THE PERSECUTIONS,

ENTRAPMENT
AND EXILE:
FORMENTING THE
REVOLUTIONARY
MIND
H A C I E N D A
TH E
C A L A MB A
E V I C TI O N
While in Brussels in 1890, Rizal was informed through

several letters, by his family members of the continued

persecution of his family and townmates over the

conflict in the Calamba Estate with the Dominican

Friars. Paciano informed Rizal of the petition to evict

the tenants in Calamba.

Background of the Hacienda
Calamba Eviction:
The tenants in Hacienda de Calamba got evicted due to a series of
economic and agricultural crises that affected the region.
Here is a sequence outlining the reasons for their eviction:

 Rising Rents and Low Sugar Prices (1885): In June 1885, all tenants in the hacienda
defaulted on their annual rents.

 Eviction Threat (1885): To penalize the tenants for their lack of punctuality, the
hacienda administrator declared all lands vacant and invited citizens from other towns to
take over the lands. Some tenants managed to pay their rent by selling their sugar at
distressingly low prices, while others ignored the administrator's demands. Only a few
investors responded to the invitation, and the administrator eventually softened his
stance, sparing most tenants from eviction.
 Locust Infestation (1886): In 1886, the sugar harvest was initially promising, but the price of
sugar plummeted when it came time to sell. Additionally, locusts infested the region,
devastating both palay and sugar cane plantations. Once again, tenants struggled to meet their
rental obligations.

 Rising Rent and Agricultural Crisis (1886): Paciano Rizal, contemplating giving up his rented
lands in Pansol, noted that the rents were too high, and the poor sugar prices made it
impossible for farmers to support themselves.

 Agricultural and Livestock Crisis (1887): In 1887, the Philippines faced a severe commercial
and agricultural crisis, compounded by the outbreak of the rinderpest epidemic. The epidemic
devastated livestock in the region and caused livestock prices to skyrocket. These challenges
further exacerbated the tenants' ability to pay their annual rents.
 Formal Petition for Eviction (1889): On August 21, 1889, Friar
Gabriel Fernandez, the administrator of the Hacienda on behalf of
the Corporacion de Padres Dominicos de Filipinas , filed a formal
petition to declare the estate, rented and held by defaulting tenants,
as vacant. This marked the culmination of the economic and
agricultural difficulties faced by the tenants, leading to their
eventual eviction from Hacienda de Calamba.
The Friars Persecution to Rizal’s
Relatives:

 Rizal relatives and townspeople were persecuted by the Friars.

 Mariano Herbosa, Lucia's husband, died of cholera on May 23, 1889 and Mariano was
denied a Christian and cemetery burial due to not confessing since his marriage.
Additionally, In Jose’s article in La Solidaridad entitled Una profanacion (‘A
Profanation’), he scornfully attacked the friars for declining to bury in ‘sacred ground’
a ‘good Christian’ simply because he was the “brother-in-law of Rizal”.

 Rizal was deeply affected by this incident and found himself solace in letters from his
sister detailing Mariano's misfortune. After Mariano's death, Lucia was ordered to
leave their house.
Manuel Hidalgo Deportation and His
Request to Rizal
 Manuel Hidalgo, Rizal's brother-in-law, informed him of the Governor Heneral
actions. Governor Heneral, along with the Rector of the Dominican University and
two priests, intimidated and harassed tenants in Calamba and demanded rental
payments, threatened lashes and exile people for non-compliance.

 Hidalgo faced deportation due to accusations of inciting people not to pay rentals.

 He asked Jose Rizal to appeal to the Spanish government, but Rizal knew his
influence was limited.

 Elejorde from Calamba reported that Spanish officials were confiscating Rizal's
brother-in-law’s lands and planned to do the same to Rizal's supporters.
People's Support for Rizal and the
Evection:
 The local people regarded Rizal as their "Savior" and even
contributed 30 pesos for his homecoming.
 Rizal arrived in Madrid in August 1890 feeling helpless and
unable to assist his townmates and relatives.
 He received a copy of the order ejecting Francisco Rizal
and others from Calamba
THE EFFECTS OF NOLI ME
TANGERE:
TRIALS AND PERSECUTIONS OF
RIZAL’S FAMILY
 The book was setting the Filipinos on fire  Lucia Rizal – was ordered to appear in court, to
- In response to Rizal’s actions, the friars responded by abandon the house she had been building since her

subjecting his family and the town to persecution husband’s death.

