See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/342595007

A New High Gain DC-DC Converter With Model-Predictive-Control Based

MPPT Technique for Photovoltaic Systems

Article · June 2020

DOI: 10.24295/CPSSTPEA.2020.00016

CITATIONS READS

79 576

1 author:

Omar Abdel-Rahim
Aswan University
89 PUBLICATIONS   868 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Single-stage partial power step-up and step-down converters View project

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special_issues/stability_control View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Omar Abdel-Rahim on 19 July 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

CPSS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS, VOL. 5, NO. 2, JUNE 2020 191

A New High Gain DC-DC Converter With Model-

Predictive-Control Based MPPT Technique for
Photovoltaic Systems
Omar Abdel-Rahim and Haoyu Wang

Abstract—High step-up DC/DC converter and maximum But the output of the P&O algorithm suffers from oscillation
power point tracking (MPPT) control are essential components in around the maximum power point(MPP) [7], [8]. In [7], the
photovoltaic (PV) systems. For the purpose of utilizing PV module controller speed is optimized during transient by an adaptive
in power generation, this manuscript proposes 1-new high step- scaling factor. In [9], a fixed scaling factor is used to change the
up DC/DC converter 2-model predictive control based maximum
perturbation step during the transient. InCond method is a step
power point tracking (MPC-MPPT) algorithm with optimum
number of sensors. The suggested topology is able to provide a
towards solving the problem of P&O algorithm. It eliminates
voltage gain up to 10 times of input-voltage and its measured the oscillation around the MPP and leads to more efficiency.
efficiency is around 93%. MPC is a prevalent control technique Authors in [10], have developed MPPT technique called delta
with superior transient and steady-state performances in PV P&O and a variable step size is suggested to improve MPPT.
systems. However, in PV DC/DC converters, conventional MPC MPPT technique was developed in [11] based on perturbing the
based MPPT technique typically requires two voltage-sensors voltage and the duty cycle. P&O algorithm based on the fuzzy
and one current-sensor. For the purpose of reducing system cost, logic controller was proposed in [12]. Current-sensorless MPPT
this manuscript presents MPC based MPPT technique with two- technique was proposed in [13], where PV voltage is measured
sensors. The algorithm is designed to operate with both fixed and and cell temperature is estimated, and hence PV current could
adaptive step-size. Different scenarios and operating conditions
be calculated from a pre-specified look-up table [14], However
are evaluated both in Simulink and with hardware set-up.
Results obtained from the simulation and experimental work are
this technique suffers from complexity and reliability problem.
consistent and verify the analytical analysis of the system. Due to difficulties of ambient temperature estimation and model
accuracy.
Index Terms—DC/DC converter, model predictive control based The technique proposed in [15] is able to omit one current
maximum power point tracking (MPC-MPPT). sensor. PV current sensor, by estimating its value from the
two measurable states VPV(PV-voltage) and iL(output-inductor-
I. Introduction current). Although its effectiveness and ability to truck the

I
maximum power, special considerations are required for system
N photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, a DC/DC converter
stability.
is required to link the low voltage PV panel and the high
In systems that require multivariable control, finite-set
voltage DC link. In this DC/DC converter, maximum-power-
model predictive control (FS-MPC) becomes a very attractive
point-tracking (MPPT) control is required to fully exploit the
solution [16]. Model predictive control (MPC) based MPPT has
capacity of the PV panel[1]-[2] . In general, high tracking
been presented in the literature[17], [18]. MPC based MPPT
accuracy, and stable transient and steady-state response are
MPC based MPPT methodology presented in [18] is able to
important criteria to evaluate the performance of MPPT
track the maximum power of PV-module efficiently at various
techniques. In order to achieve such criteria, different MPPT
environmental condition. However it uses three-sensors, two
techniques have been investigated in literature [3]-[6].
voltage-sensors and one current sensor.
P&O algorithm is a classical algorithm that detects the
In ideal cases, traditional boost converter is able to provide
maximum power of the PV panel from the slope of the PV curve.
an infinite boosting ratio, but this is not the practical case [19],
[20]. For achieving high step-up ability with high efficiency a lot
Manuscript received Feburary 2, 2020; revised April 15, 2020; accepted May of research has been done in the literature [21]-[23]. Cascaded
8, 2020. Date of publication June 30, 2020; date of current version June 16,
2020.
boost converter [24] is a nonisolated DC/DC converter that is
All authors are with the School of Information Science and Technology, able to boost low input voltage to a higher level without using
ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. high duty cycle. On the other hand, a high rating switch is
O. Abdel-Rahim is also with the Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty
required due to its high voltage stress. Topologies with switched
of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt (e-mail: o.abdelrahim@
aswu.edu.eg). inductor and/or switched capacitor are good solution in providing
Digital Object Identifier 10.24295/CPSSTPEA.2020.00016 high boosting ratio without the need for extreme duty cycle
192 CPSS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS, VOL. 5, NO. 2, JUNE 2020

