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km h-1 -> m s-1 ( 3.6)

m s-1 -> km h-1 (x 3.6)

Acceleration =

(v
f
v
i
) / (t
f
t
i
)

(v u) / t

2(s (ut)) / t
2


(v
2
u
2
) / 2s

F
net
/ m

Final Velocity =

u + at

(u
2
+ 2as)

(2s / t) u

Initial Velocity =

v at
(s
1
/
2
at
2
) / t
(v
2
2as)
(2s / t) - v

Time =

(v u) / a
(quadratic: s=ut+
1
/
2
at
2
)
2s / (u + v)

Vertical Motion:

v=0 u=0
a=-10 a=10
t= y t=y
u=x v=x

Accel is always gravity: -10ms
-2

At top vel is always 0
Time to top = time to bottom
Speed at release = speed at end



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Motion Graphs:

Graph Line Area Grad
D vs. T Disp - Vel
V vs. T Vel Disp Accel
A vs. T Accel Vel -

Forces:

F = ma (m is kg, f is N)

Contact forces:

Normal Reaction Force


Friction, Air Driving F


Weight Force






Resolving W into its vectors:






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Then Use Fnet = ma taking only forces parallel or perpendicular to the surface depending on what
you need to find.

Apparent Weight:

W = mg

Eg. in a lift accel at 3ms
-2
, w=70 kg




Momentum and Impulse:

P=mv (kgm/s)

I= p = p
f
p
i
= m
f
v
f
m
i
v
i
= F x t (kgm/s or Ns)

m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
u
2


Before collision After collision

Increasing Momentum: To get the max increase in momentum, the greatest force possible should
be applied for the longest time possible. I=p=F x t

Decreasing momentum over a long time: For a given p, the impact force can be reduced so that
the less damage is done by increasing the impact time eg. crumple zone in a car.

Changing momentum over a short time: For a given p, the impact force can be increased so
that more damage is done by decreasing the impact time eg. a quick ninja karate chop on wood.

Impulse Graphs:

Y-axis is Force (kN) X-axis is t (s)
Area underneath is Impulse.




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Work:

W = F x d or area under F vs. Disp
Work is the conversion of energy from one form into another.
eg. I push a lawnmower with 500 N of force. Ignore Fric. It moves 12 m. Calculate work.



Energy:

KE =
1
/
2
mv
2

EPE=
1
/
2
kx
2
(k is const, x is extens)
GPE = mgh (m is kg, h is m)
Total Mech Energy = GPE + KE
GPE
1
+ KE
1
= GPE
2
+ KE
2

mgh
1
+
1
/
2
mv
1
2
= mgh
2
+
1
/
2
mv
2
2


eg a 5 kg rollercoaster cart moves with no fric at 12 ms
-1
along AB.



KE btw DE:

GPE
1
+KE
1
=GPE
2
+KE
2

mgh +
1
/
2
mv
2
= mgh + KE
2

250 + 360 = 350 + KE, KE = 260 J


Power:

The rate at which work is done
P = ENERGY / t (E is J, P is Watt)


Efficiency:

Useful Energy
/
Total Energy
x 100




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Light:

n
1
x sin(i) = n
2
x sin(r)
n =
C
/
V
(C is light, v is c in object)
A form of energy with a certain f and
Photons travelling in wavelengths

Electromagnetic spectrum



Light = transverse

Sound = longitudinal

is dist btw 2 peaks or 2 troughs


Refraction:

Low to High RI bends towards N
High to Low RI bend away from N
Low to High RI light slows down
High to Low RI light speeds up


Colour:

ROYGBIV
Red greatest
Violet greatest Freq
R + G = Yellow
R + B = Magenta
B + G = Cyan
R + B + G = White


Filters:

Red filter only allows red to pass through etc. other colours absorb




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Reflection:

All objects are colourless
Blue object absorbs all but blue
Black absorbs all F, White reflects
eg. Under red light what colour would each panel look?




red red black


Polarisation:

All light has 2 components: Electric and Magnetic.

m
e


They are perpendicular to each other
In normal light they are randomly orientated.
In polarised light they are all the same way.
Polarisers only allow a certain orientation of light through.
Randomly orientated light reflects off water and becomes horizontally orientated. Polarised glasses
only allow light with a vertical polarisation to pass through.


Total Internal Reflection (TIR):

The c is the at which the refracted ray will skim across the surface of the material.
Where i is c and r = 90
Use Snells law to find c
When i>c then TIR occurs.
i=r now applies.


Fibre Optic Cable:

TIR can be used to transmit light down the fibre:



RED WHITE BLUE


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AEROSPACE:




Weight:

W = mg

Lift:

P
1
+
1
/
2
pv
1
2
= P
2
+
1
/
2
pv
2
2


As v
2
increases, p decreases
The shape of an aeroplane wing is an aerofoil.
Daniel Bernoulli 1700s studied fluid dynamics.
The faster a fluid moves the less pressure it exerts on that surface.
dist (top) = vel =pre

dist (bottom) = vel = pre

Low pressure
High pressure


Thrust:

Propulsion force
An aerofoil can only generate lift if air is flowing over it. Thrust produces this airflow.
Props and jet engines both create thrust using Newtons 3rd law.
Props push stream of air back and in return propels fwd.

Drag:

Depends on the shape, SA, surface material (skin fric), speed + the fluid the object moves thru.
speed = drag
drag is caused by breaking the smooth flow of fluid into swirls.
speed 2x = drag and lift 4x




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Drag Reduction:

Polishing or waxing the surface
Skin smooth / unwrinkled
Reduce weight
Reduce x-section area
Streamline design (smooth)
Less projections from body

Modelling:

Centre of mass and gravity:

A single point at which an object will balance.

Equilibrium:

F
net
= 0 then it is in translational equilibrium. A change in any of the four basic forces and the
object will accelerate (3rd law)
RE also needed for an object to remain in full E and be stable.
RE refers to turning and twisting forces such as ailerons, wings, flaps, stabilizers, rudders.
They are desired to steer craft.
RE is when

Torque:

Three factors: Magnitude of force, axis of rotation and turning effect of force.

T = F x d x sin

(d is dist from axis of rot (m), F is force (N), T is torque (Nm)

Torque Problems:

When F is perpendicular to the dist then: T = F x d

Eg. Plane length 10 m has mass of 8000 kg. container 200 kg 4.2 m behind centre of mass.
Tank 1.8 m forward of centre of mass. What mass does the fuel tank weigh for RE to be achieved?





F x d = F x d
w x 1.8 = 2000 x 4.2
w = 4670 N
w = mg
4670 = m x 10, m = 46
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