A. St. James becomes St James CA

Bibliographies
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Box 2
Other surname rules
• Keep prefixes in surnames
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Lama Al Bassit becomes Al Bassit L

Jiddeke M. van de Kamp becomes van de Kamp JM
Gerard de Pouvourville becomes de Pouvourville G
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores
some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-
language publications.
– Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
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Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
– Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are
two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• [If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound or a
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combination of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the text for
clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker
ES or Scott Parker E.]

Box 3
Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle
• Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names
Jean-Louis Lagrot becomes Lagrot JL
• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears
Sergio Lopez Moreno becomes Lopez Moreno S
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Jaime Mier y Teran becomes Mier y Teran J

Virginie Halley des Fontaines becomes Halley des Fontaines V
• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a
prefix, a preposition, or another particle
D'Arcy Hart becomes Hart D
W. St. John Patterson becomes Patterson WS
De la Broquerie Fortier becomes Fortier D

Bibliographies
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Craig McC. Brooks becomes Brooks CM

• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications
use abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as
St. for Stefan. Use only the first letter of the abbreviation.
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Ch. Wunderly becomes Wunderly C

C. Fr. Erdman becomes Erdman CF
• For non-English names that are romanized (written in the roman alphabet),
capitalize only the first letter if the original initial is represented by more than
one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov becomes Iakontov IuA
G. Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos GTh

Box 4
Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name
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• Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name
James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S. becomes Reed JA
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Schmidt K
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Lang RV
• Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name
Sir Frances Hildebrand becomes Hildebrand F
Dr. Jane Eberhard becomes Eberhard J
Captain R.C. Williams becomes Williams RC
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Box 5
Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III
• Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
• Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals
Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. becomes DeVita VT Jr
James G. Jones II becomes Jones JG 2nd
John A. Adams III becomes Adams JA 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV becomes Cooper HB 4th
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Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or
character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)
Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to
represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization
is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.

Bibliographies
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• Romanize names if they are in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic,
Hebrew, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is
represented by more than one letter
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Iu. A. Iakontov becomes Iakontov IuA

G. Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos GTh
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores
some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-
language publications.
– Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
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à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
– Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are
two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Box 7
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Non-English words for compiler

• Translate the word found for compiler into English. However, the wording found
on the publication may always be used.
• To assist in identifying compilers, below is a brief list of non-English words for
compiler:

Language Word for Compiler

French compilateur

German zusammensteller
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Italian compilatore

Spanish compilador

Russian sostavitel

Bibliographies
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Box 8
Non-English words for editor
• Translate the word found for editor into English. However, the wording found on
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the publication may always be used.

• To assist in identifying editors, below is a brief list of non-English words for
editor:

Language Word for Editor

French redacteur

editeur

German redakteur

herausgeber
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Italian redattore

curatore

editore

Spanish redactor

editor

Russian redaktor

izdatel

Box 9
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Organizations as author
An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental
body may serve as an author.
• Omit "The" preceding an organization name
The American Cancer Society becomes American Cancer Society
• If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give
the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas
American Medical Association, Committee on Ethics.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and
Biomolecular Chemistry Division.
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American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc

Subcommittee on Outcomes, Working Group.
• When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies,
if a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the
name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
National Academy of Sciences (US).
Royal Marsden Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team (GB).
• Separate two or more different organizations by a semicolon

Bibliographies
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Canadian Association of Orthodontists; Canadian Dental Association.

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency
Medicine; American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric
Committee.
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• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page

of a bibliography as compilers, use the names of the individuals as the compilers;
give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired
Kolyada L, compiler. Health systems strengthening and HIV/AIDS:
annotated bibliography and resources. Bethesda (MD): Abt Associates; 2004
Mar. 75 p. Prepared for Partners for Health Reformplus, a project of the US
Agency for International Development.
• For names of organizations in languages other than English:
– Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European
languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as
they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English
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name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.

Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.
Universitatsmedizin Berlin.
Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of
Anaesthesiologists].
– Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of
organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, or Hebrew. A good authority for
romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever possible
follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in
square brackets.
Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory
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Society].
or
[Russian Respiratory Society].
– Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Place all translations in square brackets.
[Chinese Medical Society].
– Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule
ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify
rules for English-language publications.
♦ Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not
marked
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Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u

Bibliographies
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♦ Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if

they are two letters
æ treated as ae
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œ treated as oe

Box 10
No author can be found
• If no person or organization can be found as the compiler but editors or
translators are present, begin the reference with the names of the editors or
translators. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of
names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.
Morrison CP, Court FG, editors.
Walser E, translator.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the compiler and no editors or
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translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the bibliography. Do
not use anonymous.
Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical
education, patient care, and research at teaching hospitals. Washington:
Association of American Medical Colleges; 2000. 165 p.

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Options for author names
The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable
options:
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• Full first names of compilers may be given. Separate the surname from the given
name or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive
names by a semicolon.
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael
A., compilers.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T., compilers.
• If space is a consideration, the number of compilers may be limited to a specific
number, such as the first three. Follow the last named compiler by a comma and
"et al." or "and others."
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al., compilers.
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others, compilers.
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Examples for Author/Editor

1. Standard citation with bibliography in the title
2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content type added)
3. Bibliography with optional full first names for compilers
4. Bibliography with compilers and editors
5: Bibliography with organization as compiler

Bibliographies
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6. Bibliography with editors and other secondary authors, but no compilers

7. Bibliography with no compilers or editors
8. Bibliography with compiler affiliation(s) included
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Author Affiliation for Bibliographies (optional)

General Rules for Author Affiliation
• Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
• Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/
Canadian province/country
• Use commas to separate parts of the affiliation
• Place the affiliation in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
• Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless it is the
affiliation of the last author, then use a period
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Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

• E-mail address included
• Abbreviations in affiliations
• Organizational names for affiliations not in English
• Names for cities and countries not in English

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E-mail address included
• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the compiler with a period
and a space
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• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the publication

• Do not end an e-mail address with a period
• Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
Example:
Patrias K (Reference Section, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD.
[email protected]), de la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and
Developmental Disabilities Branch, National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development, Bethesda, MD. [email protected]), compilers.

Box 13
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Abbreviations in affiliations
• Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all
abbreviated words with a period.
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Assoc. for Association
Co. for Company

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Coll. for College

Corp. for Corporation
Dept. for Department
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Div. for Division

Inst. for Institute or Institution
Soc. for Society
Univ. for University
See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-
letter abbreviations. See Appendix E for a list of these.
• Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter
ISO country code, if desired. See Appendix D for codes of selected countries.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references,
abbreviate the same word in all references.
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Box 14
Organizational names for affiliations not in English
• Give the address of all compilers or only the first compiler. Begin with the
department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter
abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the
country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the
address in parentheses.
• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names
found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French,
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German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)

Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris,
France), Moreno Perez D (Unidad de Infectologia e Inmunodeficiencias,
Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga,
Spain), compilers.
Marubini E (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi
di Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G, compilers.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names if they
are in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, or Hebrew. A good authority for romanization is
the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest,
Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I, compilers.
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Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of

Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS,
Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY, compilers.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, etc.)
Susaki K (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, compilers.

Bibliographies
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• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores
some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-
language publications.
– Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
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Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
– Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are
two letters
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æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For
example, use Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found
on the publication may always be used.