D1 IL1
iD1
iDo Do IL2
V D1
iPV L1 iD2 D2 ID1
V Do
iL1 VD1
V D2 iL2 L2
V PV iS1 Co
Co R ID2
iS2
VD2
S1 V S1 S2 V S1

IDo
VDo
Fig. 1. New high step-up DC-DC converter.

IS1
[25], [26].The voltage-lift technique is another modification to VS1
achieve high step-up capability. It has several advantages such
as: low voltage stress on the active device, and high voltage gain. IS2
However, several diode-capacitor stages are required when the VS2
conversion ratio are very large, [27]-[29].
Switched inductor introduced in [30], is a transformerless ref
saw
topology able to generate a theoretical boosting ratio of ((1+d)/
(1-d)), however switch has voltage stress equal to output voltage
and high voltage stress. Similarly, its diodes are under high DTS
TS
voltage stress, which may deteriorate overall system efficiency.
A similar idea but based on switched capacitor was presented in Fig. 2. New converter ideal key waveforms.
[31], where inductors were replaced by capacitors. The voltage
gain in this case is (2/(1-d)). Hybrid switched inductor-capacitor D1
iD1
was introduced to combine the advantages of switched inductor iDo Do
V D1
and switched capacitor configurations [32], [33]. Quadratic iPV L1 iD2 D2
V Do
boost converter introduced in [34] provides higher step-up ration iL1
V D2 iL2 L2
compared to switched inductor or switched capacitor, but with
V PV iS1
higher current stress on its power-switch. Switched inductor Co
iS2
Co R
quadratic boost converter proposed in [18] is a combination of S1 S2
V S1 V S1
topologies exist in [26] and [34] are able to generate high step-up
ratio, however the power-switches are under high voltage stress
and current stress, which deteriorate its efficiency. Fig. 3. Operation analysis of the proposed DC-DC converter, mode I.
The contribution of this paper is as follow: ① Proposing
and implementing a new high step-up transformerless DC- of ideal parameters and inductors L1 and L2 are having the same
DC converter; ② Proposing a novel model predictive control inductance value, are as follows:
maximum power powering tracking (MPC-MPPT) control
algorithm with optimum number of sensors based on fixed and A. Mode I
adaptive step-size. The proposed MPC-MPPT algorithm has
advantage over the technique presented in [18] that outputvoltage Mode I occurs as a result of triggering the two switches with
sensor is omitted and replaced by a voltage observer to reduce high pulse signal, and hence they are turned on. As drawn in Fig. 3,
the system cost, meanwhile it keeps the same better performance. once the switches are turned on, diodes D2 and Do are turned off.
Another feature for the developed MPC-MPPT algorithm that And hence, inductors L1 and L2 are charging from the DC source.
the step size could be set to be fixed or adaptive. The characteristics equations of this mode are as follows:

II. New High Gain DC/DC Converter

The configuration of the new high step-up DC/DC converter
(1)
is illustrated in Fig. 1. It consists of two inductors, three diodes,
one output capacitor and two power switches. In continuous
conduction mode (CCM), the converter has two modes
of operation depending on the switch status, S = {0 or 1} .
Upcoming paragraphs investigates the analysis of operation
modes with taking into consideration the ideal characteristic of
the circuit components. Operating waveforms of the converter
is illustrated in Fig. 2. The two switches are triggered and turned B. Mode II
off simultaneously. And hence, the two inductors are charging Mode II occurs as a result of triggering the two switches with
in operation mode and steady-state analysis, with assumption low pulse signal, and hence they are turned off. As seen from
O. ABDEL-RAHIM et al.: A NEW HIGH GAIN DC-DC CONVERTER WITH MPC BASED MPPT TECHNIQUE FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 193

D1 iL (t )
iD1
iDo Do
V D1
iPV L1 iD2 D2
V Do ΔiL
iL1 I
V D2 iL2 L2
ΔiL
V PV iS1 Co
Co R VPV
iS2
L VPV Vo
S1 S2 L
V S1 V S1
t
DTS TS

Fig. 4. Operation analysis of the proposed DC-DC converter, mode II.

