TOPIC 3

CHAPTER 9 : PART 11

BRAYTON CYCLE –
THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS
TURBINE

INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS

TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

INTRODUCTION
A gas turbine is an engine that discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to generate
thrust in accordance with Newton's third law of motion. This broad definition of
jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans, rockets and ramjets and water jets,
but in common usage, the term generally refers to a gas turbine used to
produce a jet of high speed exhaust gases for special propulsive purposes.

F-15 Eagle is powered by two Pratt &

Whitney F100 axial-flow turbofan engines F-15 Eagle engine is tested at Robins Air
Force Base, Georgia, USA
2
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

TYPES OF GAS TURBINE

Gas Turbine

Turbojet Turboprop Turbofan

The combustion gasses flow Most of the gas pressure drives The gas pressure drives the
through the nozzle generating the turbine. Shaft drives a turbine. Turbine shaft drives an
100% thrust and drive a turbine propeller that creates the external fan. Both gasses and
shaft. majority of the thrust fan create the thrust

3
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

INTRODUCTION
So why does the M-1 tank use a 1,500 horsepower gas turbine engine instead
of a diesel engine?
Advantages of Gas Turbines
• Great power-to-weight ratio compared to reciprocating engines. i.e. the
amount of power you get out of the engine compared to the weight of the
engine itself is very good.
• Smaller than their reciprocating counterparts of the same power

Disadvantages of Jet Engines

• Compared to a reciprocating engine of the same size, gas turbines are
expensive - because of the high spin and operating temperatures, designing
and manufacturing gas turbines is a tough problem
• Gas turbines use more fuel when they are idling, and they prefer a constant
rather than a fluctuating load.

4
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

THE USE OF GAS TURBINE

• Aircraft propulsion system

• Electric power generation
• Marine vehicle propulsion
• Combined-cycle power plant
(with steam power plant)
• Tanks F-15 Eagle

F-15 Eagle

5
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

THE USE OF GAS TURBINE

Naval Vessel - Iroquois-class destroyers

6
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

7
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

8
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

9
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

MAJOR POWER PLANTS IN MALAYSIA

Go to list of gas
turbine in Malaysia

10
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Main Components of Gas Turbine Power Plant

1. Compressor
• The compressor sucks in air form the
atmosphere and compresses it to
pressures in the range of 15 to 20
bar.
• The compressor consists of a number
of rows of blades mounted on a shaft.
• The shaft is connected and rotates
along with the main gas turbine.

11
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Main Components of Gas Turbine Power Plant

2. Combustor
• This is an annular chamber where the fuel burns and is similar to the furnace
in a boiler.
• The hot gases in the range of 1400 to 1500 °C leave the chamber with high
energy levels.
• The chamber and the subsequent sections are made of special alloys and
designs that can withstand this high temperature

12
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Main Components of Gas Turbine Power Plant

3. Turbine
• The turbine does the main work of energy conversion.
• The turbine portion also consists of rows of blades fixed to the shaft. The
kinetic energy of the hot gases impacting on the blades rotates the blades and
the shaft.
• The gas temperature leaving the Turbine is in the range of 500 to 550 °C.
• The gas turbine shaft connects to the generator to produce electric power.

13
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Auxiliary Components of Gas Turbine Power Plant

Exhaust system
discharges the hot
Air Intake System gases to a level which is
provides clean air into safe for the people and
the compressor the environment

Starting system provides

the initial momentum for
the Gas Turbine to reach
the operating speed.
This is similar to the
starter motor of your car

The Fuel system prepares a clean fuel for burning in the combustor. Gas
Turbines normally burn Natural gas but can also fire diesel or distillate fuels

14
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

How a Gas Turbine Works?

• Fresh air at ambient conditions is drawn into the

compressor, its temperature and pressure are
raised.
• The high-pressure air proceeds into the
combustion chamber, the fuel is burned at
constant pressure.
• The resulting high-temperature gases then enter
the turbine and expand to the atmospheric
pressure while producing power.
• The exhaust gases leaving the turbine are
thrown out (not re-circulated), causing the cycle
to be classified as an open cycle.