Box 15
Names for cities and countries not in English
• Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible.
However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
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Moskva becomes Moscow

Wien becomes Vienna
Italia becomes Italy
Espana becomes Spain

Examples for Author Affiliation

8. Bibliography with compiler affiliation(s) included

Title for Bibliographies (required)

General Rules for Title
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• Enter the title of a bibliography as it appears in the original document, in the original
language
• Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms,
and initialisms
• Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless some other
form of punctuation such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point is
already present

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• Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; surround the

translation with square brackets
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it
or a Content Type follows it
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Specific Rules for Title

• Titles not in English
• Titles in more than one language
• Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
• No title can be found

Box 16
Titles not in English
• Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles found in the
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roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German,

Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)
Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada). La Paz (Bolivia):
Consejo Nacional de Poblacion; 1989. 414 p. Spanish.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles if they are in Cyrillic, Greek,
Arabic, or Hebrew. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC
Romanization Tables.
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii
ukazatel otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury. Moscow: Izdatelskaia
gruppa GEOTAR-Media; 2005. 335 p. Russian.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, etc.). Place translated titles in square brackets.
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Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no

shinpo to kongo no kadai. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
or
Mori K, compiler. [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system
diseases]. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some
conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-
language publications.
– Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
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Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u

Bibliographies
Page 14

– Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are
two letters
æ treated as ae
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œ treated as oe
• Provide an English translation after the original language one if possible; place
translations in square brackets
Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada) [Population and
employment in Bolivia (an annotated bibliography)]. La Paz (Bolivia):
Consejo Nacional de Poblacion; 1989. 414 p. Spanish.
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii
ukazatel otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury [Tobacco and tobacco
smoking: bibliographic index of the Russian and foreign literature].
Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-Media; 2005. 335 p. Russian.
Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no
shinpo to kongo no kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous
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system diseases]. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.

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Titles in more than one language
• If a bibliography title is written in several languages, give the title in the first
language found on the title page and indicate all languages of publication after
the pagination. Separate the languages by commas.
Farren M, compiler. Infant mortality and health in Latin America: an
annotated bibliography of the 1979-82 literature. Ottawa (ON): International
Development Research Centre; 1984. 172 p. English, Spanish, Portuguese,
French. 256 citations.
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Beauge G, Bendiab A, Labib A, Longuenesse E, Roussillon A, Quiles J,

Weyland P, compilers. Migrations internationales au Moyen-Orient:
1975-1986. Bibliographie [International migrations in the Middle East:
1975-1986. A bibliography]. Aix-en-Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-
Marseille, Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et
Musulman; 1987. 186 p. French, German.
• If a bibliography title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often
occurs in Canadian publications, give all titles in the order in which they appear
in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages,
separated by commas, after the pagination.
Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree:
annotated bibliography = La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James:
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bibliographie annotee. Orr M, illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General

Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71 p. English, French.

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Box 18
Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character
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• The first word of a bibliography title is normally capitalized unless the title
begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that
might lose its meaning if capitalized
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
von Willebrand disease
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced
with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω
becomes omega.
γ-linolenic acid or gamma-linolenic acid
Synthesis of β-amino acids or Synthesis of beta-amino acids
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• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the

type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses
TiO2 nanoparticles or TiO(2) nanoparticles

Box 19
No title can be found
• Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the bibliography
simply begins with the text. In this circumstance, create a title from the first few
words of the text and place it in square brackets. Use enough words to make the
constructed title meaningful.
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Examples for Title

9. Bibliography with title in a language other than English
10. Bibliography with title in multiple languages
11. Bibliography with titles with parallel text in two languages

Content Type for Bibliographies (optional)

General Rules for Content Type
• A content type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a
bibliography
• Place [bibliography] after the book title if the word does not appear in the title
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• Follow the content type with a period unless the book is in a non-print medium (see
Type of Medium below)

Specific Rules for Content Type

• Titles ending in punctuation other than a period
• Titles not in English

Bibliographies
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Box 20
Titles ending in punctuation other than a period
• Most bibliography titles end in a period. Place [bibliography] inside the period.
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Shenk D, Sokolovsky J, compilers. Cultural perspectives on aging

[bibliography]. Washington: Association for Gerontology in Higher
Education; 1997. 8 p.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow
[bibliography] with a period
Advancing women's status: women and men together? [bibliography].

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Titles not in English
• If a translation of a title is given, place it in square brackets
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Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no

shinpo to kongo no kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous
system diseases]. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
• When the content type [bibliography] is added after the title, place the content
type after the square brackets for the translation
Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S, compilers. Publicaciones medicas
uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y XIX [Uruguayan medical publications of
the 18th and 19th centuries] [bibliography]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina
del Libro AEM; 1996. 253 p. Spanish.

Examples for Content Type

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2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content type added)

Type of Medium for Bibliographies (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium
• Indicate the type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.)
following the title (and content type, if present) when a bibliography is published in
a microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as
"[microfiche]." or "[bibliography on microfilm]."
• Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical
Description below
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• See Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for bibliographies in electronic formats

Specific Rules for Type of Medium

• Both a content type and a medium
• Titles ending in punctuation other than a period
• Titles not in English

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Box 22
Both a content type and a medium
• If the word "bibliography" is not in the title, add the content type [bibliography]
Citing Medicine

after the title

• If a bibliography is also in a microform, add the specific type of microform to the
content type, preceded by "on", such as [bibliography on microfilm]
Example:
Williams LA, compiler. Family violence and American Indians/Alaska
Natives: a report to the Indian Health Service Office of Women's Health
[bibliography on microfiche]. [Bethesda (MD)]: Department of Health and
Human Services (US), Indian Health Service, Office of Women's Health;
2002 Oct. 96 p. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.

Box 23
Citing Medicine

Titles ending in punctuation other than a period

• Most titles of books end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or
[microcard] inside the period.
An overview of medical and public health literature addressing literacy
issues: an annotated bibliography [microfiche].
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow
[microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] with a period
A bibliography on human rights in South Africa: is Apartheid gone?
[microfiche].
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Box 24
Titles not in English
• If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation after the original title
and place it in square brackets
Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no
kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases].
• If a bibliography is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place
the specific type of microform within square brackets following the translation
Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no
kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases]
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[microfilm].

Examples for Type of Medium

33. Bibliography in a microform

Bibliographies
Page 18

Edition for Bibliographies (required)

General Rules for Edition
• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title (and Content Type or Type of
Citing Medicine

Medium if present) when a bibliography is published in more than one edition or

version
• Abbreviate common words (see Abbreviation rules for editions below)
• Capitalize only the first word of the edition statement, proper nouns, and proper
adjectives
• Express numbers representing editions in arabic ordinals. For example: second
becomes 2nd and III becomes 3rd.
• End the edition statement with a period

Box 25
Abbreviation rules for editions
Citing Medicine

• Abbreviate common words found in edition statements, if desired:

Word Abbreviation

edition ed.

abbreviated abbr.

abridged abr.

American Am.

augmented augm.

authorized authoriz.
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English Engl.

enlarged enl.

expanded expand.

illustrated ill.

modified mod.

original orig.

reprint(ed) repr.

revised rev.

special spec.
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translation transl.

translated

For additional abbreviations, see ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the abbreviation of
bibliographic terms.
• Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with a
period
3rd rev. ed.

Bibliographies
Page 19

1st Engl. ed.

Specific Rules for Edition

Citing Medicine

• Abbreviation rules for editions

• Non-English words for editions
• First editions

Box 26
Non-English words for editions
• For non-English edition statements written in the roman alphabet (French,
German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):
– Provide the name in the original language
– Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a
familiar one
Citing Medicine

– Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular
language requires capitalization of other words
– Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the
practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar
with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
– Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
– Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
– End the edition information with a period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
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5. ed. interamente riv. e aggiornata.

2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
4a ed. rev. e ampliada.
2° ed. ampliada y actualizada.
• For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, or Hebrew:
– Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the words for edition. A good
authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
– Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a
Citing Medicine

familiar one
– Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular
language requires capitalization of other words
– Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the
practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar
with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
– Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
– Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement

Bibliographies
Page 20

– Follow abbreviated words by a period and end all edition information

with a period
Examples:
Citing Medicine

Izd. 3., perer. i dop.