Fig. 5. Inductor L1 and L2 currents.

Fig. 4, once the switches are turned off, diodes D2 and Do are v o (t )
turned on to provide a path for the inductor currents and diode
D1 is turned off. And hence, inductors L1 and L2 are discharging
Δvo
their energy in series to the output capacitor. The characteristic Vo
equations of this mode are as follows: parallel with the aid
of diode D1 and discharging their energy in series to the load Vo I L 2 Vo

through diodes D2 and Do. Analysis of modes I and II are RC o RC o
repeated every switching cycle. Inductor volt-second balance DTS TS
t

and capacitor charge balance are the base criteria, we rely on to

obtain input-output voltage relation in the upcoming analysis. Fig. 6. Capacitor Co output voltage.

the inductor currents is sketched in Fig. 5. During the first

subinterval, the change in inductor current, 2∆iL, is equal to the
slope multiplied by the length of the subinterval value,
(2)

(5)

(6)
Applying inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge-
balance leads to
(6) is used to select inductor L1 and L2 value. Inductors value
depend on input voltage VPV, duty cycle D, sample time Ts and
inductor current ripple ∆iL.
(3)
D. Output Capacitor Design Co
The relation between output voltage, input voltage, and Likewise, the capacitor voltage waveform can be sketched
capacitors can be deduced from (1)-(3), and an expression derived for the output voltage ripple peak
magnitude, ∆vo. The capacitor voltage waveform is sketched in
Fig. 6. The change in the capacitor voltage, −2∆vo, is equal to
(4)
the slope multiplied by the length of subinterval:

(4) is the voltage gain of the converter, where D is the duty

cycle of the converter. (7)
Circuit parameter design is based on the amount of ripple
desired in the inductor current and capacitor voltages. In order (8)
to maintain CCM operation inductor current ripple is designed
to be small. Design of each component of the circuit is given in
the upcoming sections. (8) is used to select the output capacitor value. It is value
depends on output voltage Vo, duty cycle D, sample time Ts and
capacitor voltage ripple ∆vo.
C. Inductor L1 and L2 Design
A comparison between the proposed converter and other
The two inductors are symmetrical, with the same inductance similar topologies exist in the literature in point of view of
value, and they carry the same current (see Fig. 2), one of voltage gain and devices voltage stress is presented in Table I.
194 CPSS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS, VOL. 5, NO. 2, JUNE 2020

TABLE I
Comparison of Step up Topologies

I PV ( K )
*
Adaptive I PV (k + 1)
III. Proposed MPC Based PV MPPT Algorithm incremental
conductance
MPC presents a superior controller for plants, in the VPV ( K ) Optimization
S1

suggested application the plant represents the DC-DC converter, Eq. (11) S2
that require multiple state-variables needing to be controlled. Prediction
Eqs. (9) and (10) I PV (k + 1)
MPC treats the plant as a finite set of linear models. Each model
represents a switching state. MPC calculates the prediction of
every switching state, then the minimization process occurs Fig. 7. Control block of the proposed control system.
by the cost function, state that gives the minimum error is
generated and applied to the plant [35],[36]. The suggested plant the minimum error. Optimization is done by cost function:
in PV system is the DC-DC converter, and due to continuous
conduction operation, it has only two-state variables. Hence, a
(11)
discrete-time model for the proposed DC/DC step-up converter
is derived by applying forward Euler method to (1), switch on,
and (2), switch off. where g, and Iref are the cost function and reference current
respectively. Reference current Iref is generated by incremental
conductance algorithm. The proposed control block is depicted
(9) in Fig. 7 and MPC-MPPT algorithm is depicted in Fig. 8.
As illustrated in the figures, MPC-MPPT algorithm senses
(10) PV current and voltage only, then an incremental conductance
approach is applied to generate the reference current that leads
to maximum power operation. The MPC algorithm starts
Where Ts, L, VPV(k), IPV(k), Vo, I0PV(k + 1), I1PV(k + 1) are sampling to regulate the converter to track the reference current. The
time, inductance, voltage of PV, current of PV, output voltage, capacitor voltage sensor is omitting by the voltage observer,
predicted PV current if the switch is turned off, and predicted described in the previous section. The perturbation step size,
PV current if the switch is turned on, respectively. A quick denoted as Z, in the flowchart can be set to fixed value to
look to (9) and (10), it is clear that three sensors are required to implement a fixed step size MPC-MPPT or it can be designed
predict the future value of the PV current. This would increase to be adaptive by the following formula:
the system cost and size. (4) is a voltage observer, which is used
to calculate the value of the output voltage with the available
data of PV voltage and duty cycle. By this methodology, one . (12)
voltage sensor is removed, which reduces the system cost and at
the same time the system performance doesn’t affected. Where C is a scaling factor, ∆I is the different between current and
The final step in MPC control is the optimization of the previous value of PV current, and ∆D is the difference between
possible future states, and select the optimum value that gives current and previous value of the reference current.
O. ABDEL-RAHIM et al.: A NEW HIGH GAIN DC-DC CONVERTER WITH MPC BASED MPPT TECHNIQUE FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 195