 Manuel T. Hidalgo
 May 23, 1889 – Mariano Herbosa died because of
- Rizal’s brother-in-law
cholera
- who had been released from exile for good behavior,
- He was buried on a small hill outside of the town
was back in Calamba and kept Jose awake at nights
rather than in the cemetery, as the Spanish friar of
by the news he wrote.
Calamba had forbidden it. - He wrote a news to Rizal that the Governor General,

 Lucia wrote tragically to her brother. the rector of the University and the two Dominicans
will come on 27th of May
“Since the death of Mariano, the misfortunes which follow
me have had almost no interruption. When I think my mind
will be overwhelmed, the only consolation I can find is to
read your letters, which serve as balm to my miseries. Now
abuse, folly and despotism are on the throne.“
- had received a new order for his deportation.
- The trustee stated that Hidalgo was the individual
who had encouraged the people to withhold their
- One day, a telegram arrived from Manila, asking him to
payments and was responsible for the conflict in
work on securing the freedom of prisoners in the
Calamba
Philippines.
- He sent a letter asking Rizal to seek help from the
 In August 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid, carrying a
Spanish government to stop his exile. However, Jose
heavier heart than he had ever experienced
knew that anything he said would make things worse.
throughout his sorrowful life.
 The next bad news came from druggist Elejorde of  Silvestre Ubaldo had already provided him with a
Calamba. copy of the eviction order issued by the Calamba
estate against Francisco Rizal and others.
- “They have chased your brothers-in-law, and I hear
they are going to do the same with all your supporters;
they have accused my brother of putting his faith in
Jose Rizal and so not paying fees for mass.”
THE TURKEY
CONTROVERSY
 The conflict between the people of Calamba and the Dominican hacienda was not
directed against the church or religion.
 It was a fight between Spanish landlords and Filipino tenants, and it could have
just as easily happened on the larger non-religious estates.
 The Lay-brother (religious brother) Manager offered to provide Rizal's father
with anything he required, but Rizal's father requested only a turkey.
 EPIDEMIC
- was the reason why most of the turkeys died but there are few that remained for
breeding purposes
 Rizal's parents were given a document by the manager stating that Rizal's father's
rent had gone up to one-third of its previous amount.
 Rizal received terrible news from Saturnina
“Our parents were ordered to get out of our home. They were told that this
action was required by the order of dispossession and ejectment against them.”
 Paciano, Antonio, Dandoy, Silvestre, and Teong, along with Narcisa and Saturnina,
chose the path of exile to Mindoro.
 The priars and the government took away their land and properties
 His brother and brother-in-law exiled, his town was destroyed, not much left from
their town
 Unfortunately, Jose Rizal is in Hong Kong, and he lacks the funds to purchase
tickets for his return home.
THE SETTLEMENT WITH DON FRANCISCO IRIARTE AS ARBITRATOR

1. for the tenants now to be allowed to return to their land

2. for all titles to be examined by three attorneys to be named by agreement by both
sides
3. for the tenants to be permitted to stay on them until the case is settled

 JANUARY AND FEBRUARY

- They were thrown out and had everything taken away from them, including their
land, houses, animals, and the crops they had worked hard to produce, like sugar,
rice, and other fruits.
- More than three hundred families were victims of these brutal acts.
- Some live under the shade of the trees.
THE CONTINUING TRIALS AND PERSECUTIONS  Graciano Jaena established La Solidaridad.