2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese,
Japanese, or Korean:
– Transliterate or translate the words for edition
– Do not abbreviate or omit any words
– Use the capitalization system of the particular language
– Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the
Citing Medicine

practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar

with a language and avoids awkward constructions.
– Separate the edition from the title by a space
– Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement.
– End all edition information with a period
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
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Cai se ban, Xianggang di 1 ban.

Che 6-p`an.
• To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English
words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not abbreviated):

Language Word for Edition Abbreviation

Danish oplag n.a.

udgave

Dutch uitgave uitg.

editie ed.
Citing Medicine

Finnish julkaisu julk.

French edition ed.

German Ausgabe Ausg.

Auflage Aufl.

Greek ekdosis ekd.

Italian edizione ed.

Bibliographies
Page 21

Language Word for Edition Abbreviation

Portuguese edicao ed.

Russian izdanie izd.

Citing Medicine

publikacija publ.

Norwegian publikasjon publ.

utgave utg.

Spanish edicion ed.

publicacion publ.

Swedish upplaga n.a.

Box 27
First editions
Citing Medicine

• If a bibliography does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or
only edition
• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions have been published
and you wish to cite the earlier one

Examples for Edition

12. Bibliography with edition

Editor and other Secondary Authors for Bibliographies (optional)

General Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors
Citing Medicine

• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors,
translators, and illustrators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title and any edition statement
• Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author/Editor above
• Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last
named illustrator with a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
• End secondary author information with a period
• If there is no author, move secondary authors such as editors and translators to the
author position in the reference

Specific Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors

Citing Medicine

• More than one type of secondary author

• Secondary author performing more than one role
• Non-English names for secondary authors
• Organization as editor

Box 28
More than one type of secondary author
A bibliography may have several types of secondary author.

Bibliographies
Page 22

• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate each type of author and the accompanying role by a semicolon
• End secondary author information with a period
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Examples:
Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, illustrator.
Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA,
illustrators.

Box 29
Secondary author performing more than one role
If the same secondary author performs more than one role,
• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate the roles by "and"
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• End secondary author information with a period

Example:
Jones AB, editor and translator.

Box 30
Non-English names for secondary authors
• Translate the word found for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary
author into English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication
may always be used.
Citing Medicine

• To assist in identifying secondary authors, below is a brief list of non-English

words for them:

Language Word for Editor Word for Translator Word for Illustrator

French redacteur traducteur illustrateur

editeur

German redakteur ubersetzer erlauterer

herausgeber dolmetscher

Italian redattore traduttore disegnatore

curatore
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editore

Spanish redactor traductor ilustrador

editor

Russian redaktor perevodchik konstruktor

izdatel

Bibliographies
Page 23

Box 31
Organization as editor
On rare occasions an organization will be listed as the editor.
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• Follow the instructions for entering the organization name found under
Organizations as author
• Place a comma, a space, and the word editor after the organization name
American Chemical Society, Committee on Chemical Safety, editor.

Examples for Editor and other Secondary Authors

4. Bibliography with compilers and editors
6. Bibliography with editors and other secondary authors, but no compilers
7. Bibliography with no compilers or editors
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Place of Publication for Bibliographies (required)

General Rules for Place of Publication
• Place is defined as the city where the bibliography was published
• Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or
province (see Appendix E) to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or
when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA)
and Palm Springs (FL)
• Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as
the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D), when citing lesser known cities
or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as London (ON) and
London (England)
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• Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wein
• End place information with a colon

Specific Rules for Place of Publication

• Non-US cities
• Joint publication
• Multiple places of publication
• No place of publication can be found

Box 32
Non-US cities
Citing Medicine

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for
Moskva, whenever possible. However, the name as found on the publication may
always be used.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores
some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-
language publications.
– Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A

Bibliographies
Page 24

Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
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à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
– Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are
two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the
province (see Appendix E), place in parentheses
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Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
• If the city is not well known or could be confused with another city of the same
name, follow the city with the country name, either written in full or as the two-
letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the country name or code in
parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
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but
Malaga (Spain): or Malaga (ES):
Basel (Switzerland): or Basel (CH):
Oxford (England): or Oxford (GB):
• As an option, use the country name or country code after all cities not in the US
or Canada

Box 33
Joint publication
Citing Medicine

• Two organizations may co-publish a bibliography. Use the city of the first
organization found on the title page (or on the back of the title page if no
publisher information appears on the title page), as the place of publication.
• Place the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if
desired
Toronto (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada; c2000. 240 p. Co-published
by the Canadian Medical Association.
• Do not give multiple places as place of publication or include multiple publishers

Bibliographies
Page 25

Box 34
Multiple places of publication
• If more than one place of publication is found, use the first one or the one set in
Citing Medicine

the largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places.

• As an option, if one place is a US city and the other(s) are not, use the US city

Box 35
No place of publication can be found
• If no place of publication can be found on the title page or its verso (back), but
one can be found elsewhere in the publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g.,
Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association),
place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982
Citing Medicine

[bibliography]. [Santa Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96

leaves. Bibliography of 1690 citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous
vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.
• If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use [place unknown]
Patterson KD, compiler. Infectious diseases in twentieth-century Africa: a
bibliography of their distribution and consequences. [place unknown]:
Crossroads Press; c1979. 251 p.

Examples for Place of Publication

13. Bibliography with well-known place of publication
14. Bibliography with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
Citing Medicine

15. Bibliography with place of publication inferred

16. Bibliography with no place of publication found
21. Bibliography with no place of publication or publisher found

Publisher for Bibliographies (required)

General Rules for Publisher
• Record the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication, using whatever
capitalization and punctuation is found there
• Abbreviate well-known publisher names with caution to avoid confusion. For
example, "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley".
Citing Medicine

• When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication,

enter the publisher name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions
Division.
• End publisher information with a semicolon

Specific Rules for Publisher

• Abbreviated words in publisher names
• Non-English publishers
• Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher

Bibliographies
Page 26

• Joint publication
• Multiple publishers
• No publisher can be found
Citing Medicine

Box 36
Abbreviated words in publisher names
• Abbreviate commonly used words in names, if desired
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Assoc. for Association
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Corp. for Corporation
Citing Medicine

Dept. for Department

Div. for Division
Inst. for Institute or Institution
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
Univ. for University
See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references,
abbreviate the same word in all references.
• Follow all abbreviated words with a period
Citing Medicine

Box 37
Non-English publishers
• Give publisher names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian,
etc.) in their original language
Rome: Societa Editrice Universo;
Lisbon: Imprensa Medica;
• Romanize names given in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew
Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura;
Citing Medicine

• Romanize names or translate names presented in character-based languages

(Chinese, Japanese, Korean). Place all translated publisher names in square
brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.
Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha;
Beijing (China): [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Research
Institute];
Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she;

Bibliographies
Page 27

[Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. Therefore
in transliterating Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper
nouns are capitalized.].
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores
Citing Medicine

some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-

language publications.
– Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
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ü treated as u
– Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are
two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• If desired, follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translated
publisher names in square brackets.
Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press];
• If the name of a division of other part of an organization is included in the
publisher information, give the names in hierarchical order from highest to
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lowest
Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la
Ciencia y Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place all
translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation has been
given in the publication.
Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press];

Box 38
Government agencies and other national and international bodies as
publisher
Citing Medicine

• When citing publishers that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a
nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the
name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
National Cancer Institute (US)
National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ)
Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd. (GB)
Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division

Bibliographies
Page 28

• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor who disseminates documents
for the publisher. For example, the most common distributors of US government
agency publications are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued
Citing Medicine

the publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note,

preceded by the phrase "Available from:".
Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Cincinnati
(OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education
and Information Division; 1995. 209 p. Available from: US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.7114:T 69.

