Pragmatics

Adinda Rahayu Ulya Khoirunnisa

Ilpa Rahmawati
Indah Nur Af’idatun Fithroh
Tri Intan Febriany
From : 10th group
TBI B
What is pragmatics ?
Aitchison (2003) :

A branch of linguistics which studies the meaning aspect which

can’t be nabbed by semantics theory is Pragmatics

Poole (2000)
Pragmatics is the field of linguistic which studies about the
sentence which have the meaning that is just and only
delivered by whole not word by word

Wikipedia.id

The branch of linguistics which study the relation between

the outside context of language with the aims of speech.
Field of Pragmatics

Cooperative Principle

Discourse Analysis

Speech act

Politeness
Cooperative principle
• Definition:
Based one Aitchison (2003), the cooperative principle is a principle of conversation that was
proposed by Grice 1975, stating that participants expect that each will make a “conversational
contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or
direction of the talk exchange . “
• Discussion:
The cooperative principle, along with the conversational maxims, partly accounts for conversational
implicatures. Participants assume that a speaker is being cooperative, and thus they make
conversational implicatures about what is said.
• Examples:
(English)
When a speaker makes an apparently uninformative remark such as “War is war,” the addressee
assumes that the speaker is being cooperative and looks for the implicature the speaker is making
Grace’s Maxim

Maxim of
quantity

Maxim of
quality

Maxim of
relevance

Maxim of
manner
Discourse Analysis
• The study which deals with this topic is called as Discourse Analysis.
(aitchison, 2003).
• Discourse analysis or conversation analysis is studies the organization and
dynamic conversation (Poole, 2000).
• Study which is concerned with the way of speakers combine the sentence
into comprehensive speech unit (Fromkin, Roadman & Hyams, 2003)
• Discourse analysis is a research method for studying written or spoken
language in relation to its social context. It aims to understand how
language is used in real life situations.
• Discourse analysis is a common qualitative research method in many
humanities and social science disciplines, including linguistics, sociology,
anthropology, psychology and cultural studies.
Discourse Analysis
• When you do discourse analysis, you might focus on:
The purposes and effects of different types of language
Cultural rules and conventions in communication
How values, beliefs and assumptions are communicated
How language use relates to its social, political and historical context

• Materials that are suitable for discourse analysis include:

Books, newspapers and periodicals
Marketing material, such as brochures and advertisements
Business and government documents
Websites, forums, social media posts and comments
Steps of Discourse Analysis

Step 1: Define the research question and

select the content of analysis

Step 2: Gather information and theory on

the context

Step 3: Analyze the content for themes

and patterns

Step 4: Review your results and draw

conclusions
Speech Act

Speech-act theory is a
subfield of pragmatics. It
is study whom concerned
Speech act are Uttered with the ways in which
word process by speaker words can be used not
which is sometime only to present
Process to attempt the substituing or transleting information but also to
categorisation of utterance speech for action (aitchison, carry out actions.
is called as speech act 2003).
(Poole, 200o)
Types of speech
act

Indirect speech
Direct speech act
act

Happines
Felicity Condition
condition
Families of Speech Acts
Verdictives

Commissives
Illocutionary
Acts Behabitives

Expositives
Politeness

What is Aitchison (2003) said that politeness is thing which must

politeness ? be haven by human. Human tend to be polite to another.
It seems to follow two social requifment : ‘ Don’t
criticize! ’ and ‘ Don’t interfere! ’
Politeness is a practical application of good manners or
etiquette. It is vary between cultures.
Face of
politeness

Positive Negative
politeness politeness

Be able to
Be like admirer
act freely
Show
Face-saving awarness to
acts. another
person’

Goal of
Politeness
Politeness Strategies
• ● Shut the door!
- Does not leave the hearer with any choice.
- Makes the speaker sound more powerful.
Provisional language : using if, would, can, etc.
The point is make refusing easier. For example:
• Please : Shut the door, please.
• Hedges : If it isn't too much trouble, shut the door
Phrases of expression commonly used in politeness

• Will you...?
• Would you...?
• Will you please...?
• Would you please...?
• Could you...?
• Can you...?
• Can you please...?
• Would you mind...?
• Why don't you...? (Informal)
Few politenees sentence pattern

• Would you Would you like to help me?

Wo • Would you pass me the salt over there, please?
uld
• Would you mind if i sit here?
you
... ?
Cou
• Could you please move to another chair?
ld • Could you bring my bag ?
you
... ?
• Shall i bring you a pillow ?
Sh • Shall I borrow your clothes ?
all I
... ?
Ma • May I give you a hand
y • May I help you
I ...
?
• Can I do the dishes for you ?
Can
I ... • Can I bring your bag ?
?
Thank you