 The severe wave of persecution increased, worsening  October 18, 1891 - Jose Rizal left for Hong Kong

the effects on Rizal's family, his town, and himself. on the S.S. Melbourne, and he had 800 copies of the
first edition of "El Filibusterismo" with him.
 His works had already been prohibited in the
 Dr. Lorenzo Marques - A well-known Portuguese
Philippines
doctor respected Rizal's surgical abilities and
 Hidalgo told him that since January there are many
assisted him in establishing his ophthalmology
reports about his death
practice when he arrived in Hong Kong.
 His friends told him not to go back to the Philippines
APPEAL TO QUEEN
because they knew it would likely lead to his death.
 Queen Maria Christina - A woman from Austria who
FROM EUROPE TO HONG KONG
married King Alfonso of Spain in 1879 and later
 Rizal became involved in a political controversy among became the queen regent.
Filipinos. - Jose Rizal's initial action involved seeking her
 One group wanted him to be the Filipino leader, while assistance to prevent the deportation of 25

the other group supported Marcelo H. Del Pilar. individuals from Calamba, which included his family,

 He heard a rumor that certain Filipinos in Madrid and to ensure their protection
- If the queen regent did not approve his appeal,
were receiving money from the Philippines by using his
Jose's backup plan was to turn to Queen Victoria of
name.
England.
THE BORNEO PLAN GOVERNOR DESPUJOL: A FRIEND OR A TRAITOR?

 Jose Rizal's plan involved relocating his family and 300  Governor Despujol - the second Governor de la

displaced families from Calamba to Borneo. Torre, was the most open-minded leader that the
Philippines had in the 19th century.
 To establish a Filipino Colony under the British flag.
- On his birthday, March 17, 1892, issued orders to
 The British Governor pledged to grant the Filipinos a
exile 13 of the 17 relatives and supporters of Jose
total of 100,000 hectares of land, a beautiful harbor,
Rizal who were in Jolo, Sulu.
and an effective administration for 999 years, all
 Jose Rizal wrote a letter to Governor Despujol,
without charging any taxes. congratulating him and offering assistance, but the

 Even though he encountered many challenges, he began governor general did not respond. Instead, the
persecution of Calamba continued nonstop.
to reunite his beloved family and friends in Hong Kong.
 On December 12, 1891, he sent a letter to his sister
Maria, informing her that his father, Paciano, and
Bestre were with him.
 Rizal's mother and his sisters Lucia, Pangoy, Josefa,
and Trinidad reached Hong Kong after a rough sea
voyage that made many of them seasick.
THE
ENTRAPMENT
RIZAL’S ARREST - Also, showed pillows and a sleeping mat where the leaflets
 Rizal returned to Malacañang Palace on July 6 for his were allegedly hidden, and he asked if these items
planned meeting with the Governor General. belonged to Rizal.
- He did not know that this would be their last meeting with - In response, Rizal explained that those belongings

Despujol. belonged to his sister Lucia.

- - The Governor General appeared to doubt Rizal's response.

In the course of the meeting, the Governor General once
- Consequently, he notified Rizal that he would be
again asked Rizal about his intention to go back to Hong
temporarily placed under arrest.
Kong.
- The Governor General assigned his nephew and assistant,
- Rizal restated his plan to return to Hong Kong.
Ramon Despujol, to accompany Rizal to Fort Santiago.
 The Governor General surprised Rizal with his next - Rizal was then detained at Fort Santiago for the

question, asking if he had any anti-friar leaflets in his meantime.