15
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Air Standard Cycle

Why?
The actual cycle :
• Difficult to analyze due to the presence of complicating effects, such as friction.
• The working fluid remains a gas throughout the entire cycle, involves chemical
analysis, causes more complicated analysis.
• The working fluid does not undergo a complete thermodynamic cycle, it is
thrown out at the end of the cycle (as exhaust gases) instead of being returned
to the initial state.
• Working on an open cycle.

Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010

TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

The Air Standard Assumptions

1. The working fluid is air, continuously circulates in a closed loop and behaves
as an ideal gas.
2. All processes are internally reversible.
3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process from an
external source.
4. The exhaust gas is replaced by a heat-rejection process that restores the
working fluid to its initial state.
5. Air has constant specific heats whose values are determined at room
temperature, 300 K. This assumption is called cold-air-standard assumption
k −1
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ k
For isentropic → = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠

P2 Pr2
Variable specific heat → =
P1 Pr1

Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010

TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

ACTUAL VS BRAYTON CYCLE

• The compression and expansion processes

remain the same
• The combustion process is replaced by a
constant-pressure heat-addition from an external
source
• The exhaust process is replaced by a constant-
pressure heat-rejection process to the ambient air.
• The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes
this closed loop is the Brayton cycle.
cycle

18
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

ACTUAL VS BRAYTON CYCLE

The Brayton cycle consists of four internally reversible

processes:
¾ Process 1-2: isentropic compression (in a
compressor)

¾ Process 2-3: constant-pressure heat-addition

through a heat exchanger

¾ Process 3-4: isentropic expansion (in a turbine)

¾ Process 4-1: constant-pressure heat-rejection

through a heat exchanger

19
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

BRAYTON CYCLE – THE ANALYSIS

• All 4 processes of the Brayton cycle are executed in steady flow

devices, thus, they should be analyzed as steady-flow processes.
• By neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, the
energy balance for a steady-flow process can be expressed, on a unit
mass basis, as:

∑ q − ∑ w = Δh
(q in − qout ) + (w in − w out ) = hexit − hinlet = c p (Texit − Tinlet )

20
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

BRAYTON CYCLE – THE ANALYSIS

The energy balance for each process of the

Brayton cycle can be expressed, on a unit mass
basis, as:

q in = q 23 = h3 − h2 = c p (T3 − T2 )
qout = q 41 = h4 − h1 = c p (T4 − T1 )
w tur = w 34 = h3 − h4 = c p (T3 − T4 )
w com = w 12 = h2 − h1 = c p (T2 − T1 )

21
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

BRAYTON CYCLE – THE ANALYSIS

The first-law of thermodynamic states that, for a closed system undergoing

a cycle, the net work output is equal to net heat input i.e. wnet = qin - qout
w net q in − qout q c p (T4 − T1 ) (T − T1 )
ηth = = = 1 − out = 1 − =1− 4
q in q in q in c p (T3 − T2 ) (T3 − T2 )

For isentropic processes, 1-2 and 3-4

k −1 k −1
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞ k⎛P ⎞ k
T
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ = 3
T1 ⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ P4 ⎠ T4
⇒ (P2 = P3 and P4 = P1 )

Since P2 = P3 and P4 = P1, thus

p2 p 3
= = rp = pressure ratio
p1 p4

22
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Thus,
k −1 k −1
T2 = T1 r p k and T3 = T4 r p k

Substituting into the thermal efficiency equation,

(T4 − T1 ) (T4 − T1 ) 1
ηth = 1 − = = −
(T3 − T2 ) (T4 rp(k −1 ) / k − T1rp(k −1 ) / k )
1
r p(k − 1 ) / k
Also,
⎛T ⎞
T1 ⎜⎜ 4 − 1 ⎟⎟
(T4 − T1 ) ⎝ T1 ⎠ = T1 T1
= ⇒ Thus, ηth = 1 −
(T3 − T2 ) ⎛T ⎞ T2 T2
T2 ⎜⎜ 3 − 1 ⎟⎟
⎝ T2 ⎠

Note: Only valid for ideal Brayton cycle – under the

cold air-standard assumptions
23
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Parameters Affecting Thermal Efficiency

• The thermal efficiency of Brayton cycle depends on

the pressure ratio, rp of the gas turbine and the
specific heat ratio, k of the working fluid.

