GENERAL CHEMISTRY1

Quantitative Aspect of Chemical

Reactions and Behavior of Gases

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OBJECTIVE(S):
• Explain relative atomic mass and average
atomic mass
▪ Define a mole

▪ Illustrate Avogadro’s number with examples.

▪ calculate the mass of a given number of

moles of an element or compound

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Stoichiometry:

Calculations with
Chemical Formulas and
Equations

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Define the term “mole.”

What is the unit for mole in

calculations?
What does the mole have in common with
the pair, the dozen, and the gross?

What does Avogadro’s number represent?

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What is stoichiometry?

Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of

reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

“stochio” = Greek for element

“metry” = measurement

*about measuring the amounts of elements and

compounds involved in a reaction.

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Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Reactants appear on the

left side of the equation. Stoichiometr
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Products appear on the

right side of the equation.
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Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

The states of the reactants and products

are written in parentheses to the right of Stoichiometr
each compound. y
Anatomy of a Chemical Equation

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Coefficients are inserted to

balance the equation. Stoichiometr
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Subscripts and Coefficients Give
Different Information

• Subscripts tell the number of atoms of

each element in a molecule
• Coefficients tell the number of Stoichiometr
molecules (compounds). y
602
hexillion

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Why the mole?

■∙Atoms and molecules are too small to

keep track of individually! It is easier to
count them in packages.

■Same concept as the dozen!

■∙A mole is a package of many, many, many

particles (like atoms or molecules). How
many exactly?
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Measuring Matter
– Chemistry is a quantitative science.
• you perform calculations that relate quantities of the
reactants in a chemical reaction to quantities of the
products.
pair
Six case
pack
gross
dozen ream
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What are representative particles?
■ The fundamental types of particles that make up pure
substances (elements and compounds)
■ Some pure substances are made of atoms
(for examples, all metals and noble gases)
■ Some pure substances are made of molecules
(for example, all covalent compounds, like water)
■ Some pure substances are made of formula units
(for example, all ionic compounds, like table salt)

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Terms

• mole (mol): the amount of a substance that contains

6.02 × 1023 representative particles of that substance
• Avogadro’s number: the number of representative
particles contained in one mole of a substance; equal
to 6.02 × 1023 particles
• representative particle: the smallest unit into which a
substance can be broken down without a change in
composition, usually atoms, molecules, or ions
• molar mass: a term used to refer to the mass of a
mole of any substance

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-particles A chemical species is either an
-atoms • atom (e.g. K, Ag, S) ,
• an ion (e.g. K+,SO42-, S2-) or
-molecule • a molecule (e.g. H2O, K2CrO4,
-formula unit Sr(NO3)2, I2).
-ion Stoichiometr
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6.02 x 1023
Why this number??

■It is based on the number of particles in 12

grams of pure 12C

12 g 12C .001 kg 1 amu 1 atom 12C

1g 1.6605 x 10-27 kg 12 amu

= 6.02 x 1023 atoms 12C

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Sample Problem
10.2

Converting Number of Atoms to Moles

• Magnesium is a light metal

used in the manufacture of
aircraft, automobile wheels,
and tools. How many moles of
magnesium is 1.25 × 1023
atoms of magnesium?

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Sample Problem 10.2

1 Analyze List the known and the unknown.

KNOWN
number of atoms = 1.25 × 1023 atoms Mg

Conversion factor
1 mol Mg = 6.022 × 1023 atoms Mg

UNKNOWN
moles = ? mol Mg

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Sample Problem 10.2

2 Use DIMESIONAL ANALYSIS to Solve for the unknown.

1. Write known over 1
2. Drag and drop - unit and chemical symbol

1.25 × 1023 atoms Mg 1 mol Mg

1 6.022 × 1023 atoms Mg

= 0.208 mol Mg

Why does this answer have three significant figures?

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How many atoms are in 1.5 mol
of CO2?
Given: 1.5 mol CO2
Find: atoms CO2

mol--- atoms

A . 5 X 1023 atoms
B. 9.0 X 1023 atoms
C. 2.49 10-24 atoms
D. 4.04 1023 atoms Stoichiometr
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PRACTICE :)

How many moles are in 7.2 x 102 formula

units of NaCl?