Start

VPV I PV

ΔV = V PV (k) V PV (k 1)
ΔI = I PV (k) I PV(k 1)
ΔD = D PV (k) D PV (k 1)
Z = C ΔIΔD

S
1 TS
I PV (k + 1) = I PV (k ) + 2 ( ) V PV ( k )
L
TS D
I PSV
0
( k +1) = I P V ( k ) +V PV ( k )
L 1D

No ΔV = 0 Yes

Yes ΔI No
I PV +
( ) V
PV = 0
ΔV

No Yes
ΔI = 0
No ΔI Yes
I PV + ( ) V PV > 0 Yes No
ΔV ΔI > 0

I ref ( k + 1) = I ref ( k ) I ref (k +1) = Iref ( k ) + Z I ref (k +1) = Iref (k ) Z I ref (k + 1) = I ref(k) Z I ref (k + 1) = I ref (k) Z I ref (k + 1) = I ref (k)

I ref
G1 = Iref I PV
S 1
( k + 1)
G 0 = I ref I PV
S 0
( k + 1)

Yes No
G1
G0
S
1 S
0

END

Fig. 8. Proposed MPC based MPPT with reduced number of sensors.

IV. Results and Discussion PV simulator

In order to verify and validate the decent operation of the

proposed PV system, proposed DC/DC converter and its DC-source

reduced sensor MPC-MPPT algorithm, the system is simulated

using Simulink and full hardware set-up is demonstrated in
laboratory. The developed prototype is depicted in Fig. 9. A
150 W DC/DC converter prototype is built using parameters Sensors Driver

in Table II. Dspace 1202 microbox controller is used to

implement the proposed MPC-MPPT algorithm with sampling
time Ts set to 15 µs. LEM voltage and current sensors are used
to measure voltages and currents. Chroma 62020H-150S PV Controller Proposed converter Resistive load

simulator has been used to emulate PV module performance.

Converters assigned to integrate with PV module applica- Fig. 9. Hardware prototype of the proposed system.
tions are required to achieve some distinct features such as high
voltage gain and higher-efficiency. The proposed converter are always higher than zero, diode D1 is turned on and off in
is designed to operate in CCM, and hence inductor currents synchronization with the switches, and it has voltage stress less
196 CPSS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS, VOL. 5, NO. 2, JUNE 2020

TABLE II
iL1 (2 A/div) Hardware Protototype Parameters

vD1(50 V/div)
Components Parameters

PV panel voltage (VPV) 1840 V

Sampling time 15 µs
vo (50 V/div) Circuit inductors (L1/L2) 3 mH
vD2(10 V/div)
Input capacitor (C1) µF
260
Output capacitor (C2) 260 µF
2.00 A 50.0 V 40.0 μs 25.0 MS/s Power MOSFETs (S1-2) IRFP264
50.0 A 10.0 V 10k points 6.40 V Power diode (D1-2) BYV72EW-200
Output diode (Do) BYV72EW-200
Fig. 10. Converter basic parameters waveforms: Ch1 inductor current, Ch2
diode D1 voltage, Ch3 output voltage and Ch4 Diode D2 voltage.
1 Measured-efficiency
Calculated-efficiency
vo (100 V/div)
0.95

Efficiency
iin (2 A/div)
0.9

io (1 A/div)
0.85
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
vin (25 V/div) Input power (W)

100 V
1.00 A
2.00 A
25.0 V
4.00 μs 250 MS/s
10k points 6.50 V
Fig. 12. Converter measured efficiency vs input power under Vin = 20 V, and M = 4.