• The thermal efficiency increases with both of these

parameters, which is also the case for actual gas
turbines.

• For the fixed turbine inlet temperature, T3, the net

work output increases with the rP, reaches a
k / [2 ( k − 1 )]
maximum at rp = (Tmax / Tmin ) and
then starts to decrease
• In most common designs, the pressure ration of
gas turbines ranges from 11 to 16.

24
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

WORK RATIO
Work Ratio, rw (air-standard assumptions) is defined as
w net w 34 − w 12 c p (T3 − T4 ) − c p (T2 − T1 ) (T − T1 )
rw = = = =1- 2
w turbine w 34 c p (T3 − T4 ) (T3 − T4 )
k −1 T3
We know that, T2 = T1 . r p k and T4 = k −1
rp k
Therefore,
⎛ k −1 ⎞ ⎛ k −1 ⎞ k −1
T1 ⎜ rp k − 1 ⎟ T1 ⎜ rp k − 1 ⎟ . rp k
rw = 1 − ⎝ ⎠ =1− ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ k −1 ⎞
⎜ 1 ⎟ T3 ⎜ r p k − 1 ⎟
T3 ⎜ 1 − k − 1 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎜ rp k ⎟⎠
⎝
T1 k −1
=1− . rp k
T3
25
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

BACK WORK RATIO

• BWR is defined as the ratio of compressor work
to the turbine work

w comp w 12 c p (T2 − T1 )
rbw = = =
w turbine w 34 c p (T3 − T4 )
k −1
⎛ T1 ⎞ k
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟rp
⎝ T3 ⎠

• The BWR in gas turbine power plant is very high,

normally one-half of turbine work output is used
to drive the compressor
• Thus required a larger turbine

26
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-5 Pg 507

A gas turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of
8. The gas temperature is 300 K at the compressor inlet and 1300 K at the turbine inlet.
Utilizing the air-standard assumptions, determine (a) the gas temperature at the exits
of the compressor and the turbine (b) the back work ratio and (c) the thermal
efficiency.

Assumptions : Steady operating conditions, kinetic and potential

energy changes are negligible
Analysis : The variation od specific heats with temperature is to
be considered
a) The air temperature at the compressor and turbine exits are
determined from isentropic relations
Process 1-2 : Isentropic compression
T1 = 300 K → h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg , Pr1 = 1.386
⎛P ⎞
Pr 2 = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟Pr 1 = (8 )(1.386 ) = 11.09 → T2 = 540 K
⎝ P1 ⎠
h2 = 544.35 kJ/kg
27
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-5 Pg 507

Process 3-4 : Isentropic expansion

T3 = 1300 K → h3 = 1395.97 kJ/kg , Pr3 = 330.9
⎛P ⎞ ⎛1⎞
Pr 4 = ⎜⎜ 4 ⎟⎟Pr 3 = ⎜ ⎟(330.9 ) = 41.36 → T4 = 770 K
⎝ P3 ⎠ ⎝8⎠
h4 = 789.37 kJ/kg

(b) The backwork ratio

w comp = h2 − h1 = 544.35 − 300.19 = 244.16 kJ/kg
w turb = h3 − h4 = 1395.97 − 789.37 = 606.60 kJ/kg
w comp 244.16
rbw = = = 0.403
w turb 606.60

