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Pressure- III Sem.

The document provides an overview of pressure measurement, defining pressure and its classifications including absolute, gauge, and differential pressure. It details various pressure measuring devices such as mechanical instruments (Bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and bellows) and vacuum pressure instruments (thermocouple, Pirani, and ionization gauges). Additionally, it outlines the units of pressure and the operational ranges of different vacuum levels.

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maraviaditya2005
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5 views

Pressure- III Sem.

The document provides an overview of pressure measurement, defining pressure and its classifications including absolute, gauge, and differential pressure. It details various pressure measuring devices such as mechanical instruments (Bourdon tubes, diaphragms, and bellows) and vacuum pressure instruments (thermocouple, Pirani, and ionization gauges). Additionally, it outlines the units of pressure and the operational ranges of different vacuum levels.

Uploaded by

maraviaditya2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pressure Measurement

Prof. Sushma Gupta


Department of Electrical Engineering
MANIT, Bhopal
• Pressure: Pressure is defined as force per unit
area of surface.

• Classification of Pressure:
– Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a
perfect vacuum.
– Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against
ambient air pressure.
– Differential pressure is the difference in pressure
between two points.
Units of Pressure
• Pascal-1 N/m2 SI unit of Pressure.
• Bar- 100 kN/m2
• atm- 101.33 kN/m2 or 760 Torr
• Torr- 1 mm of Hg or 0.1333 kN/m2
• Pounds per square inch (psi)- 6.895 kN/m2
– It is used in USA and Canada.
• psia- Pounds per square inch for absolute pressure.
• psig- Pounds per square inch for gauge pressure.
• psid- Pounds per square inch for differential pressure.
Classification of Pressure measuring
Devices
• Mechanical Pressure Instrument
– Bourdon Tube
– Diaphragm
– Bellows
• Vaccum Pressure Instrument
– Thermocouple Gauge
– Pirani Gauge
– Ionization Gauge
Mechanical Pressure Devices
• Bourden Tube
– C-Type
– Spiral Type
– Helix Type
• Diaphragm
– Flat Type
– Corrugated Type
– Capsule Type
• Bellows
C-Type Bourdon Tube
• One end of the tube is sealed or
closed and other end is opened to
enter the fluid.
• As pressurized fluid is entered, tube
free end tends to straighten out on
account of the pressure applied.
• Due to straightening of free end
displacement occurs which is
further amplified through
mechanical linkage.
• The amplified displacement of free Bourdon tubes are made of
end may be used to move a pointer brass, alloy steel, stainless steel,
on the scale calibrated in terms of bronze, phosphor bronze,
pressure or applied to a electrical beryllium copper etc.
displacement transducer.
Spiral or Helix Type Bourdon Tube
• Displacement of free end varies inversely as the wall
thickness and depends upon the cross-sectional of
tube.
• Displacement varies directly to the arc length.

Spiral Type Bourdon Tube


Helix Type Bourdon Tube
• Arc length can be increased by spiral or Helix type
bourdon tube.
• In spiral or Helix bourdon, more displacement of the
free end can be obtained by increasing the number of
turns so further amplification is not required.
• As pressure is applied, it tends to uncoil producing
relatively long displacement.
• Accuracy and range of spiral bourdon is higher
compared to C-type element.
• The number of coils employed in helix elements
depends upon the pressure to be measured.
• Minimum three coils and maximum sixteen coils are
used in Helix type Bourdon tube.
• Pressure range is from 10-20,000 kpa.
Diaphragm
• Disphragm is made of either thin membrane or circular plates.
• Thin membrane or circular plates are clamped around the
circumference between two solid rings.

• Pressure to be measured is applied at the centre of Diaphragm.


• Deflection in Diaphragm is proportional to the applied pressure.
• Movement or deflection depends on its thickness and diameter.
• Thin membrane or circular plates may be one plate of capacitor and
electrical output may be obtained.
Capsule Type Diaphragm
• Two diaphragms are bonded together at
their circumferences by soldering or
pressure welding to form a capsule.
• Convex and nested type arrangements are
used for capsule elements.
• A diaphragm element may consist of one
capsule or two or more capsules axially
connected to each other.
• Total deflection is the sum of the
deflection of individual capsules.
• Diaphragms are made of stainless steel,
phosphor bronze, beryllium copper,
Monel, Nickel etc.
• It is used for low pressure including
vaccum.
• The range of operation is 0-200 kN/m2
Pictorial View of Diaphragm
Bellows
• A metallic bellow is a series of circular parts.
• These parts are formed such that they expand or contract
axially by change in pressure.
• The metals used in construction of bellow must be flexible,
ductile enough for easy fabrication and high resistance to
fatigue failure.
• Materials used are Brass, Bronze, Beryllium Copper, alloy of
Nickle and Copper, Steel and Monel.
• A spring is inserted within the bellows which brings the
bellow in initial position after removal of pressure.
• The Displacement of Bellow element is given by:

Where P = Pressure, N/m2, b = Radius of each corrugation, m


N = Number of semi-circular corrugations, t = thickness of wall, m
D = Mean diameter, m E = Modulus of elasticity, N/m2
ϑ = Poisson’s ratio
• Absolute, Gauge and differential
pressures are measured with the help of
two bellows.
• There are two bellows A and B.
• The pressure applied to Bellow A is P1
and Bellow B is P2.
• In case to measure the absolute
pressure, Bellow B is evacuated and
resultant pressure P1 is the absolute
pressure.
• In case gauge pressure, Bellow B is
opened up to atmosphere with pressure
P2 is equal to the atmospheric pressure
and therefore the reading of gauge is
gauge pressure.
• Differential pressure P = P1-P2 is done
when pressure P1 is applied to Bellow A
and pressure P2 is applied to Bellow B.
Thermocouple Vaccum Gauge
• This is used to measure vacuum pressure.
• This gauge operates on the principle that at low
pressure the thermal conductivity of a gas (Argon,
Hellium and Hydrogen) is function of pressure.

Thermocouple Vaccum Gauge


• This gauge consists of a heater element (heated a
temperature 50o to 400oC by a constant current).
• The heater element and thermocouple are enclosed in
a glass or metal envelop which is vacuumed.
• Temperature of heater depends upon the amount of
heat lost to the surroundings by conduction and
convection.
• At pressure below 10-3 mm Hg, temperature of heater
wire is a function of pressure.
• Thermocouple provides an output voltage which is a
function of temperature of heater element and
consequently of the pressure of the surrounding gas.
• The moving coil instrument is directly calibrated to
read the pressure.
Pirani Gauge
• The operation of a Pirani gauge depends on variation of
the ‘thermal conductivity’ of a gas with pressure.
• Below 1 mm of Hg pressure, thermal conductivity has
linear relationship with pressure.
Vacuum

Zero Adjustment

Adjustment
of Current
• Thermal conductivity of the gas is measured by detecting the
amount of heat lost from an electrically heated wire placed in
the gas.
• Heat is dissipated from the wire by conduction through the
gas.
• Greater the thermal conductivity of the gas, lower will be the
temperature of the heater wire.
• Electrical resistance varies with temperature so the resistance
of the heater wire is a measure of the pressure.
• A Wheatstone bridge is used to measure the resistance of the
heater wire.
• Milli-ammeter is used to measure current on account of
unbalance in the bridge and is calibrated in terms of pressure.
• Pirani gauge is useful for pressure ranging from 10 -1 to 10-3
mm of Hg.
Ionization Type Vacuum Gauge
• Ionization is a process of removing electron from
atom and producing free electron and positively
charged ion.
• Ionization may be done by the collision of a high
speed electrons from the atom.
• Electrons are emitted from the heated cathode.

100-250 V
5.50 V
• Emitted electrons are accelerated towards the grid which is
positively charged.
• Some of the electrons are captured by the grid and producing
grid current IG.
• Electrons having high kinetic energy pass through and causes
ionization of gas atoms.
• The positive ions so produced are attracted to plate which is at
negative potential and current Ip is produced in the plate.
• It is found that the pressure of gas is proportional to ratio of
plate to grid current.

– S is sensitivity of the gauge.


• Pressure that can be measured by ionization gauge range from
10-3 to 10-8 mm of Hg.
• Vacuum Ranges
• atmospheric pressure - 760 torr
• low vacuum - 760 to 25 torr
• medium vacuum - 25 to 10-3 torr
• high vacuum - 10-3 to 10-9 torr
• ultra high vacuum - 10-9 to 10-12 torr
• extremely high vacuum - < 10-12 torr
• perfect vacuum - 0 torr

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