Given: 7.2 x102 formula units

? mol of NaCl
A. 1.2 X 10-21 moles
B. 4.3 X 10-21 moles
C. 7.20 1023 moles
D. 1.4 1023 moles
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Counting Atoms in a Molecule

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26
1 molecule (NH4)3PO4

3 N atoms

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27
1 molecule (NH4)3PO4

12 H atoms

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28
1 molecule (NH4)3PO4

1 P atom

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29
1 molecule (NH4)3PO4

4 O atoms

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30
In 1 Mole of (NH4)3PO4
There are:
•3 moles of N
•12 moles of H
•1 mole of P
•4 moles of O Stoichiometr
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31
Calculate the molar mass of sodium
phosphate (Na3PO4).

(atomic masses: Na=22.99 amu , P=30.97 amu,

O=16.00amu)
What will be the mass in grams of one mole of
Na3PO4? Solution:

A . 69.96 grams
B. 92.95 grams
C. 163.94 grams
D. 210.87 grams
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2.What is the molar mass of carbon
dioxide?

solution:

C=12
O=16

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• Why are the atomic masses on the periodic table not
whole numbers?
masses shown on the periodic table are weighted
averages of the masses for all of the isotopes of elements

• What is the atomic mass of an element on the

periodic table expressed in grams?
The mass of 1 mole of that element.

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ISOTOPES OF NEON

Isotopes of amu Abundane % Fraction (divide

Neon by 100)

Ne - 20 19.992 90.51 .9051 18.095

Ne -21 20.993 0.27 0.0027 0.56681

Ne-22 21.991 9.22 .0922 2.0276

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Average atomic mass = 20.179 amu y
MOLAR MASSES, MOLECULAR WEIGHTS AND
FORMULA WEIGHTS OF COMPOUNDS

• The molar mass of a compound can be determined from

its chemical formula and the periodic table.
molecular weight or the formula weight.

• Molecular weight -the weight or

mass of one molecule, in units of amu.

• Formula weight refers to the same quantity, but can be

applied to substances that are not molecular, e.g., NaCl.

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MOLAR MASSES, MOLECULAR WEIGHTS
AND FORMULA WEIGHTS OF COMPOUNDS

even though iron(III) nitrate is not molecular, we can still

talk about the mass of one formula unit, that is, one iron,
three nitrogens and nine oxygens.

All three terms are often used interchangeably, although

molar mass is technically the only one that is in units of
grams/mole.

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Calculate the molar mass of
cobalt(II) phosphate, Co3(PO4)2.

Solution:

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Moles ↔ Mass

■We do not measure out substances in

terms of moles, but rather, in terms of
mass (grams).

■There is a simple relationship between the

amount of moles and the mass of an
element….it can be found right on the
periodic table!
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Relationship between Relative Atomic
Mass (Ar) and Molar Mass

C
12.01
The relative atomic mass of an atom
of an element in amus is also the Stoichiometr
molar mass of an entire mole of y
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Converting Mole ↔ Mass
■ Just use D. A. and the conversion factor
1 mol = molar mass (g)

Ex 1) 45.2 g of Zn = _____ moles Zn

0.69 moles Zn

Ex 2) 0.568 moles Ag = _____ grams Ag

61.27 grams Ag
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MORE PRACTICE

CALCULATIONS

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3. Using Avogadro’s number to convert from
molecules or atoms to moles.
A chemical species is either an atom (e.g. K, Ag, S) ,
an ion (e.g. K+
,SO42-, S2-) or
a molecule (e.g. H2O, K2CrO4, Sr(NO3)2, I2).

a) 5.61 x 102 atoms of silver equals how many moles of

silver?

c) 0.0431 moles of H2O equals how many molecules of

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2. Using the conversion factor [ Molar Mass =
1 Mole] solve the following problems using
dimensional analysis. Keep track of your units!