Note : 40.3% of turbine output is used to drive the compressor

28
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-5 Pg 507

(c) The thermal efficiency

q in = q23 = h3 − h2 = 1395.97 − 544.35 = 851.62 kJ/kg

w net = w turb − w comp = 606.60 − 244.16 = 362.4 kJ/kg

w net 362.40
ηth = = = 0.426 or 42.6%
q in 851.62

29
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

DEVIATION OF ACTUAL GAS

TURBINE FROM IDEALIZED ONES

The differences between actual gas turbine and

ideal Brayton cycle :
• Pressure drop during the heat-addition and heat
rejection processes
• Larger actual work input to the compressor
• The actual work output from the turbine is less
because of irriversibilities

Isentropic efficiency of compressor

w s h2 s − h1
ηc = =
w a h2 a − h1

Isentropic efficiency of turbine

w a h3 − h4 a
ηT = =
w s h3 − h4 s

30
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-6 Pg 509

Assuming a compressor efficiency of 80 percent and a turbine efficiency of 85

percent, determine (a) the back ratio (b) the thermal efficiency (c) the turbine exit
temperature of the gas turbine cycle discussed in Example 9-5.

a) The back work ratio

ws 244.16
w comp = = = 305.20 kJ/kg
ηc 0.80
w turb = ηT w s = (0.85 )(606.60 ) = 515.61 kJ/k

w comp 305.20
rbw = = = 0.592 or 59.2%
w turb 515.61

31
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-6 Pg 509

b) The thermal efficiency

w comp = h2 a − h1 ⇒ h2 a
h2 a = h1 + w comp
= 300.19 + 305.20
= 605.39 (and T2a = 598 K → Table A - 17 )

q in = h3 − h2 a = 1395.97 − 605.39 = 790.58 kJ/kg

w net = w turb − w comp = 515.61 − 305.20 = 210.41 kJ/kg

w net 210.41
ηth = = = 0.266 or 26.6%
q in 790.58

32
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-6 Pg 509

c) The air temperature at the turbine exit, T4a

w turb = h3 − h4 a ⇒ h4 a = h3 − w turb
= 1395.97 - 515.61
= 880.36 kJ/kg

From Table A-17, T4a = 853 K

33
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

ASSIGNMENT 5

9–89/90 (page 540)

Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine engine at 300 K and 100 kPa,
where it is compressed to 700 kPa and 580 K. Heat is transferred to air in the
amount of 950 kJ/kg before it enters the turbine.
For a turbine efficiency of 86 percent, determine:
(a) the fraction of turbine work output used to drive the compressor,
(b) the thermal efficiency.
Assume:
(a) variable specific heats for air.
(b) constant specific heats at 300 K.

34
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

IMPROVEMENTS OF
GAS TURBINE’S PERFORMANCE

The early gas turbines (1940s to 1959s) found only limited use despite their
versatility and their ability to burn a variety of fuels, because its thermal efficiency
was only about 17%. Efforts to improve the cycle efficiency are concentrated in
three areas:

1. Increasing the turbine inlet (or firing) temperatures.

The turbine inlet temperatures have increased steadily from about 540°C
(1000°F) in the 1940s to 1425°C (2600°F) and even higher today.
2. Increasing the efficiencies of turbo-machinery components (turbines,
compressors).
The advent of computers and advanced techniques for computer-aided
design made it possible to design these components aerodynamically with
minimal losses.
3. Adding modifications to the basic cycle (inter-cooling, regeneration
or recuperation, and reheating).
The simple-cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled
by incorporating inter-cooling, regeneration (or recuperation), and
reheating.
35
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION

• Temperature of the exhaust gas is higher than the temperature of

the air leaving the compressor.
• The air leaving the compressor can be pre-heated by the hot
exhaust gases in a counter-flow heat exchanger (a regenerator or
recuperator) – a process called regeneration.
• The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases due to
regeneration since less fuel is used for the same work output.