Box 39
Joint publication
• Two organizations may co-publish a bibliography. Use the first organization
appearing on the title page or the verso (back) of the title page as the publisher.
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• Place the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if
desired
Haynes C, compiler. Ethnic minority health: a selected, annotated
bibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press; c1997. 503 p. A joint
publication of the Medical Library Association.
• Do not give more than one name as publisher

Box 40
Multiple publishers
• If more than one publisher is found in a document, use the first one given or the
Citing Medicine

one set in the largest type or bold type

• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of
the reference list. For example, use an American publisher for a US audience and
a London publisher for a British one.
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those publications with joint or co-publishers,
use the name given first as the publisher and include the name of the second as a
note if desired. For example, use "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists
Association".
• End publisher information with a semicolon

Box 41
Citing Medicine

No publisher can be found

• If no publisher can be found, use [publisher unknown]
Eide M, compiler. Adult survivors of incest/childhood sexual abuse: a
selected, annotated list of books. 3rd ed. Ypsilanti (MI): [publisher
unknown]; c1997. 110 p.

Bibliographies
Page 29

Examples for Publisher

17. Bibliography with publisher with subsidiary department/division named
18. Bibliography with national or governmental agency as publisher, with country
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qualifier added
19. Bibliography with joint publication
20. Bibliography with no publisher found
21. Bibliography with no place of publication or publisher found

Date of Publication for Bibliographies (required)

General Rules for Date of Publication
• Always give the year of publication
• Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
• Include the month of publication, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters, such as
Citing Medicine

Jan
• End date information with a period

Specific Rules for Date of Publication

• Multiple years of publication
• Non-English names for months
• Seasons instead of months
• Date of publication and date of copyright
• No date of publication, but a date of copyright
• No date of publication or copyright can be found
Citing Medicine

• Options for date of publication

Box 42
Multiple years of publication
• For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last year of publication by
a hyphen. Do not shorten the second of the two years to the last two digits.
2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
• If months are given, place them after the year. Use English names for months and
Citing Medicine

abbreviate them using the first three letters.

1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
• Separate multiple months of publication by a hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

Bibliographies
Page 30

• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen; for example, Fall-Winter. Do not

abbreviate names of seasons.

Box 43
Citing Medicine

Non-English names for months

• Translate names of months into English
• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Citing Medicine

Box 44
Seasons instead of months
• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
Citing Medicine

pomlad = Spring

Box 45
Date of publication and date of copyright
Some publications have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright
date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the
date.
• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separates the two
dates
• In this situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
Citing Medicine

• Precede the date of copyright by the letter "c"

• Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, "2002, c1997".
This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than
the date of publication implies.
Example:
New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2000, c1996.

Bibliographies
Page 31

Box 46
No date of publication, but a date of copyright
• A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word
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copyright preceding the date. If no date of publication can be found, but the
publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by
the letter "c"; for example c2005.
Bondi K, editor. Chronic fatigue syndrome: overview abstracts and
bibliography. New York: Nova Science Publishers; c2003. 236 p.

Box 47
No date of publication or copyright can be found
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but a date
can be estimated because of material contained in the bibliography itself or on
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accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place
date information in square brackets
Patton LT, compiler. Community health centers: a working bibliography.
Washington: National Association of Community Health Centers; [1989?].
76 p.
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the
date be estimated, use [date unknown]
Bustad LK, Hegreberg GA, Padgett GA, compilers. Naturally occurring
animal models of human disease: a bibliography. Washington: National
Academy of Sciences (US), Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources; [date
unknown]. 99 p.
Citing Medicine

Box 47a
Options for date of publication
It is not NLM policy, but the following is an acceptable option:
The date of publication may follow the author names in the list of references when the
name-year system of in-text references is used.
• Use the year of publication only
• Place the year after the last named author, followed by a period
• End publisher information with a period
NLM citation:
Citing Medicine

Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. Resources for nursing research: an

annotated bibliography. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication, Limited; 2004.
432 p.
Name-year system of citation:
Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. 2004. Resources for nursing
research: an annotated bibliography. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication,
Limited. 432 p.

Bibliographies
Page 32

Examples for Date of Publication

22. Bibliography with standard date of publication
23. Bibliography with month and year of publication
Citing Medicine

24. Bibliography with multiple years

25. Bibliography with date of publication estimated
26. Bibliography with no date of publication, but a date of copyright
27. Bibliography with no date of publication or copyright found

Pagination for Bibliographies (optional)

General Rules for Pagination
• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the bibliography appears
• Do not count pages for such items as introductory material, appendixes, and indexes
unless they are included in the pagination of the text
• Follow the page total with a space and the letter p
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• For bibliographies published in more than one physical volume, cite the total
number of volumes instead of the number of pages, such as 4 vol.
• End pagination information with a period

Specific Rules for Pagination

• Roman numerals used as page numbers
• No numbers appear on the pages of the bibliography

Box 48
Roman numerals used as page numbers
Citing Medicine

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a bibliography have roman
numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:
• Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number
• Follow the number by "p."
• Surround the number and "p." by square brackets, such as [12 p.]
• End page information with a period
Example:
[20 p.].

Box 49
Citing Medicine

No numbers appear on the pages of the bibliography

Occasionally, a bibliography will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication
has no page numbers:
• Count the total number of pages of the text
• Express the total as leaves, not pages
• End with a period
Example:

Bibliographies
Page 33

Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982

[bibliography]. [Santa Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96
leaves. Bibliography of 1690 citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous
vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.
Citing Medicine

Examples for Pagination

28. Bibliography with standard pagination
29. Bibliography published in more than one volume
30. No page numbers on the pages of the bibliography

Physical Description for Bibliographies (optional)

General Rules for Physical Description
• Give information on the physical characteristics if a bibliography is published in a
microform (microfilm, microfiche, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4
Citing Medicine

in. This information will help the reader select the appropriate equipment with
which to view the microform.

Specific Rules for Physical Description

• Language for describing physical characteristics

Box 50
Language for describing physical characteristics
If a bibliography is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
• Begin with information on the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a
colon and a space
Citing Medicine

5 microfiche:
3 reels: [of microfilm]
1 microcard:
• Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size.
Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches. Separate
types of information by commas.
Typical words used include:
color
black & white
positive
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negative
4 x 6 in. (standard microfiche size)
3 x 5 in. (standard microcard size)
35 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
16 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
Examples of complete physical description statements:
3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.

Bibliographies
Page 34

1 reel: black& white, negative, 35 mm.

Examples for Physical Description

Citing Medicine

33. Bibliography in a microform

Series for Bibliographies (optional)

General Rules for Series
• Begin with the name of the series
• Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns
• Follow the name with any numbers provided. For example, vol. 3 for a volume or
no. 12 for an issue number.
• Separate the title and the number by a semicolon and a space
• Place series information in parentheses
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• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis

Specific Rules for Series

• Series editor's name provided

Box 51
Series editor's name provided
As an option, the name of the overall series editor may be included with the series
information.
• Begin with the name of the series editor or editors:
– Give surname first
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– Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum
of two initials following each surname
– Separate multiple names with a comma
– End name information with a comma
– See the information under Author/Editor for further name rules
• Place the word editor or editors after the name information, followed by a period
• Enter the name of the series, capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns
• Follow the name with any numbers given, such as a volume or issue number; for
example, vol. 3 and no. 12
• Separate the name and the numeration by a semicolon and a space
Citing Medicine

• Place series information in parentheses

• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis
Example:
Selden CR, Kelliher R, compilers. Distance education in public health
[bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2003
Dec. (Patrias K, editor. Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2003-3). 471
citations from January 1998 through October 2003.

