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Program Reflection Questions

Why are you studying electrical

and electronics engineering?!!

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Course Reflection Questions

What are the difference

between electrical and
electronics engineering?!

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Course Reflection Questions

Can you control power flow

from a source to a load as per
requirement of the load?
Yes or No.

If yes, How?!

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INTRODUCTION
 An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the
elements.
 Circuit analysis is the process of determining, and, voltages
across (or the currents through) the elements of the circuit.
 Two types of elements are found in electric circuits, passive
and active. An active element is capable of generating energy
while a passive element is not.
 Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and
inductors. Typical active elements include generators,
batteries, and operational amplifiers.

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INTRODUCTION
 There are two kinds of sources that generally deliver power to
the circuit.
 An ideal independent source is an active element that provides
a specified voltage or current that is completely independent
of other circuit elements.
 Examples of these sources are batteries and generators.

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INTRODUCTION
 An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element
in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage
or current.
 control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or
current of some other element in the circuit, and the source
can be voltage or current

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INTRODUCTION
 To actually determine the current, Voltage, and power in an
electric circuit, it is necessary to know some fundamental
laws, techniques, and theorems that govern an electric circuit
and its analysis.
 The fundamental laws are Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws.
 The techniques include combining resistors in series or
parallel, voltage division, current division, and delta-to-wye
and wye-to-delta transformations.
 Theorems include; Mesh, Nodal, Norton and Thevenin
theorems, and maximum power transfer.

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INTRODUCTION

10
INTRODUCTION
Some Important Terms, and Laws
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching
zero (R=0).
An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching infinity.
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric
current; it is measured in mhos or Siemens (S).

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INTRODUCTION
Some Important Terms, and Laws
A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches. Node a, b and c
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source
or a resistor. a ---- b
A loop is any closed path in a circuit. Eg; a—b---c--a

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INTRODUCTION
Some Important Terms, and Laws
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of
all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

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WYE – DELTA CONNECTION
 Situations often arise in circuit
analysis when the resistors are
neither in parallel nor in series.
Consider the circuit below;
 These networks occur by
themselves or as part of a larger
network.
 They are used in three-phase
networks, electrical filters, and
matching networks.

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WYE – DELTA CONNECTIONS
 As an engineer is important to identify them when they occur
as part of a network and How to apply wye-delta
transformation in the analysis of that network.

Two forms of the same network (a) Y and (b)T 15

WYE – DELTA CONNECTIONS

 To do transformation is very ease task for engineers.

Two forms of the same network (a) ∆ and (b) π 16

WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

Delta to Wye Conversion

Suppose it is more convenient to work with a wye network in a
place where the circuit contains a delta configuration.
We superimpose a Wye network on the existing delta network
and find the equivalent resistances in the Wye network.

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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

Delta to Wye Conversion

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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

Delta to Wye Conversion

Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the resistors in
the two adjacent branches, divided by the sum of the three
resistors.

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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

Wye to Delta Conversion

To obtain the conversion formulas for transforming a wye
network to an equivalent delta network.

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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

Wye to Delta Conversion

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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

Wye to Delta Conversion

Each resistor in the network is the sum of all possible products
of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y
resistor
Balanced Wye and Delta networks
The Wye and Delta networks are said to be balanced when;

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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
 Always Wye resistance is less than Delta resistance because
Wye resistance is like a series connection while delta
resistance is like a parallel connection.
 EXAMPLE 01: Convert the delta network to an equivalent
wye network.

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WYE – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
 EXAMPLE 02: Transform the Wye network in the figure
below to a equivalent delta network

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TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

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NODAL ANALYSIS
 Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing
circuits using node voltages as the circuit variables.
 Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit
variables is convenient and reduces the number of equations
one must solve simultaneously.
 Nodal analysis is also known as the node-voltage method.
 Given a circuit with n nodes without voltage sources, the
nodal analysis of the circuit involves taking the following
three steps.

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NODAL ANALYSIS
Steps to Determine Node Voltages
1.Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages V1,
V2………..Vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes. The voltages are
referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.

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NODAL ANALYSIS
 The reference node is commonly called the ground since it is
assumed to have zero potential.
 A reference node is indicated by any of the three below
symbols. The type of ground in Fig.(c) is called a chassis
ground and is used in devices where the case, enclosure, or
chassis acts as a reference point for all circuits

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NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 03: Calculate the nodal voltage for the given circuit

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NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 04: Calculate the node voltages and currents for the
given circuit below

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NODAL ANALYSIS
Class work 02: Calculate the node voltages for the given circuit
below

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NODAL ANALYSIS
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
We now consider how voltage sources affect nodal analysis.
CASE 1: If a voltage source is connected between the
reference node and a non-reference node, we simply set the
voltage at the non-reference node equal to the voltage of the
voltage source.
CASE 2: If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is
connected between two non-reference nodes, the two non-
reference nodes form a generalized node or Supernode.

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NODAL ANALYSIS
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

A supernode is formed by
enclosing a (dependent or
independent) voltage source
connected between two non-
reference nodes and any elements
connected in parallel with it.

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NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 05: For the circuit shown below find the node voltages

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NODAL ANALYSIS
Class work 03: Find V and I in the circuit shown below

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MESH ANALYSIS
 A loop is a closed path with no node passed more than once.
 A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop within
it.
 Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a
given circuit, while mesh analysis applies KVL to find
unknown currents.
 Mesh analysis is not quite as general as nodal analysis
because it is only applicable to a circuit that is planar.

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MESH ANALYSIS
 A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no
branches crossing one another; otherwise it is nonplanar

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MESH ANALYSIS
Steps to Determine Mesh currents
1.Assign mesh currents i1, i2………..in to the n meshes.
2.Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to
express the voltage in terms of the mesh currents.
3.Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh
currents

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MESH ANALYSIS
Example 5: Calculate mesh currents in the circuit shown below

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MESH ANALYSIS
Example 6: Find the branch currents using mesh analysis

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MESH ANALYSIS
Class works 04: Find the branch currents using mesh analysis

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MESH ANALYSIS
 Applying mesh analysis to circuits containing current sources
(dependent or independent) may appear complicated.
 But it is actually much easier than what we encountered in the
previous section because the presence of the current sources
reduces the number of equations.

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MESH ANALYSIS
 Class work 4: Calculate Io

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MESH ANALYSIS
 CASE1: When a current source exists only in one mesh

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MESH ANALYSIS
 CASE 2: When a current source exists between two meshes
 We create a Supermesh by excluding the current source and
any elements connected in series with it.
 A Supermesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or
independent) current source in common.

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MESH ANALYSIS
 CASE2: Example

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MESH ANALYSIS
Class works 05: Find the branch currents using mesh analysis

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MESH VS NODAL ANALYSIS
Given a network to be analyzed, how do we know which
method is better or more efficient?

First factor: The nature of the particular network

Networks that contain many series-connected elements,
voltage sources, or Supermeshes are more suitable for mesh
analysis,
Whereas networks with parallel-connected elements, current
sources, or Supernodes are more suitable for nodal analysis.

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MESH VS NODAL ANALYSIS

First factor:
Also, a circuit with fewer nodes than meshes is better analyzed
using nodal analysis,
While a circuit with fewer meshes than nodes is better
analyzed using mesh analysis.
The key is to select the method that results in the smaller
number of equations.

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MESH VS NODAL ANALYSIS

Second factor: The information required

If node voltages are required, it may be expedient to apply
nodal analysis.
If branch or mesh currents are required, it may be better to use
mesh analysis

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TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

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END OF LECTURE 1

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