Note:
The use of a regenerator is
recommended only when the turbine
exhaust temperature is higher than
the compressor exit temperature.
36
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION

Effectiveness of the Regenerator

Assuming the regenerator is well insulated and changes in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible, the actual and maximum heat transfers from the exhaust gases to the air can be
expressed as
q regen , act = h5 − h2
q regen , max = h5' − h2 = h4 − h2

Effectiveness of the regenerator,

q regen , act h − h2
ε= = 5
q regen , max h4 − h2
Effectiveness under cold-air standard assumptions,
T − T2
ε= 5 Note : If ε = 100%, qregen,act = qregen,max
T4 − T2
Thermal efficiency under cold-air standard assumptions,
⎛T ⎞
( )
ηth , regen = 1 − ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ rp (k −1 ) / k 37
⎝ T3 ⎠
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-7 Pg 512

Note : ηth has gone up from

26.6% to 36.9%
38
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Prob. 9-110 Pg 542

Air enters the compressor of a regenerative gas turbine

engine at 310 K and 100 kPa, where it is compressed to
900 kPa and 650 K. The generator has an effectiveness of
80 percent and the air enters the turbine at 1400 K. For a
turbine efficiency of 90 percent, determine:
a) The amount of heat transfer in the generator
b) The thermal efficiency
c) Assume variable specifics heats for air.

Answer : 193 kJ/kg , 40.0%

39
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Prob. 9-110 Pg 542

T
P3 = 900 kPa
h5 − h2
3
ε= = 0.72
1400 h4 a − h2

h3 − h4 a
P1 = 100 kPa ηT = = 0.86
h3 − h4 s
5
4a q gen = h5 − h2
2
650 4s w net w turb − w comp
6
ηth = =
q in q in

310
1

40
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

BRAYTON CYCLE WITH INTERCOOLING,

REHEATING, & REGENERATION

The net work output of a gas-turbine cycle can be

increased by either:
a) decreasing the compressor work, or
b) increasing the turbine work, or
c) both.

The compressor work input can be decreased by

carrying out the compression process in stages and
cooling the gas in between, using multistage
compression with intercooling.

The work output of a turbine can be increased by

expanding the gas in stages and reheating it in
between, utilizing a multistage expansion with
reheating.

41
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

BRAYTON CYCLE WITH INTERCOOLING,

REHEATING, & REGENERATION

Physical arrangement of an ideal two-stage gas-turbine

cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration

42
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

BRAYTON CYCLE WITH INTERCOOLING,

REHEATING, & REGENERATION
Conditions for Best Performance
The work input to a two-stage compressor is
minimized when equal pressure ratios are
maintained across each stage. This procedure also
maximizes the turbine work output.Thus, for best
performance,
P2 P4 P P
= and 6 = 8
P1 P3 P7 P9

• Intercooling and reheating always decreases

thermal efficiency unless are accompanied by
regeneration.
• Therefore, intercooling and reheating are always
used in conjunction with regeneration.

43
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-8 Pg 515

44
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-8 Pg 515

45
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-8 Pg 515

46
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

EXAMPLE 9-8 Pg 515

47
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Prob. 9–121 (page 543)

Consider an ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two
stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor
and turbine is 3. The air enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each
stage of the turbine at 1200 K. Determine:
a) the back work ratio, and
b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
assuming:
1. no regenerator is used, and
2. a regenerator with 75 percent effectiveness is used.
Use a variable specific heats assumption.

48
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Prob. 9–124 (page 556)

P2 P4 P5 P7
= = = =3
P1 P3 P6 P8
T T

5 7 5 7
1200 1200

9
6 6
8 8
4 2 4 2
10
300 300
3 1 3 1

s s

49
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
Q1 FINAL EXAM APRIL 2010

50
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Q1 FINAL EXAM APRIL 2010

3
h2 s − h1
1200 ηC = = 0.80
h2 a − h1

h3 − h4 a
ηT = = 0.85
5 h3 − h4 s
2a 4a
2s h5 − h2 a
4s ε= = 0.70
h4 a − h2 a
6

310
1
s

51
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Two-Stage Expansion

4a
4s
5a
2 5s

1
s
w comp = w turb , HP
w net = w turb , LP

Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010

TOPIC 3 : BRAYTON CYCLE – THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINE

Two-Stage Compression,
Two-stage expansion

Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010

THE END

Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010