Bibliographies
Page 35

Examples for Series

31. Bibliography in a series
32. Bibliography in a series with series editor's name included
Citing Medicine

Language for Bibliographies (required)

General Rules for Language
• Give the language of publication if other than English
• Capitalize the language name
• Follow the language name with a period

Specific Rules for Language

• Bibliographies appearing in more than one language

Box 52
Bibliographies appearing in more than one language
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• If a bibliography is written in several languages, give the title in the first

language found on the title page and indicate all languages of publication after
the pagination. Separate the languages by commas.
Beauge G, Bendiab A, Labib A, Longuenesse E, Roussillon A, Quiles J,
Weyland P, compilers. Migrations internationales au Moyen-Orient:
1975-1986. Bibliographie. Aix-en-Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-
Marseille, Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et
Musulman; 1987. 186 p. French, German.
• If a bibliography is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Canadian publications, give all titles in the order in which they are presented in
the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages,
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separated by a comma, after the pagination.

Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree:
annotated bibliography = La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James:
bibliographie annotee. Orr M, illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General
Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71 p. English, French.
• If none of the languages is English, follow the titles with a translation whenever
possible. Place the translation in square brackets.
Beauge G, Bendiab A, Labib A, Longuenesse E, Roussillon A, Quiles J,
Weyland P, compilers. Migrations internationales au Moyen-Orient:
1975-1986. Bibliographie [International migrations in the Middle East:
1975-1986. A bibliography]. Aix-en-Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-
Marseille, Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et
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Musulman; 1987. 186 p. French, German.

Examples for Language

9. Bibliography with title in a language other than English
10. Bibliography with title in multiple languages
11. Bibliography with titles with parallel text in two languages

Bibliographies
Page 36

Notes for Bibliographies (optional)

General Rules for Notes
• Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation
Citing Medicine

itself
• Complete sentences are not required
• Be brief

Specific Rules for Notes

• Information on number of citations, time period covered, etc.
• Bibliography accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
• Other types of material to include in notes

Box 53
Information on number of citations, time period covered, etc.
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• If the number of citations or time period covered is not included in the title or
subtitle, it is useful to the reader to include such information in notes
Zorn MA, Allen MP, Horowitz AM, compilers. Understanding health
literacy and its barriers [bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US); 2004. 38 p. 651 citations from January 1998 through
November 2003.

Box 54
Bibliography accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
• If a bibliography has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a
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videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the book.

Add the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a space and the number and type
of medium.
Jones R, editor. Bibliography of commonwealth apiculture. London:
Commonwealth Secretariat; 2005. 348 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Sacks JM, Bilaniuk MT, Gendron JM, editors. Bibliography of
psychodrama: inception to date. New York: Psychodrama Center of New
York; c1995. 129 p. Accompanied by: 2 disks: 3 1/2 in. One disk is for an
IBM Personal Computer, the other is for a Macintosh.

Box 55
Other types of material to include in notes
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• If the bibliography was government sponsored or funded, give the name of the
sponsoring agency
Kolyada L, compiler. Health systems strengthening and HIV/AIDS:
annotated bibliography and resources. Bethesda (MD): Abt Associates; 2004
Mar. Contract No.: HRN-C-OO-95-00024. 75 p. 101 citations from 1995 to
2004. Funded by the US Agency for International Development.

Bibliographies
Page 37

• If the bibliography is available from a clearinghouse or other organization not the

publisher, give the name and any acquisition number. Begin with the phrase
"Available from" followed by a colon and a space.
Guiterrez MK, compiler. Assessing children for the presence of a disability;
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resources you can use [bibliography]. 2nd ed. Washington: National

Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (US); 2002. 10
p. Available from: ERIC, Lanham, MD; ED473542.
Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Cincinnati
(OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education
and Information Division; 1995. 209 p. Available from: US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.7114:T 69.
• If the bibliography has acronyms or other words that need an explanation,
provide it
An album of publications of BIRPERHT [bibliography]. Dhaka
(Bangladesh): BIRPERHT; 1997. 40 p. (BIRPERHT publication; no. 114).
BIRPERHT stands for Bangladesh Institute of Research for Promotion of
Citing Medicine

Essential & Reproductive Health and Technologies.

• If the bibliography may be found in a library or other archive, give the name and
any location number. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and
a space.
Beguin Stockli D, compiler. Genitale Verstummelung von Frauen: eine
Bibliographie [Female genital mutilation: a bibliography]. Bern
(Switzerland): Institut fur Ethnologie der Universitat Bern; 1993. 72 p.
German. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 1996
C-377.

Examples for Notes

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34. Bibliography with note on number of citations, date range

35. Bibliography that is government sponsored
36. Bibliography with availability statement
37. Bibliography accompanied by a CD-ROM, disk, or other medium
38. Bibliography with other supplemental notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies
1. Standard citation with bibliography in the title
Khan N, Nakajima N, Vanderburg WH, compilers. Healthy work: an annotated
bibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press, Inc.; 2004. 376 p. 617 citations.
Citing Medicine

Morton LT, Moore RJ, compilers. A bibliography of medical and biomedical biography. 3rd
ed. Burlington (VT): Ashgate; 2005. 425 p. 3740 citations.

2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content type added)
Grayson L, compiler. Animals in research: for and against [bibliography]. London: British
Library; c2000. 320 p.

Blanchard DA, compiler. The anti-abortion movement: references and resources

[bibliography]. New York: Prentice Hall International; c1996. 378 p.

Bibliographies
Page 38

3. Bibliography with optional full first names for compilers

Khan, Namir; Nakajima, Nina; Vanderburg, Willem H., compilers. Healthy work: an
annotated bibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press, Inc.; 2004. 376 p. 617 citations.
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4. Bibliography with compilers and editors

Jackson E, compiler. Safer sex guidelines bibliography: healthy sexuality and HIV; an
annotated bibliography for educators and counselors. Allen B, editor. Ottawa (ON):
Canadian AIDS Society; 1995. 17 p.

Sleet DA, Hopkins K, compilers and editors. Bibliography of behavioral science research in
unintentional injury prevention. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(US), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury
Prevention; 2004. 115 p. 900 citations from 1980-2003.

5: Bibliography with organization as compiler

Lewin Group, compiler. Annotated bibliography for managed behavioral health care,
Citing Medicine

1989-1999. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(US), Center for Mental Health Services, Office of Managed Care; 2000. 171 p. (DHHS
publication; no. (SMA) 00-3424).

6. Bibliography with editors and other secondary authors, but no compilers

Lee MC, editor. West Nile virus: overview and abstracts [bibliography]. New York: Nova
Science Publishers, Inc; 2003. 152 p.

Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree: annotated
bibliography = La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James: bibliographie annotee. Orr M,
illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71
p. English, French.
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7. Bibliography with no compilers or editors

Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical education, patient
care, and research at teaching hospitals. Washington: Association of American Medical
Colleges; 2000. 165 p.

8. Bibliography with compiler affiliation(s) included

Zorn M (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), Rowland JH (National Cancer
Institute, Bethesda, MD), Varricchio CG (National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda,
MD), compilers. Symptom management in cancer: pain, depression, and fatigue
[bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2002 Jul. (Current
bibliographies in medicine; no. 2002-4). 1803 citations from January 1990 through June
2002, plus selected earlier citations.
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9. Bibliography with title in a language other than English

Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no
kadai. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.

Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada). La Paz (Bolivia): Consejo Nacional

de Poblacion; 1989. 414 p. Spanish.