- Governor General did not conduct a thorough
possession.
- investigation of the leaflets and their discovery in Rizal's
Rizal responded negatively, denying that he had such
baggage.
leaflets.
- It was revealed that the leaflets in question were printed
- Despujol showed him a leaflet titled "Pobres Frailes" (Poor
at a press associated with the Augustinian order.
Friars) and informed him that these leaflets were found in - Allegations arose that these leaflets were placed in
his hotel baggage. Rizal's baggage on the orders of the friars, specifically
by the nephew of Archbishop Nozaleda.
DECREE OF DEPORTATION
 Many people were taken by surprise when, the day after his arrest, the Governor General issued
an order for Rizal's deportation to Dapitan.
 The official decree of deportation was published in the Graceta de Manila on July 7, 1892.
 It was believed that the Governor General's decision was influenced by advice from the Jesuits,
who wanted Rizal to be banished to Dapitan, where they were responsible for the parish.
 The deportation decree stated that Rizal had published multiple books that were openly critical
of the Catholic Church and the Spanish government.
 It also referred to the discovery of the leaflets in Rizal's possession when he arrived in Hong
Kong.
 In the decree, Despujol prohibited the introduction and distribution of Rizal's writings into the
Philippines.
 He also urged individuals in possession of such writings to surrender them to the authorities.
 Failure to comply with this directive would result in penalties.
RIZAL IN FORT SANTIAGO
 He spent eight days in isolation at Fort Santiago before his eventual banishment
to Dapitan.
 Fortunately, Rizal was treated well during his temporary detention at Fort
Santiago. He had a furnished room with typical amenities, including a cot, chairs, a
table, a washbasin, and a mirror.
 In his own account, Rizal mentioned that the room had three windows: one without
bars facing the courtyard, another barred window with a view of the city wall
and the Bay Shore, and a third window that served as a locked door.
 The Commandant at Fort Santiago welcomed Rizal warmly, treating him unlike an
ordinary prisoner.
 This kind officer provided Rizal with well-prepared meals and even lent him some
books from his own personal library.
RIZAL BOUND TO DAPITAN

 Ramon Despujol personally came to Fort Santiago to inform Rizal about his
transfer to Dapitan.
 The scheduled departure time was 10:10 in the evening on July 14, and Rizal
prepared for the journey.
 However, his escorts did not arrive at the designated time, so Rizal went to sleep.
 He was awakened at midnight.
 Rizal was transported to the port using the same Palace coach that had brought him
to Fort Santiago.
 He was to be taken to Dapitan aboard the ferryboat "Cebu".
 General Ahumada and several others were present at the port, despite it being
past midnight, to see Rizal off.
 The ferryboat finally departed from the port for Dapitan at one o'clock in the
morning.
 On the ferryboat, Rizal received exceptional treatment, as if he were a high-
ranking official.
 The captain provided Rizal with a premium cabin designated as "JEFES," indicating
it was for commanding officers.
 He had a sentinel and a corporal assigned to guard him.
 Rizal dined in the officer's mess for his meals.
 The captain himself accompanied Rizal as he toured the ship's deck.
 The ferryboat "CEBU" reached Dapitan in the evening of July 17, 1892.
 Upon his arrival in the town, Rizal was welcomed by Ricardo Carnicero, the
political military commander of the district.
 Rizal was presented with two choices for his residence: he could either stay at
Carnicero's house or at the Jesuit Mission House.
RIZAL AND CARCINERO

 Rizal chose to stay at the residence of Ricardo Carnicero.

 Carnicero was assigned the responsibility of overseeing Rizal's activities and was
instructed to report to the Governor General.
 The Spanish Commander was aware that Rizal was not an ordinary deportee and
thus kept him under close observation.
 However, due to Rizal's natural charm and charisma, he and Carnicero developed a
strong friendship.
 Rizal deeply appreciated the kind treatment he received from Don Carnicero, and,
in return, held great respect for the local Governor.
 Carnicero granted Rizal the freedom to move about the town and only required
him to report once a week.
 They often shared meals together at Carnicero's house, which led to frequent conversations
between them.
 Carnicero got to know Rizal better through their discussions, and their interactions were so
significant that Carnicero included one of their conversations in his first report to the Governor
General.
 In this report dated August 30, 1892, Carnicero asked Rizal about the reforms he wished for
the Philippines, and Rizal's response aligned with what Carnicero desired.
 This report provided Rizal with an opportunity to communicate the political reforms he envisioned
for the Philippines to the Government.
 Rizal was aware that whatever he conveyed to Carnicero would likely reach Governor General
Despujol.
 On September 21, 1892, Carnicero submitted another report to the Governor General.
 In this report, Carnicero included two of the reforms that Rizal desired: freedom of religion and
freedom of the press.
THE
DI NG OF
FOUN