A) Calculate the moles of 102.50 g of K2CrO4

B) Calculate the mass of 0.467 moles of CaBr2

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Mole Ratios
A mole ratio converts moles of one compound in
a balanced chemical equation into moles of
another compound.
Reaction between magnesium and oxygen to form
magnesium oxide. ( fireworks)

2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s)

Mole Ratios:
2 : 1 : 2
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Ammonia

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Chemical formulas have molar masses:
– add the atomic masses of the elements forming
the compound.

NH3 17 g/mol

O2 32 g/mol

H2O 18 g/mol

NO 30 g/mol
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4:5:6:4
Are what we call a mole ratio.

4 molecules of NH3 react with 5

molecules of O2 to produce 6 molecules
of H2O and 4 molecules of NO

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How many calcium atoms are in 2.25 grams of
calcium?
Solution:
Avogadro’s number tells us how many calcium atoms are in a mole
of calcium, but the given information in this
example is grams of calcium.

Therefore, we must use the molar mass of calcium from the

periodic table (40.08 g/mol) to convert grams to moles of calcium.

We then apply Avogadro’s number to obtain the number of atoms.

grams ---- > moles -----> atoms

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What is the mass of 1.00x1022
bromine atoms?
Solution:
•We apply Avogadro’s number to determine the number
of moles of bromine in the given number of atoms.
•Next we use, the molar mass of bromine (79.90 g/mol
from the periodic table), to convert moles into grams.

atoms ---- > moles -----> grams

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It’s all about PATTERN!

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Stoichiometry Question (1)
4NH3 + 5O2 → 6H2O + 4NO
• How many moles of H2O are produced if
2.00 moles of O2 are used?

6 mol H2O
2.00 mol O2 = 2.40 mol H2O
5 mol O2

Notice that a correctly balanced equation is

essential to get the right answer
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Stoichiometry Question (2)
4 NH3 + 5 O2 → 6 H2O + 4 NO
How many moles of NO are produced in the
reaction if 15 mol of H2O are also
produced?

4 mol NO
15 mol H2O = 10. mol NO
6 mol H2O

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Stoichiometry Question (3)
4 NH3 + 5 O2 → 6 H2O + 4 NO

• How many grams of H2O are produced if 2.2

mol of NH3 are combined with excess oxygen?

2.2 mol NH3 6 mol H2O 18.02 g H2O 59 g

=
4 mol NH3 1 mol H2O H2O

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Stoichiometry Question (4)
4 NH3 + 5 O2 → 6 H2O + 4 NO

• How many grams of O2 are required to

produce 0.3 mol of H2O?

0.3 mol H2O 5 mol O2 32 g O2

= 8 g O2
6 mol H2O 1 mol O2

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Stoichiometry Question (5)

4 NH3 + 5 O2 → 6 H2O + 4 NO

• How many grams of NO is produced if 12 g

of O2 is combined with excess ammonia?

12 g O2 x 1 mol O2 4 mol NO 30.01 g NO

x x
32 g O2 5 mol O2 1 mol NO

= 9.0 g NO

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It’s all about PATTERN!

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PRACTICE TIME! :) - PT GROUPINGS
Try these on your own - 4 NH3 + 5 O2 → 6 H2O + 4 NO

a) How many moles of H2O can be made using

1.6 mol NH3?

b) what mass of NH3 is needed to make 0.75

mol NO?

c) how many grams of NO can be made from 47

g of NH3? Stoichiometr
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Molecular Weight (MW)

• Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms

in a molecule
• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the
molecular weight would be
C: 2(12.0
+ H:
amu)6(1.0
amu) 30.0
amu
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Percent Composition

One can find the percentage of the mass

of a compound that comes from each of
the elements in the compound by using
this equation:

(number of atoms)(atomic
% element = weight) x 100
(FW of the
compound)
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Percent Composition

So the percentage of carbon and

hydrogen in ethane (C2H6, molecular
mass = 30.0) is:
(2)(12.0 24.0 amu
%C = amu) = x 100 = 80.0%
(30.0 30.0 amu
amu)
(6)(1.01 6.06 amu
%H = amu) = x 100 = 20.0%
(30.0 30.0 amu
amu)
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MAKE SURE TO BALANCE THE REACTANTS AND
PRODUCT

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