Bibliographies
Page 39

Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii ukazatel

otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury. Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-Media;
2005. 335 p. Russian.
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Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S, compilers. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos
XVIII y XIX [bibliography]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. 253 p.
Spanish.

with translation

Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no
kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases]. Tokyo: Nyuronsha;
2004. 242 p. Japanese.

Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada) [Population and employment in

Bolivia (an annotated bibliography)]. La Paz (Bolivia): Consejo Nacional de Poblacion;
1989. 414 p. Spanish.
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Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii ukazatel

otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury [Tobacco and tobacco smoking: bibliographic index
of the Russian and foreign literature]. Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-Media; 2005.
335 p. Russian.

Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S, compilers. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos
XVIII y XIX [Uruguayan medical publications of the 18th and 19th centuries]
[bibliography]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. 253 p. Spanish.

10. Bibliography with title in multiple languages

Farren M, compiler. Infant mortality and health in Latin America: an annotated bibliography
of the 1979-82 literature. Ottawa (ON): International Development Research Centre; 1984.
Citing Medicine

172 p. English, Spanish, Portuguese, French. 256 citations.

Beauge G, Bendiab A, Labib A, Longuenesse E, Roussillon A, Quiles J, Weyland P,

compilers. Migrations internationales au Moyen-Orient: 1975-1986. Bibliographie
[International migrations in the Middle East: 1975-1986. A bibliography]. Aix-en-Provence
(France): Universites d'Aix-Marseille, Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Monde
Arabe et Musulman; 1987. 186 p. French, German.

11. Bibliography with titles with parallel text in two languages

Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree: annotated
bibliography = La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James: bibliographie annotee. Orr M,
illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71
p. English, French.
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12. Bibliography with edition

Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. Resources for nursing research: an annotated
bibliography. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication, Limited; 2004. 432 p. Approximately 3,000
entries.

Marlatt GE, compiler. Chemical, biological, and nuclear terrorism/warfare: a bibliography.

Rev. and updated. [Monterey (CA)]: Naval Postgraduate School (US), Dudley Knox
Library; 2003 Sep. 297 p.

Bibliographies
Page 40

Prestwidge KJ, compiler. Bibliography of African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics

in engineering, science and the health professions. 5th ed., rev. Flushing (NY): Huespin
Productions; 2002 Oct. 119 p.
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13. Bibliography with well-known place of publication

Bondi K, editor. Chronic fatigue syndrome: overview abstracts and bibliography. New
York: Nova Science Publishers; c2003. 236 p.

Horowitz LM, Schreiber MD, Hare I, Walker VR, Talley AL, editors. Psychological factors
in emergency medical services for children: abstracts of the psychological, behavioral, and
medical literature, 1991-1998 [bibliography]. Washington: American Psychological
Association; c1999. 98 p.

14. Bibliography with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
Arashvili NG, editor. Breast cancer: an annotated guide to the current literature
[bibliography]. Commack (NY): Nova Science Publishers; c1995. 127 p.
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Adipositas 1988-2003 [bibliography]. Trier (Germany): Universitat Trier, Zentrum fur

Psychologische Information und Dokumentation; 2004. 177 p. German.

15. Bibliography with place of publication inferred

Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982 [bibliography].
[Santa Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96 leaves. Bibliography of 1690
citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.

16. Bibliography with no place of publication found

Patterson KD, compiler. Infectious diseases in twentieth-century Africa: a bibliography of
their distribution and consequences. [place unknown]: Crossroads Press; c1979. 251 p.
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17. Bibliography with publisher with subsidiary department/division named

Becker B, Wechsler L, Hoolihan C, Weimer MF, compilers. The Bernard Becker collection
in ophthalmology: an annotated catalog [bibliography]. St. Louis (MO): Washington
University School of Medicine, Bernard Becker Medical Library; c1996. 180 p.

Bador G, Thoolen H, Martin SF, Allard D, compilers. A selected bibliography on refugee

health. Geneva (Switzerland): United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Centre for
Documentation on Refugees; 1991. 184 p.

18. Bibliography with national or governmental agency as publisher, with country qualifier
added
Advancing women's status: women and men together? Gender, society and development
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[bibliography]. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Royal Tropical Institute (NL); 1995. 200 p.

Yuan FL, compiler. A selected bibliography on urbanization in China. Washington: Bureau

of the Census (US), Center for International Research; 1991. 182 p. (CIR staff paper; no.
61).

19. Bibliography with joint publication

Haynes C, compiler. Ethnic minority health: a selected, annotated bibliography. Lanham
(MD): Scarecrow Press; c1997. 503 p. A joint publication of the Medical Library
Association.

Bibliographies
Page 41

Rudd RE, Colton Tayla, Schacht R, compilers. An overview of medical and public health
literature addressing literacy issues: an annotated bibliography [microfiche]. Cambridge
(MA): Harvard Graduate School of Education; 2000. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.
Jointly published by the National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy,
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Washington.

20. Bibliography with no publisher found

Eide M, compiler. Adult survivors of incest/childhood sexual abuse: a selected, annotated
list of books [bibliography]. 3rd ed. Ypsilanti (MI): [publisher unknown]; c1997. 110 p.

21. Bibliography with no place of publication or publisher found

Rykov M, Salmon D, compilers. Bibliography for music therapy in palliative care
1963-1996. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1996. 15 p.

22. Bibliography with standard date of publication

Shenk D, Sokolovsky J, compilers. Cultural perspectives on aging [bibliography].
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Washington: Association for Gerontology in Higher Education; 1997. 8 p.

23. Bibliography with month and year of publication

Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A, compilers. Annotated bibliography on refinement and
environmental enrichment for primates kept in laboratories. 8th ed. Washington: Animal
Welfare Institute; 2005 Jan. 89 p.

24. Bibliography with multiple years

Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982 [bibliography].
[Santa Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96 leaves. Bibliography of 1690
citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.
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25. Bibliography with date of publication estimated

Patton LT, compiler. Community health centers: a working bibliography. Washington:
National Association of Community Health Centers; [1989?]. 76 p.

26. Bibliography with no date of publication, but a date of copyright

Bondi K, editor. Chronic fatigue syndrome: overview abstracts and bibliography. New
York: Nova Science Publishers; c2003. 236 p.

27. Bibliography with no date of publication or copyright found

Bustad LK, Hegreberg GA, Padgett GA, compilers. Naturally occurring animal models of
human disease: a bibliography. Washington: National Academy of Sciences (US), Institute
of Laboratory Animal Resources; [date unknown]. 99 p.
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28. Bibliography with standard pagination

Brogdon J, Olsen WC, editors. The contemporary and historical literature of food science
and human nutrition [bibliography]. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press; c1995. 296 p.

29. Bibliography published in more than one volume

Nation EF, Roland CG, McGovern JP, compilers. An annotated checklist of Osleriana
[bibliography]. Montreal (QC): McGill University, Osler Library; 2000. 2 vol.

Bibliographies
Page 42

30. No page numbers on the pages of the bibliography

Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982 [bibliography].
[Santa Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96 leaves. Bibliography of 1690
citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.
Citing Medicine

31. Bibliography in a series

Mullner RM, Jewell M, compilers. A bibliography of recent works on home health care.
Lewiston (NY): Edwin Mellen Press; c2000. 184 p. (Studies in health and human services;
vol. 37).

Yuan FL, compiler. A selected bibliography on urbanization in China. Washington: Bureau

of the Census (US), Center for International Research; 1991. 182 p. (CIR staff paper; no.
61).

32. Bibliography in a series with series editor's name included

Selden CR, Kelliher R, compilers. Distance education in public health [bibliography].
Citing Medicine

Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2003 Dec. (Patrias K, editor. Current
bibliographies in medicine; no. 2003-3). 471 citations from January 1998 through October
2003.

