Help:IPA/Ukrainian
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 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Ukrainian on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Ukrainian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Ukrainian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Ukrainian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes.
See Ukrainian phonology and Ukrainian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Ukrainian.
| Consonants | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | Soft | ||||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximations | IPA | Examples | English approximations | ||
| b | бог, крепдеши́н[1] | ⓘ, [krebdeˈʃɪn] | boot | bʲ | різьбя́р, бюстга́льтер[2] | ⓘ, ⓘ | beauty |
| d | дим, футбо́л[1] | ⓘ, ⓘ | do | dʲ | дім, мідь, боротьба́[1] | ⓘ, ⓘ, ⓘ | deuce (RP) |
| dz | дзе́ркало, плацда́рм,[1] відста́лий[3] | ⓘ, [plɐdzˈdɑrm], ⓘ | pads | dzʲ | ґедзь, дзьоб, віне́ць блищи́ть,[1] людськи́й[3] | ⓘ, ⓘ, [wiˈnɛdzʲ blɪˈʃtʃɪtʲ], ⓘ | pad's yours |
| dʒ | джміль, лічба́,[1] о́тже[3] | ⓘ, ⓘ, ⓘ | jump, ridge | — | |||
| f | фа́рба | ⓘ | fool | fʲ | фю́рер[2] | [ˈfʲurer] | few |
| ɡ | ґа́нок, рюкза́к[1] | ⓘ, ⓘ | good | ɡʲ | Ґю́нтер[2] | [ˈɡʲunter] | Montague |
| ɣ | чахохбі́лі[1] | [tʃɐxoɣˈbil⁽ʲ⁾i] | between good and hood | — | |||
| ɦ | газе́та | ⓘ | behind | ɦʲ | гю́бріс[2] | [ˈɦʲubr⁽ʲ⁾is] | Donohue |
| — | j | йти, гай, їда́льня | ⓘ, ⓘ, ⓘ | yes | |||
| k | ключ | ⓘ | scar | kʲ | кю́рій[2] | ⓘ | skew |
| l | лось | ⓘ | bell | lʲ | лід, сіль | ⓘ, ⓘ | million |
| m | мир | ⓘ | moot | mʲ | тьмя́ний, Мю́нхен[2] | ⓘ, ⓘ | music |
| n | не́бо | ⓘ | noon | nʲ | ні́жний, день | ⓘ, ⓘ | canyon |
| p | пил | ⓘ | spare | pʲ | ма́впячий, пюре́[2] | ⓘ, ⓘ | spew |
| r | лі́кар | ⓘ | trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo | rʲ | рі́чка, буря́к | ⓘ, ⓘ | trilled r, like in Spanish riesgo |
| s | суп, лиш себе́[3] | ⓘ, [lɪs seˈbɛ] | soup | sʲ | сі́но, вісь, милу́єшся[3] | ⓘ, ⓘ, [mɪˈlujesʲːɐ] | assume (RP) |
| ʃ | шпари́на, ви́ще, ви́рісши[3] | ⓘ, ⓘ, [ˈwɪr⁽ʲ⁾iʃːɪ] | shop | — | |||
| t | тин | ⓘ | star | tʲ | тінь, мить | ⓘ, ⓘ | stew (RP) |
| ts | цибу́ля, лиш цe[3] | ⓘ, [lɪˈtsːɛ] | cats | tsʲ | ціна́, віне́ць, моро́чся[3] | ⓘ, ⓘ, [moˈrɔtsʲsʲɐ] | cat's young |
| tʃ | очере́т, ви́ще, багáтшати[3] | ⓘ, ⓘ, [bɐˈɦɑtʃʃɐtɪ] | choose | — | |||
| u̯ | вчи́тель, став[4] | ⓘ, [stɑu̯] | tow | ||||
| v | Афганіста́н[1] | [ɐvɦɐn⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɑn] | vine | ||||
| w | вода́[4] | ⓘ | between wine and vine | wʲ | цвях, Вю́рцбурґ[2][4] | ⓘ, [ˈwʲurdzbʊrɡ] | between weak and veal |
| x | ховра́х | [xou̯ˈrɑx] | Bach, loch | xʲ | Хюрре́м Султа́н[2] | [xʲʊˈrːɛm sʊlˈtɑn] | Bach yelled |
| z | зуб, бейсбо́л,[1] лиш за́раз[3] | ⓘ, ⓘ, [lɪz ˈzɑrɐz] | zoo | zʲ | зі́лля, рі́зьблення, про́сьба,[1] сму́жці[3] | ⓘ, ⓘ, ⓘ, [ˈsmuz⁽ʲ⁾tsʲ⁽ʲi] | presume (RP) |