Fig. 11. Case study of step up ratio of 4 with duty cycle set to 0.65.
vPV (4 V/div)
than half of the output voltage, while D2 and Do conduct in a
complementary manner, see Fig. 10. A boosting ratio check
G(200 W/m 2)
case of study is depicted in Fig. 11. In the case of the study, the
input voltage is set to 20 V and duty cycle control to 0.65, the PPV (20 W/div)
output voltage is measured around 100 V, step-up ratio, more iPV (4 A/div)
than 4 times. Zoomed
200 ms/div
view
Efficiency is a very important factor for better selection and
vPV (2 V/div)
operation of any DC/DC converter. Proposed system efficiency
is calculated analytically and measured experimentally. In
both analytical calculation and measurement, parameters G (100 W/m 2 )
depicted in Table II are used. Measured efficiency of the
proposed converter at different power level is depicted in PPV (10 W/div)
Fig.12. The converter gives acceptable performance and iPV (2 A/div)
measured efficiency around 92%. The proposed converter 1 ms/div

has similar component counts and voltage gain ability as

topology presented in [26], However, the maximum measured Fig. 13. PV output voltage, current and power with gradual change in solar
efficiency reported for the topology was found 90% and irradiation.

reduced with increase in boosting ratio to be less than 88%

efficient the MPPT tracker, the more economic operation of the
at 40 W. While the proposed configuration shows maximum
photovoltaic system. The proposed MPC-MPPT algorithm is
measured efficiency 94% and reduced to 91% at 100 W under
designed in this paper to operate with a fixed and adaptive step
4 boosting ratio. Quadratic boost converter is able to provide
size. The system is studied under normal and weather changing
higher boosting ratio than the proposed converter in this paper, conditions. As has been discussed earlier in this paper, the
however reported efficiency of quadratic boost converter output characteristic of the PV panels is affected mainly by
is round 80% [37] and its switch current stress is very high solar radiation and ambient temperature. But, most influencer
compared to the converter proposed in this paper. is solar radiation. In Fig. 13, an abrupt change in solar radiation
Efficient maximum power point tracking is an important is simulated with a change in the radiation(W/m2) from 500
factor to make use of photovoltaic generation. The more to 1000. The controller is tracking the maximum power under
O. ABDEL-RAHIM et al.: A NEW HIGH GAIN DC-DC CONVERTER WITH MPC BASED MPPT TECHNIQUE FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 197

vPV (2 V/div) vds (100 V/div)

G (100 W/m 2)
W/m2)
PPV (10 W/div)
PPV (50 W/div)
VPV (25 V/div)
iPV (2 A/div)

Zoomed 1 s/div iPV (2 A/div)

view
100 μs/div
vPV (1.5 V/div)
Fig. 15. Case study where PV curve characteristics (Vmax = 25 V, and Imax = 3 A).
G (100 W/m 2 )

PPV (100 W/div)

iPV (2 A/div) 50 μs/div
PPV (40 W/div)
VPV (10 V/div)

Fig. 14. PV output voltage, current and power with an abrupt change in solar
irradiation.
iPV (2 A/div)