THE L A LI GA
 On the night of July 3, 1892, at a house in Tondo, Rizal founded and inaugurated La Liga
Filipina
 The motto of La Liga Filipina is “Unus instar omnium” or “one like the others”.
 Its officials were composed of Ambrosio Salvador (president), Agustin dela Rosa (fiscal),
Bonifacio Arellano (treasurer), and Deodato Arellano (secretary).
As listed in the constitution Rizal prepared, the Liga’s aims were:

1. Uniting the Philippine Archipelago in to a single homogenous body.

2. Equal and Mutual protection times of every grievance and need.
3. Safeguard against violence and injustice.
4. Encouragement of education, agricultural and industrial,
enterprises.
5. Putting reforms into practice.
The aims of the Liga were to be carried out through the creation of a governing
body composed of the Supreme Council, the Provincial Council, and the Popular
Council. The members were each to pay ten centavos as monthly dues. Each of the
members was free to choose a symbolic name for himself.

The members must:

1) Maintain utmost confidentiality in terms of the decisions of the association;

2) Must not treat anyone with disdain and must submit to humiliation; and
3) Obey without doubts every command that comes from the chief or councilor of
the association.
 the league was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help society
dispensing scholarship funds and legal aid, loaning capital and
setting up cooperatives.
 the Spanish authorities were so alarmed that they arrested Rizal on
July 6, 1892, a scant four days after the Liga was organized.

 With Rizal deported to Dapitan, the Liga became inactive until,

through the efforts of Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio, it
was reorganized.
 Apolinario Mabini became the secretary of
the Supreme Council.
 Upon his suggestion, the organization decided
to declare its support for La Solidaridad and
the reforms it advocated, raise funds for the
paper, and defray the expenses of deputies
advocating reforms for the country before
the Spanish Cortes.
The Split
 Bonifacio in particular exerted great efforts to organize chapters in various districts of
Manila.
 A few months later, however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved the society.
 The reformist leaders found out that most of the popular councils
 The Liga membership split into two groups: the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de
Compromisarios which pledged to continue supporting the La Solidaridad while the
radicals led by Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and secret society, the Katipunan.
THE EXILE AND
HIS LIFE IN
DAPITAN
 Rizal carried a letter from the Superior of the Jesuit Society
of the Philippines, Father Pablo Pastells.

 The said letter is to be given to the Jesuit Parish Priest in

Dapitan, Father Antonio Obach.
In the letter, the superior said that Rizal could stay and live in the
parish, BUT there are conditions provided:

1)That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning religion and make
statements that were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution

2) That he performs the church rites and makes a general confession of

his past life.

3)That henceforth he conducts himself in an exemplary manner as a

Spanish subject and a man of religion.
Wins in Manila Lottery
On September 21, 1892 the mail boat Butuan was approaching
the town of Dapitan carrying a Lottery ticket No. 9736 jointly
owned by Captain Carnicero, Dr. Rizal and Francisco Equilior won
the second prize of P20,000 in the government-owned Manila
Lottery.

Casa Redonda Piqueña is a replica of the hexagonal poultry of

Rizal. Restored to its original hexagonal form with similar
materials as the other huts, the poultry house is big enough to
accommodate a few dozen chickens.
RIZAL AS A
Casa
TEACHER
Cuadrada is a replica of
the pupils' classroom.
In his letter to Blumentritt, he once said:

"One can judge their enthusiasm for study

when, even though they have to work for
me; they worked in order to study."
RIZAL AS
PHYSICIAN
Casa Redonda - is a replica of the octagonal clinic of Rizal. Reconstructed
with similar materials as the main house, it now stands as a reminder of the
numerous medications performed by Rizal during his exile in Dapitan. It was
also here where he removed his mother's cataracts.

Casitas de Salud - are replicas of the hospital houses of Rizal and composed
of two little huts with a floor area of 70 square feet. Each hut, one for male
and the other for female, could accommodate two patients.
RIZAL AS SCIENTIST
Rizal found Mindanao as a rich virgin field for collecting Specimens. Together
with his students they explored on jungles and coasts to seek for some specimens
which will be sent to Europe and in return the European Scientist will send them
Scientific equipment.