| ʒ | жи́то, Ви́шгород,[1] безче́сний[3] | ⓘ, ⓘ, ⓘ | measure | — | |||
| Vowels | |||||||
| Stressed | Unstressed | ||||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | ||
| ɑ | гай | ⓘ | father | ɐ | гарма́та | ⓘ | hug |
| ɛ | день, є | ⓘ, ⓘ | met | e | ефі́рний | ⓘ | rate |
| i | кіт, і́кла | ⓘ, [ˈiklɐ] | meet | i | біле́т | ⓘ | meet |
| ɪ | ми́ша | ⓘ | bit | ɪ | кра́сний[5] | ⓘ | bit |
| ɔ | по́ле, льон | ⓘ, [lʲɔn] | off | o | ору́дний | ⓘ | story |
| u | дух, лють | ⓘ, ⓘ | fool | ʊ | туди́ | ⓘ | put |
| Other symbols | |||||||
| IPA | Explanation | ||||||
| ˈ◌ | stress (placed before the stressed syllable) | ||||||
| ˌ◌ | secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) | ||||||
| ◌ː | gemination (the consonant is pronounced twice as long)[6] | ||||||
| ◌⁽ʲ⁾ | optional nature of consonant palatalization before /i/ | ||||||
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Voiceless obstruents /p t tʲ ts tsʲ tʃ k x f s sʲ ʃ/ are voiced [b d dʲ dz dzʲ dʒ ɡ ɣ v z zʲ ʒ] before other voiced obstruents. [ɣ] and [v] only ever occur in this case.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i /bʲ mʲ pʲ wʲ/ occur in a small number of native words and loanwords before /ɑ ɛ ɔ u/. /kʲ fʲ ɡʲ ɦʲ xʲ/ may only occur in loanwords in the same environment. Optional palatalization of /b k f ɡ ɦ m p w x/ before /i/ is weak and is omitted from this help page.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Before coronal fricatives and affricates /dz dzʲ dʒ s sʲ ʃ ts tsʲ tʃ z zʲ ʒ/, dental plosives /d dʲ t tʲ/ become equivalent affricates and assimilate their degree of palatalization, while other coronals only assimilate their place of articulation and palatalization; if this results in two identical sounds, the sequence is further simplified to a geminate. In casual speech, prescribed sequences [dzts dzʲtsʲ dʒtʃ tʃʃ ʒʃ] also fully assimilate, e.g. відчини́ти ⓘ, ви́візши [ˈwɪwiʃːɪ].
- ^ a b c The phoneme /w/ (spelled ⟨в⟩) has variable pronunciation, but is generally labiodental [ʋ]; it is [w] before /ɔ/ or /u/ and is vocalized to [u̯] before a consonant at the beginning of a word, after a vowel before a consonant or after a vowel at the end of a word. For simplicity, we will use ⟨w⟩ for both [ʋ] and [w].
- ^ May also be realized as [e].
- ^ In Ukrainian, geminates are found between vowels: бага́ття ⓘ 'bonfire', подру́жжя ⓘ 'married couple', обли́ччя ⓘ 'face'. Geminates also occur at the beginning of a few words: лля́ний [ˈlʲːɑnɪj] 'flaxen', forms of the verb ли́ти 'to pour' (ллючи́ ⓘ, ллю [lʲːu], ллєш [lʲːɛʃ], etc.), сса́ти ⓘ 'to suck' and derivatives.[citation needed]
Bibliography
[edit]- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3.
- Жовтобрюх, М.А.; Кулик, Б.М. (1965). Курс сучасної української літературної мови. Частина I. (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Радянська школа.