all condition with efficiency more than 99.5%. In most of the 2 s/div
real cases, the change in solar radiation is not abrupt, it has a
gradual change, for example, a moving cloud or accumulated Fig. 16. Abrupt change in solar radiation case of study Pmax change from 50 W
to 85 W and then back to 50 W again.
sand. To take this point into account, a gradual change in solar
radiation is simulated in Fig. 14. The controller is acting is a
with an adaptive or fixed step size. It is able to track the
very superior way and able to track the maximum power in
maximum power under all condition with efficiency more than
very high-efficiency way.
99.5%. While the performance of the IncCond, greatly affected
In Fig. 15, PV simulator is programmed to generate PV
curve with the following characteristic (Pmax = 85 W, Vmax = by the step size. IncCond has big oscillation with step size 0.02
25 V and Imax = 3.4 A). As the graph illustrates, the algorithm than 0.05 and its efficiency becomes lower. In big systems,
successfully tracks the maximum power. In Fig. 16, where this reduction in efficiency may reduce the revenue of the
an abrupt change in solar radiation has been taken place. system and the feasibility of the system. In gradually changed
Maximum output power changed according to radiation change solar radiation depicted in Fig. 18. The proposed system has
from 50 W to 85 W, then back again to 50 W. The algorithm superior performance, almost the same performance with fixed
successfully tracks the maximum power at all conditions as or adaptive step size, while IncCond algorithm depends mainly
illustrated in the figure. on the step size.
Figs. 17 and 18 present a detailed comparison between the Step size 0.02 has large ripple and lower efficiency than
proposed MPC-MPC with fixed step size, proposed MPC- step size of 0.05. The main important factors that may affect
MPPT with adaptive step size and the well-known IncCond the selection of one MPPT technique over another one are the
algorithm at different step size. The comparison includes an complexity of the technique, its efficiency, tracking capability,
abrupt change in solar radiation and the gradual change in tracking speed and reliability. A comparison between the
solar radiation. Fig. 17 represents the comparison between the proposed methodology and other techniques are depicted in
MPPT methodologies under an abrupt change in radiation, Table III. The proposed system has superior performance such
while Fig. 18 demonstrates the comparison among the as high efficiency, fastly tracking the maximum power, and
different techniques at the gradual change in solar radiation. reliable technique.
IncCond algorithm is one of the widest algorithms used in
PV applications, its operation depends on that the slope of PV
V. Conclusion
curve is zero at the maximum power. Two perturbation step
size is selected for the IncCond, 0.05 and 0.05. In Fig. 17, with The contribution of this paper could be summarized as
an abrupt change in solar irradiation (W/m2), radiation changed follows: ① Proposing and implementing a new high gain
from 1000 to 800, the MPPT is tracked by all the MPPT DC-DC converter for PV applications; ② Developing and
methodologies. implementing MPPT-MPC algorithm with optimum number of
The proposed system performance is almost doesn’t change sensors for PV applications. The developed DC-DC converter
198 CPSS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS, VOL. 5, NO. 2, JUNE 2020

Zoomed view

80
80
70
75
60
70
Power (W)

50
65
40
30 60
IC step = 0.05
20 IC step = 0.02 55
MPC-MPPT 0.5 s/div
10 MPC-adaptive
50
500 μs/div
0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Fig. 17. Comparison between proposed and other MPPT techniques under an abrupt radiation change.

Zoomed view
IC Step = 0.05
85 IC Step = 0.02 75
MPC -MPPT
80 MPC-Adaptive
74.5
74
Power (W)

75 73.5
73
70 72.5
72
65 71.5
0.5 s/div 71
60

Fig. 18. Comparison among the different techniques at the gradual change in solar radition.

TABLE III
Comparison Among Different MPPT Methodology

was having superior advantaged over its transformerless [2] Y. Yang, A. Sangwongwanich, and F. Blaabjerg, “Design for reliability
of power electronics for grid-connected photovoltaic systems,” in CPSS
counterparts as demonstrated through the manuscript. The
Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications, vol.1, no.1, pp.92–
developed MPC-MPPT algorithm, output voltage sensor has 103, Dec. 2016
replaced by an observer to optimize the system cost and at the [3] J. P. Ram, T. S. Babu, and N. Rajasekar, “A comprehensive review on
solar PV maximum power point tracking techniques,” in Renewable &
same time preserve the same performance. Another advantage
Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 67, pp. 826–847, 2017.
of the developed algorithm that it could work with fixed and [4] A. Sangwongwanich, G. Angenendt, S. Zurmühlen, Y. Yang, D. Sera,
adaptive step-size. Although the superior performance of D. U. Sauer, and F. Blaabjerg, “Enhancing PV inverter reliability with
the proposed MPC-MPPT algorithm, working with variable battery system control strategy,” in CPSS Transactions on Power
Electronics and Applications, vol.3, no. 2, pp.93–101, Jun. 2018.
switching frequency uneased the optimum design of the
[5] A. Bag, B. Subudhi, and P. K. Ray, “An adaptive sliding mode control
power converter. Both simulation and experimental results are scheme for grid integration of a PV system,” in CPSS Transactions on
consistence and agreed with the analytical analysis. Power Electronics and Applications, vol. 3, no.4, pp. 362–371, Dec.
2018.
References [6] H. Wang, W. Wu, S. Zhang, Y. He, H. S. Chung, and F. Blaabjerg,
[1] D. Divan and P. Kandula, “Distributed power electronics: an enabler “A modified Aalborg inverter extracting maximum power from one
for the future grid,” in CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and PV array source,” in CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and
Applications, vol.1, no.1, pp. 57–65, Dec. 2016. Applications, vol. 4, no. 2, pp.109–118, Jun. 2019.
O. ABDEL-RAHIM et al.: A NEW HIGH GAIN DC-DC CONVERTER WITH MPC BASED MPPT TECHNIQUE FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 199