33. Bibliography in a microform

Rudd RE, Colton Tayla, Schacht R, compilers. An overview of medical and public health
literature addressing literacy issues: an annotated bibliography [microfiche]. Cambridge
(MA): Harvard Graduate School of Education; 2000. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.

Williams LA, compiler. Family violence and American Indians/Alaska Natives: a report to
the Indian Health Service Office of Women's Health [bibliography on microfiche].
[Bethesda (MD)]: Department of Health and Human Services (US), Indian Health Service,
Office of Women's Health; 2002 Oct. 96 p. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.
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34. Bibliography with note on number of citations, date range

Zorn MA, Allen MP, Horowitz AM, compilers. Understanding health literacy and its
barriers [bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2004. 38 p. 651
citations from January 1998 through November 2003.

35. Bibliography that is government sponsored

Kolyada L, compiler. Health systems strengthening and HIV/AIDS: annotated bibliography
and resources. Bethesda (MD): Abt Associates; 2004 Mar. 75 p. Contract No.: HRN-C-
OO-95-00024. 101 citations from 1995 to 2004. Funded by the US Agency for International
Development.
Citing Medicine

36. Bibliography with availability statement

Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Cincinnati (OH): National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education and Information Division;
1995. 209 p. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE
20.7114:T 69.

Guiterrez MK, compiler. Assessing children for the presence of a disability: resources you
can use [bibliography]. 2nd ed. Washington: National Information Center for Children and
Youth with Disabilities (US); 2002. 10 p. Available from: ERIC, Lanham, MD; ED473542.

Bibliographies
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37. Bibliography accompanied by a CD-ROM, disk, or other medium

Jones R, editor. Bibliography of commonwealth apiculture. London: Commonwealth
Secretariat; 2005. 348 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Citing Medicine

Sacks JM, Bilaniuk MT, Gendron JM, editors. Bibliography of psychodrama: inception to
date. New York: Psychodrama Center of New York; c1995. 129 p. Accompanied by: 2
disks: 3 1/2 in. One disk is for an IBM Personal Computer, the other is for a Macintosh.

38. Bibliography with other supplemental notes

An album of publications of BIRPERHT [bibliography]. Dhaka (Bangladesh): BIRPERHT;
1997. 40 p. (BIRPERHT publication; no. 114). BIRPERHT stands for Bangladesh Institute
of Research for Promotion of Essential & Reproductive Health and Technologies.

Beguin Stockli D, compiler. Genitale Verstummelung von Frauen: eine Bibliographie

[Female genital mutilation: a bibliography]. Bern (Switzerland): Institut fur Ethnologie der
Universitat Bern; 1993. 72 p. German. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD; 1996 C-377.
Citing Medicine

B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Bibliographies

The general format for a reference to a part of a bibliography, including punctuation:
Citing Medicine

Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies

Rather than citing a bibliography as a whole, separately identified portions of a bibliography

may be cited. Chapters, sections, appendixes, and the like are considered parts of
bibliographies when they are written or compiled by the authors of the bibliography.

Because a reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for
the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a bibliography with
the bibliography itself, then follow it with the information about the part. See Chapter 2C
Parts of Books for further details on citing parts.
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For instructions on citing one volume of a bibliography published in multiple volumes, see
Chapter 2B Individual Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Individual Volumes With a
Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Individual Volumes
With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors) and example 7 below.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Bibliographies.

Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies.

Bibliographies
Page 44

Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Bibliographies

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after
the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is
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optional.

Bibliography (R) | Name and Number/Letter of the Part (R) | Title of the Part (R) | Location
(Pagination) of the Part (R)

Bibliography (required)
Cite the bibliography according to Chapter 6A Entire Bibliographies

Name and Number/Letter of the Part for a Bibliography (required)

General Rules for Name and Number/Letter
• Enter the name of the part, such as Chapter or Appendix
• Do not abbreviate names. For example, convert Chap. to Chapter.
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• Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Chapter 12 or
Appendix A
• Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert VI or Six to 6.
• End name and number/letter information with a comma and a space

Specific Rules for Name and Number/Letter

• Non-English names for parts
• No letter or number follows the name
• No name appears

Box 56
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Non-English names for parts

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English names in the roman
alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish,
Italian, Swedish, etc.)
Capitulo 10
Annexe 5
Figura 10a
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, or
Hebrew. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization
Tables.
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Risunok 6
Parartema 4
• Romanize or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, etc.). Surround translated titles with square brackets.
Ichiran-hiyo 3 or [Table 3, ]
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores
some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-
language publications.

Bibliographies
Page 45

– Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
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Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
– Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are
two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
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• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title, placed
in square brackets
Anexo, Creacion de las especialidades medicas [Appendix, Beginnings of
medical specialties]; p. 275-81. Spanish.
• To help identify parts in other languages, see the following examples:

Language Chapter Table Figure Appendix Section

French Chapitre Tableau Figure Appendice Section

German Kapitel Tabelle Abbildung Anhang Sektion

Figur Appendix Abteilung

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Zusatz

Italian Capitolo Tabella Figura Appendice Parte

Sezione

Russian Glava Tablitsa Risunok Prilozenie Sekcija

Otdel

Otdelenie

Spanish Capitulo Tabla Figura Apendice Seccion

Parte
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Box 57
No letter or number follows the name
• Occasionally, an author will label a part as simply "Table", "Figure",
"Appendix", or another name without following the name with any letter or
number. In this case, give whatever name is used for the part and follow it with a
comma and the title.
Appendix, Organization and program Internet resources; p. 516-7.

Bibliographies
Page 46

Box 58
No name appears
• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix, or similar part but it is
Citing Medicine

not labeled as such, place the name within square brackets and follow it with any
identifying number or letter
[Appendix], Sources consulted; p. 151-3.
• If the part being cited is not a table, figure, or appendix and has no other
identifying name such as "section", begin with the title of the part
Fires and burns; p. 72-5.
Sialography; p. 1029-30.

Examples for Name and Number/Letter

1. A chapter of a bibliography
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2. A subject section of a bibliography with number/letter

3. A subject section of a bibliography without number/letter
4. An appendix of a bibliography
5. Other parts of a bibliography
6. Part of a bibliography in a language other than English
7. One volume of a bibliography

Title of the Part for a Bibliography (required)

General Rules for Title
• Enter the title of the part as it appears in the bibliography
Citing Medicine

• Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms,
and initialisms
• End title information with a semicolon and a space

Specific Rules for Title

• Titles for parts not in English
• Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character
• No title appears

Box 59
Titles for parts not in English
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• Provide the name in the original language for non-English titles in the roman
alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish,
Italian, Swedish, etc.)
Capitulo 10, Publicaciones sobre medicina homeopatica; p. 185-8. Spanish.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, or
Hebrew. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization
Tables.

Bibliographies
Page 47

Risunok 2, Tendentsii smertnosti i prodolzhitel'nosti zhizni naseleniya

Ukrainy v poslevoennyi period; p. 53. Russian.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, etc.). Place the translation in square brackets.
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10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku; p. 23-45. Japanese.

[Figure 9, Increase in literature on swine influenza]; p. 44. Korean.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some
conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-
language publications.
– Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
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à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
– Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are
two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title. Place
the translation in square brackets.
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10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku [Chapter 10, Anti-aging medicine]; p. 23-45.

Japanese.

Box 60
Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special
character
• Capitalize the first word of the title of a part unless the title begins with a Greek
letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning
if capitalized
Part 10, n-alkenes; p. 374-90.
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Chapter 3, von Willebrand factor; p. 45-51.

• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced
with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω
becomes omega.
Section 3, Seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) exposed to different
doses of γ-radiation; p. 566-9.
may become
Section 3, Seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) exposed to different
doses of gamma-radiation; p. 566.

Bibliographies
Page 48

• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the

type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses
Chapter 4, Transport of NH3 into red blood cells; p. 149-51.
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may become
Chapter 4, Transport of NH(3) into red blood cells; p. 149-51.

Box 61
No title appears
Occasionally a part does not have a formal title, only a legend (explanatory text) for the
table, figure, appendix, or other part. When this occurs:
• Create a title from the first few words of the text. Use enough words to make the
constructed title meaningful.
• Place the created title within square brackets
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Table, [Ratios of types of literature found]; p. 72.

Appendix, [Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications: Frequently Asked
Questions and Answers for Health Care Professionals"]; p. 296-301.

Examples for Title

1. A chapter of a bibliography
2. A subject section of a bibliography with number/letter
3. A subject section of a bibliography without number/letter
4. An appendix of a bibliography
5. Other parts of a bibliography
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6. Part of a bibliography in a language other than English

7. One volume of a bibliography

Location (Pagination) of the Part for a Bibliography (required)

General Rules for Location (Pagination)
• Begin location with "p." followed by a space
• Enter the page number or numbers on which the part appears. Examples: p. 438 and
p. 663-4.
• Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example:
126-127 becomes p. 126-7, but p. 126A-127A is correct.
• Include a letter (often S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the
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page number. For example: p. S10-8.

• End page information with a period

Specific Rules for Location (Pagination)

• Roman numerals for page numbers
• Part paginated separately
• No page numbers appear on the pages of the part

Bibliographies
Page 49

Box 62
Roman numerals for page numbers
• Contrary to the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals
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when they are used as page numbers

• Give roman numerals in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the
publication
Appendix 2, Directory of organizations; p. XXI-XXII.
Table 8, Classification of lung adenocarcinoma; p. xv.

Box 63
Part paginated separately
• A part such as an appendix or a group of tables may be given its own pagination
and begin anew with page one. When this occurs, give the total number of pages
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of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Appendix 3C, Search strategies used; [7 p.].

Box 64
No page numbers appear on the pages of the part
Occasionally, a table, figure, appendix, or another part will appear on a page that is not
numbered.
• If only the part to be cited has no page numbers, identify the location in relation
to numbered pages. For example: preceding p. 17 or following p. 503. Place such
phrases in square brackets.
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Figure 5, Modeling the rise of in-hospital death; [preceding p. 55].

Appendix, Patient questionnaire; [following p. 17].
• If the entire bibliography has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily
located in relation to numbered pages, give the total number of pages of the part
you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.]
Table, Checklist of sources; [1 p.].

Examples for Location (Pagination)

1. A chapter of a bibliography
2. A subject section of a bibliography with number/letter
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3. A subject section of a bibliography without number/letter

4. An appendix of a bibliography
5. Other parts of a bibliography
6. Part of a bibliography in a language other than English
7. One volume of a bibliography

Bibliographies
Page 50

Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies

1. A chapter of a bibliography
Haynes C, compiler. Ethnic minority health: a selected, annotated bibliography. Lanham
Citing Medicine

(MD): Scarecrow Press; c1997. Chapter 4, Mental health; p. 21-37.

Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical education, patient
care, and research at teaching hospitals. Washington: Association of American Medical
Colleges; 2000. Chapter 3B, The cost of serving low income patients and patients without
adequate insurance coverage; p. 55-8.

2. A subject section of a bibliography with number/letter

Velasquez G, Hanvoravongchai P, Boulet P, compilers. Globalization, patents and drugs: an
annotated bibliography. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, Essential Drugs and
Medicines Policy; c2001. Section 2.6, North America; p. 48-50.

Gordner RL, Tralka TS, compilers. Management of hepatitis C [bibliography]. Bethesda

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(MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Reference Section; 1997 Feb. [Section] B2,
Hepatitis C genotyping; p. 9-14.

3. A subject section of a bibliography without number/letter

Horowitz LM, Schreiber MD, Hare I, Walker VR, Talley AL, editors. Psychological factors
in emergency medical services for children: abstracts of the psychological, behavioral, and
medical literature, 1991-1998 [bibliography]. Washington: American Psychological
Association; c1999. Children's reactions to disasters; p.37-46.

Sleet DA, Hopkins K, compilers and editors. Bibliography of behavioral science research in
unintentional injury prevention. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(US), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury
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Prevention; 2004. Fires and burns; p. 72-5.

4. An appendix of a bibliography
Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. Resources for nursing research: an annotated
bibliography. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication, Limited; 2004. Appendix A, Computer
programs for design and analysis; p. 338-40.

Selden CR, Humphreys BL, Yasnoff WA, Ryan ME, compilers. Public health informatics
[bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Reference section; 2001
Apr. Appendix, Organization and program Internet resources; [1 p.].

5. Other parts of a bibliography

Brogdon J, Olsen WC, editors. The contemporary and historical literature of food science
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and human nutrition [bibliography]. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press; c1995. Table
4.6, Characteristics of core monographs; p. 140.

Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Cincinnati (OH): National

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education and Information Division;
1995. Part 2, Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace - bibliography; p. 153-208.

Bibliographies
Page 51

6. Part of a bibliography in a language other than English

Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y
XIX. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. Capitulo 10, Publicaciones
sobre medicina homeopatica; p. 185-8. Spanish.
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40 ans de recherche en economie de la sante: bibliographie thematique illustree;

retrospective des travaux du CREDES depuis 1954. Paris: Centre de Recherche d'Etude et
de Documentation en Economie de la Sante; 1994 Oct. Annexe, Le Centre de
Documentation du CREDES; p. 147. French.

Guerrino AA, compiler. Bibliografia historica de la medicina argentina. Buenos Aires

(Argentina): Editorial Dunken; 2001. [Photograph], Impreso editado con motivo de la
creacion de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en 1821; [preceding p. 13]. Spanish.

with translation

Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y
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XIX [Uruguayan medical publications of the 18th and 19th centuries]. Montevideo
(Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. Capitulo 10, Publicaciones sobre medicina
homeopatica [Chapter 10, Publications on homeopathic medicine]; p. 185-8. Spanish.

40 ans de recherche en economie de la sante: bibliographie thematique illustree;

retrospective des travaux du CREDES depuis 1954 [40 years of research in health
economics: illustrated subject bibliography; retrospective work of CREDES since 1954].
Paris: Centre de Recherche d'Etude et de Documentation en Economie de la Sante; 1994
Oct. Annexe, Le Centre de Documentation du CREDES [Appendix, The Resource Center of
CREDES]; p. 147. French.

Guerrino AA, compiler. Bibliografia historica de la medicina argentina [Historical

bibliography of Argentine medicine]. Buenos Aires (Argentina): Editorial Dunken; 2001.
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[Photograph], Impreso editado con motivo de la creacion de la Universidad de Buenos Aires

en 1821 [Photograph], [Edict published showing the motivation for creation of the
University of Buenos Aires in 1821]; [preceding p. 13]. Spanish.

7. One volume of a bibliography

Neu J, editor. Isis cumulative bibliography, 1986-95: a bibliography of the history of science
formed from the annual Isis current bibliographies. Vol. 4, Time periods 19th and 20th
centuries. Canton (MA): Science History Publications/USA; 1997. p. 623-1362.

Medicine and health in Africa: a bibliography with critical abstracts. Vol. 3, 1987/88.
London: Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases; c1988.

Population--education--development in Africa South of the Sahara: a selective annotated

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bibliography. Vol. 1, Population. Dakar (Senegal): United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization; 1978.

Bibliographies