UNIT 1

DATA
What data is and how it works?

 Data can be defined as a systematic record of a

particular quantity. It is the different values of that
quantity represented together in a set.

 It is a collection of facts and figures to be used for a

specific purpose such as a survey or analysis.

 When arranged in an organized form, can be called

information.

 The source of data (primary data, secondary data) is

also an important factor.
Types of Data

Data may be qualitative or quantitative. Once you

know the difference between them, you can know
how to use them.

Qualitative Data: They represent some characteristics

or attributes. They depict descriptions that may be
observed but cannot be computed or calculated.

For example, data on attributes such as intelligence,

honesty, cleanliness, and creativity collected using
the students of your class a sample would be
classified as qualitative.
Quantitative Data: These can be measured
and not simply observed. They can be
numerically represented and calculations can
be performed on them.

For example, data on the number of students

playing different sports from your class gives
an estimate of how many of the total students
play which sport. This information is
numerical and can be classified as
quantitative.
Data Collection- Primary and Secondary

Depending on the source, it can classify as

primary data or secondary data.

Primary Data:- These are the data that are

collected for the first time by an investigator
for a specific purpose.

Primary data are ‘pure’ in the sense that no

statistical operations have been performed on
them and they are original. An example of
primary data is the Census of India.
Secondary Data

They are the data that are sourced from someplace that has
originally collected it. This means that this kind of data
has already been collected by some researchers or
investigators in the past and is available either in
published or unpublished form.

This information is impure as statistical operations may

have been performed on them already.

An example is an information available on the Government

of India, the Department of Finance’s website or in other
repositories, books, journals, etc.
Discrete and Continuous Data

 Discrete Data: These are data that can take only

certain specific values rather than a range of values.

 For example, data on the blood group of a certain

population or on their genders is termed as discrete
data.

 A usual way to represent this is by using bar charts.

 Continuous Data: These are data that can take

values between a certain range with the highest and
lowest values.
The difference between the highest and lowest
value is called the range of data. For example,
the age of persons can take values even in
decimals or so is the case of the height and
weights of the students of your school. These are
classified as continuous data.

Continuous data can be tabulated in what is called a

frequency distribution.
They can be graphically represented using histograms.
Describe the relationship between Data and Information
Data are the raw alphanumeric values obtained
through different acquisition methods.
Data in their simplest form consist of raw
alphanumeric values.
Information is created when data are processed,
organized, or structured to provide context and
meaning.
 Information is essentially processed data.
Explain data's role in representing objects

Within each data object, a data type

represents the technical implementation for
the data object, such as the names and types
of fields used to capture and present
information about the entity.

Collectively, the different fields represent a

single type of object and define the structure
of the data objects.
The concept of data ownership and the relationships between
people in a business enterprise
Data ownership refers to both the possession
of and responsibility for information.
Ownership implies power as well as control.

The control of information includes not just

the ability to access, create, modify, package,
derive benefit from, sell or remove data, but
also the right to assign these access privileges
to others.
 Data ownership can be classified into four types,
depending on the source and nature of the data:
Business, Technical, Legal, and Ethical.

 Business data owners are the ones who generate,

collect, or consume data for business purposes,
such as marketing, sales, or customer service.
Technical data owners are the ones who
manage, store, or process data using
technical systems, such as databases, servers,
or cloud platforms.

Legal data owners are the ones who have the

legal rights or obligations over data, such as
intellectual property, privacy, or compliance.
Ethical data owners are the ones who have
the moral duty or accountability for data,
such as social responsibility, fairness, or
transparency as well as the balance between
individual rights and public benefits.
How data are used in Organization?

 Data allows organizations to effectively determine

the cause of problems.
 Data allows organizations to visualize
relationships between what is happening in
different locations, departments, and systems.

 Tracking and reviewing data from business

processes helps you uncover performance
breakdowns so you can better understand each
part of the process and know which steps need to
be fixed and which are performing well.
Companies measure brand and customer
experiences using data on consumer
satisfaction, product desirability, and
purchase decisions.

Marketing agencies use this data for direct

consumer research and creative analysis.
Good data allows organizations to establish
baselines, benchmarks, and goals to keep
moving forward.

A baseline is a fixed point of reference that is used for

comparison purposes.

Benchmarking is a process that involves measuring the

performance of your business against a competitor in
the same market.
Make Informed Decisions. [Showing the person all
of the options and enable them to point to the one they
wish to choose.]

Data = Knowledge. Knowledge is what we know

Knowledge find solutions to problems

END
QUIZ

1. ___________can be tabulated in what is called a

frequency distribution

2. ________________refers to both the

possession of and responsibility for information.

Match the following:

3. Quantitative data - Interview

4. Qualitative data - Experiments

5. Primary Data –privacy

6. Secondary Data –social responsibility

7. Discrete Data- marketing

8. Continuous Data - database

9. Business data owners- Student Count

10. Technical data owners - No of Stars in space

11. Legal data owners - Wisdom

12. Ethical data owners - Height

QUIZ

 1. Continuous data can be tabulated in what is called a frequency

distribution
 Match the following:
 2. Quantitative data - Wisdom
 3. Qualitative data - Height
 4. Primary Data - Interview
 5. Secondary Data - Experiments
 6. Discrete Data- Student Count
 7. Continuous Data - No of Stars in space
 8. Business data owners- marketing
 9. Technical data owners - database
 10. Legal data owners - privacy
 11. Ethical data owners - social responsibility
 12. Data ownership refers to both the possession of and responsibility
for information.