[7] Q. Mei, M. Shan, L. Liu, and J. M. Guerrero, “A novel improved [24] S. Vighetti, J. Ferrieux, and Y. Lembeye, “Optimization and design of
variable step-size incremental-resistance MPPT method for PV a cascaded DC/DC converter devoted to grid-connected photovoltaic
systems,” in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 6, systems,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 4, pp.
pp. 2427–2434, Jun. 2011. 2018–2027, Apr. 2012.
[8] Y. Jiang, J. A. Abu Qahouq, and T. A. Haskew, “Adaptive step size with [25] Y. Zhang, Y. Gao, L. Zhou, and M. Sumner, “A switched-capacitor
adaptive-perturbation-frequency digital MPPT controller for a single- bidirectional DC-DC converter with wide voltage gain range for electric
sensor photovoltaic solar system,” in IEEE Transactions on Power vehicles with hybrid energy sources,” in IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 3195–3205, Jul. 2013. Electronics, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 9459–9469, Nov. 2018.
[9] M. A. Abdourraziq, M. Maaroufi, and M. Ouassaid, “A new variable [26] B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, “Switched-capacitor/
step size INC MPPT method for PV systems,” in Proceedings of 2014 switched-inductor structures for getting transformerless hybrid DC-DC
International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems PWM converters,” in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I:
(ICMCS), Marrakech, 2014, pp. 1563–1568. Regular Papers, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 687–696, Mar. 2008.
[10] A. Pandey, N. Dasgupta, and A. K. Mukerjee, “High-performance [27] F. L. Luo and H. Ye, “Positive output cascade boost converters,” in IEE
algorithms for drift avoidance and fast tracking in solar MPPT system,” Proceedings-Electric Power Applications, vol. 151, no. 5, pp. 590–606,
in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 681–689, Sep. 2004.
Jun. 2008. [28] Y. Jiao, F. L. Luo, and M. Zhu, “Voltage-lift-type switched inductor cells
[11] M. A. Elgendy, B. Zahawi, and D. J. Atkinson, “Assessment of perturb for enhancing DC-DC boost ability: Principles and integrations in Luo
and observe MPPT algorithm implementation techniques for PV converter,” in IET Power Electronics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 131–142, Jan.
pumping applications,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2011.
vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 21–33, Jan. 2012. [29] W. Li, X. Xiang, C. Li, W. Li, and X. He, “Interleaved high step-up ZVT
[12] M. A. A. Mohd Zainuri, M. A. Mohd Radzi, A. C. Soh, and N. A. Rahim, converter with built-in transformer voltage doubler cell for distributed
“Development of adaptive perturb and observe-fuzzy control maximum PV generation system,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.
power point tracking for photovoltaic boost DC-DC converter,” in IET 28, no. 1, pp. 300–313, Jan. 2013.
Renewable Power Generation, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 183–194, Mar. 2014. [30] G. Zhang, B. Zhang, Z. Li, D. Qiu, L. Yang, and W. A. Halang, “A
[13] M. A. Elgendy, B. Zahawi, and D. J. Atkinson, “Comparison of directly 3-Z-network boost converter,” in IEEE Transactions on Industrial
connected and constant voltage controlled photovoltaic pumping Electronics, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 278–288, Jan. 2015.
systems,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. [31] X. Zhu, B. Zhang, Z. Li, H. Li, and L. Ran, “Extended switched-boost
184–192, Oct. 2010 DC-DC converters adopting switched-capacitor/switched-inductor cells
[14] P. S. Samrat, F. F. Edwin, and W. Xiao, “Review of current sensorless for high step-up conversion,” in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected
maximum power point tracking technologies for photovoltaic power Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1020–1030, Sep. 2017.
systems,” in Proceedings of 2013 International Conference on [32] K. I. Hwu and Y. T. Yau, “High step-up converter based on charge pump
Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Madrid, 2013, and boost converter,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.
pp. 862–867. 27, no. 5, pp. 2484–2494, May 2012.
[15] I. S. Kim, M. B. Kim, and M. J. Youn, “New maximum power point [33] Y. Zhang, Z. Dong, J. Liu and Y. Liu, “Unified model of high step-up
tracker using sliding-mode observer for estimation of solar array current DC-DC converter with multi-cell diode-capacitor/inductor network,” in
in the grid-connected photovoltaic system,” in IEEE Transactions on Proceedings of 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1027–1035, Jun. 2006. (ECCE), Milwaukee, WI, 2016, pp. 1–8.
[16] S. C. Ferreira, R. B. Gonzatti, R. R. Pereira, C. H. da Silva, L. E. B. [34] O. Lopez-Santos, L. Martinez-Salamero, G. Garcia, H. Valderrama-
da Silva, and G. Lambert-Torres, “Finite control set model predictive Blavi, and T. Sierra-Polanco, “Robust sliding-mode control design for a
control for dynamic reactive power compensation with hybrid active voltage regulated quadratic boost converter,” in IEEE Transactions on
power filters,” in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 2313–2327, Apr. 2015.
no. 3, pp. 2608–2617, Mar. 2018. [35] Y. Tang, T. Wang, and Y. He, “A switched-capacitor-based active-
[17] S. Sajadian and R. Ahmadi, “Model predictive-based maximum power network converter with high voltage gain,” in IEEE Transactions on
point tracking for grid-tied photovoltaic applications using a Z-source Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2959–2968, Jun. 2014.
inverter,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 11, [36] M. Tomlinson, H. D. T. Mouton, R. Kennel, and P. Stolze, “A fixed
pp. 7611–7620, Nov. 2016. switching frequency scheme for finite-control-set model predictive
[18] O. Abdel-Rahim, H. Funato, and J. Haruna, “Novel predictive maximum control-concept and algorithm,” in IEEE Transactions on Industrial
power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic applications,” in Electronics, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 7662–7670, Dec. 2016.
Journal Power Electronics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 277–286, 2016. [37] O. López-Santos, L. Martínez-Salamero, G. García, H. Valderrama-Blavi
[19] X. Fang, X. Ding, S. Zhong, and Y. Tian, “Improved quasi-Y-source DC- and D. O. Mercuri, “Efficiency analysis of a sliding-mode controlled
DC converter for renewable energy,” in CPSS Transactions on Power quadratic boost converter,” in IET Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp.
Electronics and Applications, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 163–170, Jun. 2019. 364–373, Feb. 2013.
[20] X. Liu, X. Zhang, X. Hu, H. Chen, L. Chen, and Y. Zhang, “Interleaved [38] T. L. Nguyen and K. S. Low, “A global maximum power point tracking
high step-up converter with coupled inductor and voltage multiplier for scheme employing direct search algorithm for photovoltaic systems,”
renewable energy system,” in CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 10, pp.
and Applications, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 299–309, Dec. 2019. 3456–3467, Oct. 2010.
[21] S. Revathi B. and M. Prabhakar, “Transformerless high-gain DC–DC [39] K. Ishaque and Z. Salam, “A deterministic particle swarm optimization
converter for microgrids,” in IET Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic system under partial
1170–1179, 2016. shading condition,” in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.
[22] L. Yang, T. Liang, and J. Chen, “Transformerless DC-DC converters 60, no. 8, pp. 3195–3206, Aug. 2013.
with high step-up voltage gain,” in IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 3144–3152, Aug. 2009.
[23] M. Forouzesh, Y. P. Siwakoti, S. A. Gorji, F. Blaabjerg, and B. Lehman,
“Step-up DC-DC converters: A comprehensive review of voltage-
boosting techniques, topologies, and applications,” in IEEE Transactions
on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 9143–9178, Dec. 2017.
200 CPSS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS, VOL. 5, NO. 2, JUNE 2020

Omar Abdel-Rahim received the bachelor and Haoyu Wang received his bachelor degree with
Master degree in electrical engineering in 2009 and distinguished honor in electrical engineering from
2012, respectively, from Faculty of Engineering, Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China. He received
Aswan University, Egypt, and received his Ph. D. his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
degree from Utsunomiya University, Japan, in 2017. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
He is currently an Assistant Professor at Faculty of He is currently a tenure track assistant professor in
Engineering, Aswan University, and Vice-President the School of Information Science and Technology
of quality Assurance Unit, Faculty of Engineering, at ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. His
Aswan University. From 2009 to 2012, he was with research interests include power electronics, plug-in
Aswan Power Electronic Application Research electric and hybrid electric vehicles, the applications
Center (APEARC) as a research Assistant since 2010. of wide bandgap semiconductors, renewable energy harvesting, and power
management integrated circuits. Dr. Wang is an Associate Editor of IEEE
Transactions on Transportation Electrification, and an Associate Editor of
CPSS Transactions on Power Electronics and Applications.

View publication stats