 During his 4-year stay in Dapitan, he was able to build up a rich collection of
oncology which consists of 346 shells representing 203 species

He was able to discover rare species named after him. These were the:

1. flying dragon (DracoRizali)

2. toad (Rachophorous Rizali)

3. Small beetle (Apogonia Rizali)

RIZAL AS AN
ENGINEER
Rizal applied his knowledge through the waterworks system he
constructed in Dapitan.

RIZAL AS AN
INVENTOR
Little was known of Rizal. In 1887, during his medical practice in
Calamba, he invented a special type of lighter called sulpukan which
he sent to Blumentritt as a gift.
RIZAL AS AN AGRICULTURIST
Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and fruit- bearing trees in his 16-hectare land (later, reaching
as large as 70 hectares). He planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and coconuts, among many others.

RIZAL AS A LINGUIST
Rizal was interested in the languages used in Dapitan, thus, studied and made comparisons of the Bisayan and
Malayan languages existing in the region.

RIZAL AS BUSINESSMAN
Rizal engaged in the business industry in partnership with Ramon Carreon. The two made profitable business in
fishing, copra, and hemp industries
 Hemp Industry - was Rizal's most profitable business, he mentioned it on his letter to Blumentritt.
AS A CIVIC WORKER
Upon arriving in the province, he noticed its poor condition.

 He drained the marshes of Dapitan to get rid of malaria-carrying mosquitoes.

 He also provided lighting system coconut oil lamps posted in dark streets - in the province
out of what he earned from being a physician.
 He beautified Dapitan by remodeling the town plaza, with the aid of his Jesuit teacher,
Fr. Francisco Sanchez, and created a relief map of Mindanao (footnote: using stones, soil
and grass) right in front the church.

AFFAIR IN DAPITAN
The death of Leonor Rivera (August 28, 1893) left a poignant void in Rizal's heart. In his
loneliness, he met Josephine Bracken, an 18 y/o Irish girl who, to Wenceslao Retana's words,
was "slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity, with an
atmosphere of light (gaiety)."
THE
INCOMMUNICAD
O
AT FORT
July 6, 1892

