Assignment of Power Plant-I Designed by Sir Engr.

Masood Khan

SOLVED PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER # 5

TITLE: THE HEAT ENGIE CYCLE

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Diagram
# 03

The Heat Engine Cycle Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

PROBLEM # 5.1: & First rejects 400 KJ to the second then calculate:
What is the highest cycle efficiency possible for a heat (i) The temperature at which heat is supplied to the
engine operating between 800 &15 C second engine, T2 =?
GIVEN DATA: (ii) The heat taken from the source, Q1 =?
Initial temperature, T1 = 800 C = 800 + 273 =1073 K (iii) The work done by each engine, W1, W2 =?
Final temperature, T2 = 15 C = 15 + 273 = 288 K
SOLUTION:
REQUIRED: Assuming that each engine works on Carnot cycle
Highest Thermal Efficiency, th. For (i) As. η1 = η2
T1 = 527C
So η = 1 – (T2 / T1) = 1 – (T3 / T1)
SOLUTION:  T2 = √ T3 * T1 = √ 800 * 290 = 481.7 K
Highest thermal efficiency for a heat engine cycle is given by For (ii) Q1 =?
ηth = 1 – (T2 / T1) = 1 - (288 / 1073) = 73.2 % As η = (Q1 – Q2) / Q1 W1
η = 1 – (Q2 / Q1) =1 – 400/ Q1---(1)
But also η = 1 – (T2 / T1)
PROBLEM # 5.2: =1 – (481.7 / 800) = 40 %
Two reversible heat engines operate in series between a (1)  0.40 = 1 – 400 / Q1
source at 527 C and a sink at 17 C. If the engines have
 Q1 = 666 KJ W2
equal efficiencies & the first rejects 400 kJ to the second,
For (iii)
Calculate:
The work done by each engine, W1, W2 =?
(i) The temperature at which the heat is supplied to the
W1 = Q1 – Q2 = 666 – 400 = 266 KJ
second engine;
W2 = Q2 – Q3 = 400 – 240 = 160 KJ T3 = 17C
(ii) The heat taken from the source;
(iii) The work done by each engine.
Assume that each engine operates on the Carnot cycle. PROBLEM # 5.3:
In a Carnot Cycle operating between 307 & 17 C the
GIVEN DATA: maximum & minimum pressures are 62.4 bar & 1.04 bar.
Two reversible heat engines operating in series at: Calculate the cycle efficiency & the work ratio. Assume
Source temperature, T1 = 527C = 527 + 273 = 800 K air to be the working fluid.
Sink temperature, T3= 17 C = 17 + 273 = 290 K
GIVEN DATA:
REQUIRED: T1= 307 C = 580 K T2 = 17 C = 290 K
If the engines have equal efficiencies i.e. η1 = η2 P1=62.4 bar P2 = 1.04 bar
The Heat Engine Cycle Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

REQUIRED: SOLUTION:
ηth =? Work Ratio =? ηth = 1 – (Q2 / Q1)
Q1 = Cp (T3 - T2) & Q2 = Cp (T4 - T1)
SOLUTION: ηth = 1- (T4 - T1) / (T3 - T2)
Work ratio = net work / gross work (1) T2 / T1 = (P2 / P1) (r-1)/r = (rp) (r-1)/r = (7 / 1) 0.4/1.4 = 1.74 T2 /
But net work = (T1 - T2) (S1- S2) (2) T1 = T3 / T4
Since process 4  A is Isothermal T2 = T1 (1.74) = 293 * 1.74 = 509.82 K
Therefore SA – S 4 = R ln (P4 / P2) T4 = (T3 / 1.74) – (1.033 / 1.74) = 593.7 K
SA – S 4 = 0.287 ln (62.4 / 1.04) = 1.175 KJ / Kg ηth = 1 – (593.7 – 293 )/(1.033 – 509.82)=0.43 = 43 %
Since process A  2 is Costt. Pressure process Work ratio = net work / gross work (2)
Therefore SA – S2 = Cp ln (T1 / T2) Net work = Cp (T3 – T2) – Cp (T4 – T1) = 223.5 KJ/Kg
SA – S2 =1.005 ln (580/290) = 0.6966 KJ /Kg Gross work = Cp (T3 – T4) = 441.5 KJ/Kg
Now Work ratio = 223.5 / 441.5 = 0.50
(SA – S 4) – (SA – S2) = 1.175 – 0.6966 = 0.48KJ/Kg
(2) => Net Work Done = (580 – 290) (0.48) = 139.2 KJ/Kg PROBLEM # 5.5:
Gross Work = W41 + W12 = T1 (S1 – S4) + CV (T1 – T2) In an Air standard Otto cycles the maximum &
= 580 (0.48) + 0.718 (580 - 290) = 486.62 KJ/Kg minimum Temperatures are 1400 & 15 C. The heat
Work Ratio = 139 .2 / 486.62 = 0.286 Ans. supplied per Kg of air is 800 kJ. Calculate the
compression ratio & the cycle efficiency. Calculate
PROBLEM # 5.4: also the ratio of maximum to minimum pressure in the
A closed-Cycle gas turbine unit operating with maximum & cycle.
minimum temperatures of 760 & 20 C has a pressure ratio
of 7:1. Calculate the ideal cycle efficiency & the work GIVEN DATA:
Ratio Working fluid =Air
Cycle is Otto
GIVEN DATA: T3 = 1400 C = 1673 K T1 = 15 C = 288 K
T3 = 760 C = 1033 K, T1 = 20 C = 243 K Heat supplied = Q = 800 KJ /Kg
P2 / P1 = rp = 7/1
REQUIRED:
REQUIRED: Compression ratio = rv = V1/V2=?
ηth =? Work ratio =? ηth = ? P3 / P1=?
DIAGRAM:
DIAGRAM:
The Heat Engine Cycle Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

