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Outline

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• The Equation of Motion
• Equation of Motion for a System of Particles

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Learning Outcome

• To state Newton’s Second Law of Motion and to define mass

and weight.
• To analyze the accelerated motion of a particle using the
equation of motion with different coordinate systems.
• To investigate central-force motion and apply it to problems
in space mechanics.

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Newton’s Second Law of Motion

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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

The motion of a particle is governed by Newton’s three laws of

motion.
•First Law: A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line
at constant velocity, will remain in this state if the resultant force
acting on the particle is zero.
•Second Law: If the resultant force on the particle is not zero, the
particle experiences an acceleration in the same direction as the
resultant force. This acceleration has a magnitude proportional
to the resultant force.
•Third Law: Mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal, opposite, and collinear.

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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

The first and third laws were used in developing the concepts
of statics. Newton’s second law forms the basis of the study
of dynamics.

Mathematically, Newton’s second law of motion can be

written

where F is the resultant unbalanced force acting on the

particle, and a is the acceleration of the particle. The
positive scalar m is called the mass of the particle.
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Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction

Any two particles or bodies have a mutually attractive

gravitational force acting between them. Newton
postulated the law governing this gravitational force as

where
F = force of attraction between the two bodies,
G = universal constant of gravitation ,
m1, m2 = mass of each body, and
r = distance between centers of the two bodies.
When near the surface of the earth, the only gravitational force having any sizable
magnitude is that between the earth and the body. This force is called the weight of
the body. 9
MASS AND WEIGHT
It is important to understand the difference between the
mass and weight of a body!
Mass is an absolute property of a body.
It is independent of the gravitational field in which it is measured.
The mass provides a measure of the resistance of a body to a
change in velocity, as defined by Newton’s second law of motion
(m = F/a).
The weight of a body is not absolute, since it depends on the
gravitational field in which it is measured. Weight is defined
as
W = mg
where g is the acceleration due to gravity.
The Equation of Motion

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The motion of a particle is governed by Newton’s second law, relating
the unbalanced forces on a particle to its acceleration. If more than
one force acts on the particle, the equation of motion can be written
 
• Newton’s second law  F  ma

• Convenient to resolve into components:

     
  
 Fx i  Fy j  Fz k  m a x i  a y j  a z k 
 Fx  ma x  Fy  ma y  Fz  ma z
 Fx  mx  Fy  my  Fz  mz

• For tangential and normal components:

F t  mat F n  man
dv v2
 F t  m dt F n m

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Sample Problem 12.2

SOLUTION:
• Draw a free body diagram
• Apply Newton’s law. Resolve
into rectangular components

An 80-kg block rests on a horizontal plane. Find

the magnitude of the force P required to give the
block an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 to the right. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and
plane is k = 0.25.

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Solution

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Solution

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Sample Problem 12.2

Psin30
 Fx  ma :
Pcos30 P cos30  0.25 N  80  2.5 
 200

W  mg  80  9.81  785 N  Fy  0 :
F  k N  0.25 N N  P sin 30  785  0
Solve for P and N
N  P sin 30  785
P cos30  0.25  P sin 30  785   200
P  534.7 N
N  1052.4 N 17
Sample Problem 12.3

The two blocks shown start from rest.

The horizontal plane and the pulley are
frictionless, and the pulley is assumed to
be of negligible mass. Determine the
acceleration of each block and the
tension in the cord. 18
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Sample Problem 12.3
• Kinematic relationship: If A moves xA
O
to the right, B moves down 0.5 xA
x xB  12 x A aB  12 a A
y Draw free body diagrams & apply Newton’s law:
F x  mAa A T1  100  a A

F y  mB aB mB g  T2  mB aB
300  9.81  T2  300  aB
T2  2940- 300  aB

F y  mC aC T2  2T1  0
2940- 300  aB  2T1  0 2940- 300  aB  200a A  0
2940- 300  aB  2  200aB  0
aB  4.2 m / s 2 a A  8.4 m / s
2
T1  840 N T2  1680 N
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Sample Problem 12.4

Block

Wedge

The 12-lb block B starts from rest and slides

on the 30-lb wedge A, which is supported by
a horizontal surface.
Neglecting friction, determine (a) the
acceleration of the wedge, and (b) the
acceleration of the block relative to the
wedge. 22
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Draw free body diagrams for block & wedge
N1sin
N1
N1 N cos 1

WBsin
aBn
aBt WB WBcos

WB sin   mB aBt aA
12 30
12  0.5  aBt  aBt  16.1 ft / s 2 N1 sin   mAa A 0.5 N1  aA
32.2 32.2
N1  WB cos  mB aBn N1 cos  WA  N 2
But aBn   a A sin  Same normal acceleration (to maintain contact)
12  0.5
N1  WB cos   mB a A sin  N1  10.39   aA
32.2
a A  5.08 ft / s 2 aBn  2.54 ft / s 2 24
N1sin
N1
N1 N1cos
WBsin
aBn
aBt WB WBcos

aA
aBx  aBt cos  aBn sin   12.67 ft / s 2 
aB / A  aB  a A
aBy  aBt sin   aBn cos  10.25 ft / s 2
 
aB / A   12.67i  10.25 j   5.08i  30°

 17.75i  10.25 j 20.5
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Sample Problem 12.5

The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of a circle in a

vertical plane. If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the
weight of the bob for the position shown, find the velocity
and acceleration of the bob in that position.

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Sample Problem 12.5
Resolve into tangential and normal components:
 Ft  mat : mg sin 30  mat
at  g sin 30
a t  4. 9 m s 2

 Fn  man : 2.5mg  mg cos 30  man

an  g 2.5  cos 30
an  16.03 m s 2

• Solve for velocity in terms of normal acceleration.

v2
2 m 16.03 m s 2 
mgsin30
an  v  an 

mgcos30 v  5.66 m s

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Sample Problem 12.6
SOLUTION:
• The car travels in a horizontal circular
path with a normal component of
acceleration directed toward the center
of the path.The forces acting on the car
are its weight and a normal reaction
from the road surface.

• Resolve the equation of motion for

Determine the rated speed of a the car into vertical and normal
highway curve of radius  = 400 ft components.
banked through an angle  = 18o. The
rated speed of a banked highway curve • Solve for the vehicle speed.
is the speed at which a car should
travel if no lateral friction force is to
be exerted at its wheels.

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Sample Problem 12.6
• Resolve the equation of motion for
the car into vertical and normal
components.
 Fy  0 : R cos  W  0
W
R
cos
W
 Fn  man : R sin   an
SOLUTION: g

• The car travels in a horizontal circular W W v2

sin  
path with a normal component of cos g 
acceleration directed toward the center • Solve for the vehicle speed.
of the path.The forces acting on the
car are its weight and a normal v 2  g tan 
reaction from the road surface.  
 32.2 ft s 2 400 ft  tan 18

v  64.7 ft s  44.1 mi h
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Angular Momentum
 
From before, linear momentum: L  mv
Now angular momentum is defined as the moment of momentum
 
H O  r  mv

H O is a vector perpendicular to the plane

containing r and mv
Resolving into radial & transverse components:
H O  mv r  mr 2
Derivative of angular momentum with respect to time:
 
H O  r mv  r  mv  v  mv  r  ma
 
 rF Moment of F about O

  MO
Sum of moments about O = rate of change of angular momentum
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Equations of Motion in Radial & Transverse Components

 Fr  mar 
 m r  r 2

 F  ma  mr  2r 

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Central Force

When force acting on particle is directed

toward or away from a fixed point O, the
particle is said to be moving under a
central force.

O = center of force

Since line of action of the central force passes through O:

 
 M O  HO  0
 
r  mv  H O  constant
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Sample Problem 12.7
SOLUTION:
• Write the radial and transverse
equations of motion for the block.
• Integrate the radial equation to find an
expression for the radial velocity.
• Substitute known information into the
A block B of mass m can slide freely transverse equation to find an
on a frictionless arm OA which rotates expression for the force on the block.
0 .
in a horizontal plane at a constant rate
Knowing that B is released at a distance
r0 from O, express as a function of r
a) the component vr of the velocity of B
along OA, and
b) the magnitude of the horizontal force
exerted on B by the arm OA.
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Sample Problem 12.7
r  r 2

dvr dvr dr dvr
r  v r    vr
dt dr dt dr
But vr  r
dvr
r 2  vr r 2 dr  vr dvr
Write radial and transverse dr
vr r
equations of motion:
 2 dr
 Fr  m ar r  r 2
0  m   r r  o
0
v dv  r
ro vr2  02  r 2  r02 
F  m a F  m  r 2r 
vr   0  r  r0 
 2 2 12

F  2m 0  r  r0 
 2 2 2 12

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Equation of Motion for a System of
Particles

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The 50-kg crate shown rests on a horizontal
Example 13.1 surface for which the coefficient of kinetic
friction is = 0.3. If the crate is
subjected to a 400-N towing force as shown,
determine the velocity of the crate in 3 s
starting from rest.

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