They assigned me a fairly furnished room with a bed, a dozen chairs, one
table, a wash basin, and a mirror. The room had three windows; one
without grill which opens on a patio, another with grills which looks out on
the city walls and the beach and another which was the door closed with a
padlock. Two artillery men as sentinels guarded it. They had orders to
fire on anyone who might signal from the beach. I could not write nor
speak with anyone except the officer on duty.
THE END OF THE
DAPITAN EXILE
 When Cuba was under revolution and raging yellow fever epidemic,
Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon Blanco offering his service as
a military doctor.
 Governor General Ramon Blanco he approved the request of Rizal on
July 1, 1896
 At the midnight of that day, he left aboard the steamer España
 The townspeople of Dapitan wept because they considered Rizal as a
good son and neighbor
 He stayed in Dapitan for four years, thirteen days and a few hours.
 August 6, 1896 - upon arriving in Manila Bay, Rizal was not able to leave immediately for Spain since the
vessel Isla de Luzon already left
 He was transferred to Spanish cruiser Castilla and stayed there for a month from August 6 to September
2, 1896
 August 19, 1896 - the Katipunan plot to overthrow the Spanish rule by means of revolution, it was
discovered by Fr. Mariano Gil after Teodoro Patino's disclosure of organization's secrets
 At that time, Katipunan was already discovered and the Philippine Revolution was already raging
 August 26, 1896 - Bonifacio and Katipunan raised the Cry of Revolution (Sigaw sa
Pugadlawin) in the hills of Balintawak, a few miles North of Manila.
 In the afternoon, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the first eight
provinces for rising arms against Spain
 Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac
 Rizal received letters from Governor General Blanco which absolved him from all the blame for
the raging revolution
 He transferred to Isla de Panay which was sailing for Barcelona, Spain
 Don Pedro Roxas advised Rizal to stay and take advantage of the protection of British Law
ARREST AND
TRIALS
 September 30 - the Isla de Panay had already sailed past Port Said in Egypt
and was now sailing in the Mediterranean
 A telegraphic message was received ordering that Rizal be placed under
arrest
 Bernardino Nozaleda - Archbishop of Manila who clamored for the arrest of
Rizal who was said to be the spirit of Philippine Revolution
 October 3 - the Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona and Rizal was sent to a
prison-fortress, Montjuich Castle
 Rizal's interview with Despujol he would be shipped back to Manila
 On the night of the same day, after the interview, Rizal was taken aboard the
Colon which was loaded with Spanish troops sailed for Manila
 Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez - they exerted all their efforts to find a
lawyer in Singapore who could aid their friend
 Attorney Hugh Fort - an English lawyer in Singapore
 Unfortunately, Chief Justice Lionel, the judge in Singapore denied the request
 November 3, 1896 - the Colon arrived in Manila Bay and Rizal was taken to Fort Santiago
 November 20, 1896 - Rizal was brought before a Spanish military tribunal headed by
Colonel Francisco Olive
 Oral testimonies were taken and were used to implicate Rizal in the Philippine Revolution
 Governor General appointed Captain Rafael Dominquez to institute charges against Rizal
 Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade - the lawyer of Jose Rizal and brother of his former
bodyguard Jose Taviel de Andrade
 December 13 - the case was forwarded to Governor General Camilo de Polavieja -
replacement of Governor Blanco
 Rizal's actual trial began on December 26, 1896 and it was held at the Hall of Banners of
the Cuartel de España in Fort Santiago
 Rizal was charged with three crimes: rebellion, sedition and formation of illegal
associations
 In defending himself, Rizal presented twelve arguments
 The court judged Rizal guilty for the charges and voted for the death penalty
 December 28, 1896 - Governor General Polavieja signed Rizal's death warrant ordering
him to be shot at 7:00 o'clock in the morning at Bagumbayan
 Rizal signed it saying that he was innocent
RIZAL’S

FINAL DAYS
Rizal was transferred to the prison chapel
 Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata, Rector of the Ateneo Municipal and Fr. Luis Viza
 Fr. Viza brought the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
 Fr. Antonio Rosell - he ate breakfast with Rizal
 Lt. Taviel de Andrade - also arrived and Rizal thanked him for his gallant
services
 Fr. Balaguer - he remained with Rizal around noon

 At the three o’clock in the afternoon, Fr. Balaguer returned and tried to
persuade Rizal to retract his Masonic beliefs but Rizal remained firm

 After he left, Rizal’s mother and sisters arrived

1. During his "voluntary exile" he had published books and proclamations "of very
doubtful loyalty of Spain, which are not only frankly anti-Catholic, but
impudently anti-friar, and introduced these into the Archipelago.

2. A crtain "pamphlet" entitled "Poor Friars" was allegedly discovered in his

belongings.

3. His last book El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the memory of three traitors
to their country (Burgos, Zamora and Gomez), but extolled by him as martyrs.
Rizal also wrote in the epigraph of the title page of said book is the doctrine
that because of the vices and errors of the Spanish administration, there is no
other salvation for the Philippines than separation from the mother country.
 Rizal gave an alcohol stove to Trinidad which was a gift from Pardo de
Tavera and whispered to her in English "There is something inside"
 He also told her to look inside his shoes after he is executed
 After his family left, Fathers Vilaclara and Balaguer again arrived to
convince Rizal to retract
 By eight in the evening, Fr. Balaguer returned with Fr. Viza and again talked
with Rizal on religious matters. At this point, they were joined by Fiscal
Gaspar Castaño of the Royal Audiencia
 At around 10:00, a draft of retraction arrived from Archbishop Bernandino
Nozaleda

 Another draft of retraction was made by Fr. Pio Pi – the superior of the
Jesuit Mission in the Philippines
THANK
YOU!