SOLUTION: REQUIRED:
ηth = 1 – Q2 / Q1 ----------------------------------------- (1) ηth = ? Pm =?
Q1 = Cv (T3 –T2) & Q2 = Cv (T2- T1)
(1) => ηth = 1 – (T4 – T1) / (T3- T2) ------------------ (2) DIAGRAM:
Since process 1  2 & 3  4 are Isentropic.
Therefore SOLUTION:
T2 / T1 = (V1/ V2) γ-1 = T3 /T4 V1 / V2 = (Vc + Vs) / Vc
Q1 = Cv (T3 – T2) ===> 800 = 0.718 (1073- T2) rv = V1 / V2 = 9.33
T2 = 558.8 K ηth= 1 – Q2 / Q1 = 1- ( T4-T1) / (T3-T2) (1)
T2 / T1= 558.8 /288 = 1.94 = (rv) γ-1 Process 1  2 & 3  4 are Isentropic
rv = (1.94 )(1/γ - 1) = 5.25 T2 / T1 = (V1 / V2) γ-1 = 2.44
(2) => ηth = 1 – (1 / (rv) γ-1) = 0.485 = 48.5 % T2 = T1 (2.44) = 725.72 K
Process 2  3 & 4  1 are at Constant Volume, then T3 / T4 = (V4 / V3) γ-1 =2.44
Pv = RT => P = RT / v T4 = T3 / 2.44= 685.65 K
=> P3 = RT3 / v & P1 = RT1 / v ηth= 1 – (685.65 – 297) / ( 1673 – 725.72) = 59 %
So P3 / P1 = T3 / T1=1673/288 = 5.81 We also know that
Efficiency = η = W / Q1 ===> W = η * Q1
PROBLEM # 5.6: W = η {Cv (T3 – T2)} = 402 KJ /Kg
A four-cylinder petrol engine has a swept volume of 2000 As Pm = W / (v1 – v2)
cm3 & the clearance volume in each cylinder is 60 cm 3. P1v1 = RT1 => v1 = RT1/P1 = 0.85
Calculate the standard cycle efficiency. If the introduction V1 / V2 = 9.33 => v2 = 0.85/9.33 = 0.0914
conditions are 1 bar & 24 C & the maximum cycle Pm = (402 * 103) / (0.85 – 0.0914) = 5.28 bar
temperature is 1400 C. Calculate the mean effective
pressure based on the air standard cycle. PROBLEM # 5.7:
Calculate the cycle efficiency & the mean effective
GIVEN DATA: pressure of an air standard Diesel Cycle with a
No. of cylinders = 4 compression ratio of 15:1 & the maximum &
Swept volume = Vs = 2000 cm3 = 2*10 -3 m3 minimum cycle temperature of 1650 C & 15 C
Clear. Volume = Vc = 60 cm3 = 6*10 -3 m3 Respectively. The maximum Cycle pressure is 45
Vc= 24 * 10 -5 m3, P1 = 1 bar bars.
T1 = 24 C = 297 K
T3 = 1400 C = 1673 K
The Heat Engine Cycle Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

Pressure & temperature at the start of compression are 1bar

GIVEN DATA: & 17 C respectively. The compression ratio is 18:1
Air standard diesel cycle
Compression ratio = rv = v1 / v2= 15 / 1 GIVEN DATA:
Max. Cycle temperature = T3 = 1650 C = 1923 K Dual combustion cycle
Min. Cycle temperature = T1 = 15 C = 288 K Max. Temperature = T4 = 2000 C = 2273 K
Max. Cycle pressure = P2 = P3 = 45 bar Max. Pressure = P3 = P4 = 70 bar
P1 = 1 bar & T1 = 17 C = 290 K
REQUIRED: Compression ratio = rv = V1 / V2 = 18 / 1
ηth = ?, Pm =?
REQUIRED:
DIAGRAM: (ηth )dual = ?, Pm =?

