Systems Analysis And Design

Chapter Five: Implementation and

Operation
2
System Imp’n and Oper’n (Cont.)
 Purpose:
 To convert final physical system
specifications into working and reliable
software
 To document work that has been done
 To provide help for current and future
users
 To modify the system to entertain
changes

3
The Process of Coding, Testing,
and Installation
 Coding
 Physical design specifications are turned into working
computer code.
 Testing
 Tests are performed using various strategies.
 Testing is performed in parallel with coding.
 Installation
 The current system is replaced by a new system.

4
5
Documenting the System, Training
Users, and Supporting Users

 Two audiences for final documentation:

 Information systems personnel who will maintain
the system throughout its productive life
 People who will use the system as part of their
daily lives
 User Training
 Application-specific
 General for operating system and off-the-shelf
software
6
7
The Process of Maintaining
Information Systems
 Four major activities occur within maintenance:
 Obtaining maintenance requests
 Transforming requests into changes
 Designing changes
 Implementing changes
 Deliverables and outcomes of this process are:
 the development of a new version of the software
 new versions of all design documents
 training materials developed or modified during the
maintenance process.
8
Software Application Testing
 A master test plan is developed during the
analysis phase.
 During the design phase, unit, integration and
system test plans are developed.
 The actual testing is done during
implementation.
 Written test plans provide improved
communication among all parties involved in
testing.

9
Seven Different Types of Tests
 Static or dynamic techniques
 Static testing means that the code being tested
is not executed.
 Dynamic testing involves execution of the code.
 Test is automated or manual
 Automatedmeans computer conducts the test.
 Manual means that people complete the test.

10
Seven Different Types of Tests
 Inspection: a testing technique in which
participants examine program code for predictable
language-specific errors
 Walkthrough: a peer group review of any product
created during the systems development process,
including code
 Desk checking: a testing technique in which the
program code is sequentially executed manually
by the reviewer

11
Seven Different Types of Tests (Cont.)

 Unit testing: each module is tested alone

in an attempt to discover any errors in its
code
 Integration testing: the process of
bringing together all of the modules that a
program comprises for testing purposes
 Modulesare typically integrated in a top-down
incremental fashion.
12
Seven Different Types of Tests (Cont.)

 System testing: the bringing together of

all of the programs that a system
comprises for testing purposes
 Programs are typically integrated in a top-
down, incremental fashion.
 System testing is also about testing if the
system meets its objective.

13
Seven Different Types of Tests (Cont.)

 Stub testing: a technique used in testing

modules, especially where modules are
written and tested in a top-down fashion,
where a few lines of code are used to
substitute for subordinate modules

14
The Testing Process
 The purpose of testing is to confirm that
the system satisfies the requirements.
 Testing must be planned.
 Testcase is a specific scenario of
transactions, queries or navigation paths.

15
The Testing Process (Cont.)
 Test cases represent either:
 Typical system use
 Critical system use, or
 Abnormal system use.
 Test cases and results should be
thoroughly documented so they can be
repeated for each revision of an
application.

16
Test case results form 17
Testing Harness
 Automated testing environment
 Reviews code for:
 Errors
 Standards violations
 Other design flaws
 Expand the scope of the tests beyond the
current development platform

18
Acceptance Testing by Users
 Acceptance testing: the process whereby
actual users test a completed information
system, the end result of which is the
users’ acceptance of it

19
Acceptance Testing by Users
(Cont.)
 Alpha testing: user testing of a completed
information system using simulated data
 Beta testing: user testing of a completed
information system using real data in the
real user environment

20
Installation
 Installation: the organizational process
of changing over from the current
information system to a new one
 Four installation strategies:
 Direct Installation
 Parallel Installation
 Single-location installation
 Phased Installation

21
Direct Installation
 Direct installation: changing over from
the old system to a new one by turning off
the old system when the new system is
turned on

22
Parallel Installation
 Parallel installation: running the old
information system and the new one at the
same time until management decides the
old system can be turned off

23
Single-Location Installation
 Single-location installation: trying out an
information system at one site and using
the experience to decide if and how the
new system should be deployed
throughout the organization
 Also known as location or pilot installation

24
Single-Location Installation
(cont.)

25
Phased Installation
 Phased Installation: changing from the
old information system to the new one
incrementally, starting with one or a few
functional components and then gradually
extending the installation to cover the
whole new system

26
Phased Installation (cont.)

27
Planning Installation
 Considerations
Data conversion
 Errorcorrection
 Loading from current system

Planned system shutdown

Business cycle of organization

28
Documenting the System
 System documentation: detailed
information about a system’s design
specifications, its internal workings, and its
functionality
 User documentation: written or other
visual information about an application
system, how it works, and how to use it

29
Training and Supporting Users
 Support: providing ongoing educational
and problem-solving assistance to
information system users
 For in-house developed systems, support
materials and jobs will have to be
prepared or designed as part of the
implementation process.

30
Organizational Issues in Systems
Implementation
 Why does implementation sometimes fail?
 Traditional wisdom of primary success factors:
 Management support
 User involvement
 But these are not enough

 Other important factors

 Commitment to project
 Commitment to change
 Extent of project definition and planning

31
Factors Influencing System Use
 Personal stake of users
 System characteristics
 User demographics
 Organizational support
 Performance
 Satisfaction

32
Project Close-Down
 Evaluate team.
 Reassign members to other projects.
 Notify all affected parties that the
development project is ending and that you
are switching to operation and maintenance
mode.
 Conduct post project reviews.
 Close out customer contract.
 Formal signoff

33
Conducting Systems
Maintenance
 Maintenance refers to changes made to a
system to fix or enhance its functionality.
 A significant portion of an organization’s
budget for information systems goes to the
maintenance of existing systems.

34
35
The Cost of Maintenance
 Information systems maintenance costs
are a significant expenditure.
 Maintainability is the ease with which
software can be understood, corrected,
adapted, and enhanced.
 Systems with low maintainability result in
uncontrollable maintenance expenses.

36
The Cost of Maintenance
cont’d..
 Factors influencing the maintainability of a
system:
 Latent defects: This is the number of unknown errors
existing in the system after it is installed.
 Number of customers for a given system: In general, the
greater the number of customers, the greater the
maintenance costs.
 Quality of system documentation: Without quality
documentation, maintenance effort can increase
exponentially.
 Maintenance personnel
 Tools
 Well-structured programs 37
Other Maintenance Issues
 Measuring maintenance effectiveness
 Number of failures
 Time between each failure
 Type of failure
 Controlling maintenance requests
 Categorization
 Prioritization
 Configuration management: the process of ensuring
that only authorized changes are made to a system

38