SOLUTION: DIAGRAM:
We have T2 / T1 = (V1 / V2) γ-1 = (rv) γ-1
T2 = T1 (rv) γ-1 = 850.8K SOLUTION:
T3 / T4 = (V4 / V3)γ-1= (V1 / V3)γ-1 (1) (ηth )dual = 1 – Q2 / Q1
At Constant Pressure Q1 = Cv (T3 – T2) + Cp (T4 – T3) (a)
V = RT / P => V2 = RT2 / P & V3 = RT3 / P Q2 = Cv (T5 – T1)  (b)
V3 / V2 = T3 / T2 = 1923 / 850.8 = 2.26 = rc T2 / T1 = (V1 / V2) γ-1 = (18 / 1) 0.4 = 3.18
(ηth )diesel = 1 – (rcγ-1) / (rc – 1)rvγ-1* r = 59% T2 = 3.18 * T1 = 3.18 * 290 = 921.5 K
(ηth )diesel = W / Q1 => W = (ηth )diesel * Q1(a) Process 2  3
Here Q1 = Cp * (T3 – T2) = 1077.56 KJ/Kg P = RT / V =>P3 / P2 = T3 / T2
(a) => W = (0.591 * 1077.56) = 636.84 KJ/Kg  T3 = T2 (P3 / P2) = 921.5 * 70 / P2 P1V1γ = P2V2γ
We have Pm = W / (V1- V2) (b)  => P2 / P1 = (V1 / V2) γ
But V1 – V2 = 15 V2 – V1 = 14 V2 => P2 = P1 (V1 / V2) γ = 57.2 bar
(b) =>Pm = 636.84 * 103 / 14V2 = 8.42 bar T3 = 921.5 (70 / 57.2) = 1128 K
Process 3  4 at constt. Pressure
PROBLEM # 5.8: V4 / V3 = T4 / T3 = 2273 / 1128 = 2.015
In a dual combustion cycle the maximum temperature is V4 = 2.015 V3 = 2.015 m3/Kg
2000 C & the maximum pressure is 70 bar. Calculate the T4 / T5 = (V5 / V4)γ-1 = (V1 / V4)γ-1 = 2.4
cycle efficiency & the mean effective pressure. When the T5 = T4 / 2.4 = 2273 / 2.4 = 947.1 K
Q1 = 0.718(1128 – 921.5) + 1.005(2273- 1128)
The Heat Engine Cycle Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

Q1= 148.27 + 1150.725 = 1299KJ / Kg Now T3 =? & T2 =?

=> Q2 = 0.718 (947.1 – 290) = 471.8KJ / Kg As Process 12 is Adiabatic, So
ηth = 1 – Q2 / Q1 = 1 – 4718 /1299 = 0.637 = 63.7 % T2 / T1 = (rv) 0.4  T2 = 879.12 K
ηth = W / Q1=>W=ηth * Q1=0.637*1299= 827.2 KJ/Kg Now Process 23 is Constant Volume, So
Pm = W / (V1-V2) = 827.2 * 103 / 17V3 T3 / T2 = P3 / P2But P2 =?
= 827.2 * 103 / (17RT3 / P3 = 10.45 bar So for 12 Process
T2/T1 =(P2 / P1) r-1/ r  P2 = P1 (T2/T1)r / r-1 = 48.50 bar.
PROBLEM # 5.9: T3 = T2 * (P3 / P2) = 879.12 * 60 / 48.5 = 1087.49 K
An air standard dual-combustion cycle has the mean effective Now (A) 
pressure of 10 bar. The minimum pressure & temperature are 1bar 1300.46 = 0.718(1087.49–879.12)+1.005(T4-1087.49)
& 17 C respectively & the compression ratio is 16:1. Calculate the T4 = 2232.6 K = 1959.614 
maximum cycle temperature when the cycle efficiency is 60%. The
maximum cycle pressure is 60 bar.

GIVEN DATA:
Mean Pressure, Pm = 10 bar
Minimum Pressure, P1 = 1 bar
Minimum Temperature, T1 = 17C = 290 K
Maximum Pressure, P3 = P4 = 60 bar
Compression Ratio, rv = 16 / 1
Thermal Efficiency, ηth = 60 %

REQUIRED:
Maximum cycles Temperature, T4 =?

SOLUTION:
As Q1 η = W (1)
Q1 = Cv (T3 – T2) + Cp (T4 – T3) (A)
As W = Pm (V1 – V2)
V1 – V2 = V1 – V2 / 16 = 15 V1 / 16
= 15 / 16(R T1 / P1) = (15 / 16) * 0.287 * 290 = 78.028
W = 10 * 78.028 = 780.28 KJ.
(1)  Q1 = W / η = 780.28 / 0.6 = 1300.46 KJ
The Heat Engine Cycle
Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan