COMPARATIVE

POLICE
SYSTEM
PREPARED BY:
BÉMA P. FULGENCIO
Comparative Police System
the science and art of investigating and
comparing the police system of nations.
It covers the study of police
organizations, trainings and methods of
policing of various nations.
Centralized Police
A country with only one recognized police
force which operates in the entire country. It
uses a centralized system of policing.
Philippines is an example of centralized police
because the Philippine National Police has one
central office with many regional, provincial
and local branches throughout the country.
Decentralized Police
A system where police
administrations and operations are
independent from one state to
another. It is more applicable to
countries with federal government.
Globalization
The process by which regional economies,
societies, and cultures, as well as
information ideas and even authority
become integrated by a global network of
political ideas through communications,
transportation, and trade.
Transnational crimes
Are crimes that occur across national borders. These
crimes are of heightened concern because the
countries affected don't have the jurisdiction to
prosecute criminals who are committing transnational
crimes from other countries. While many countries
combine forces to combat these crimes, drug
trafficking, money laundering, arms trafficking and
human trafficking are growing international problems.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
1. Is an activity that is considered criminal offense by at least two countries.
2. It is an offense that inception, prevention and/or indirect effects involved more than one country.

The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

defines “serious crime” as an offense that is transnational in nature and involves
an organized criminal group. An offense is “transnational” in nature when:

• It is committed in more than one state.

• It is committed in one state but substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or
control takes place in another state.
• It is committed in one state but involves an organized criminal group that engage in
criminal activities in more than one state.
• It is committed in one state but has substantial effects on another state.
Such crimes include:

• Terrorism
• Drug trafficking
• Organized crime
• Smuggling of migrants and trafficking in human beings, including children
• Cyber crime
• Money laundering
• Trafficking of stolen vehicles
• Intellectual property crimes
• Smuggling stolen artwork
• Financial and credit card fraud
• Smuggling and illicit trafficking in weapons and radioactive and nuclear
substances
NOTE:

• Transnational Crimes are especially concerned with

acts criminalized by laws of more than one country,
while

• International Crimes are crimes prohibited by

international laws, norms, treaties and customs.
TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

Terrorism - the unofficial or unauthorized

use of violence and intimidation in the
pursuit of political aims.
TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
Terrorism
Terrorism is a major social issue in the Philippines and is
linked to the Moro conflict and CPP-NPA-NDF rebellion.
Terrorism is a crime under the Human Security Act of 2007
and describe such acts as causing "widespread and
extraordinary fear and panic among the populace". The
first group to be officially listed as a terrorist organization
under the law is the Abu Sayyaf on September 10, 2015 by
the Basilan provincial court.
For brevity, the definition of terrorism used is drawn
from the United Nations General
Assembly condemnation:
"Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state
of terror in the general public, a group of persons or
particular persons for political purposes are in any
circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations
of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic,
religious or any other nature that may be invoked to
justify them”
TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
Drug Trafficking
Drug trafficking is a global illicit trade involving the
cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of
substances which are subject to drug
prohibition laws. United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime is continuously monitoring and
researching global illicit drug markets in order to
gain a more comprehensive understanding of their
dynamics. Drug trafficking is a key part of this
TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
Money Laundering
Money laundering refers to the process of criminals disguising the illegal
origins of their money. Money laundering occurs all over the world.
Criminals who get their money from illegal actions, such as prostitution,
smuggling or computer fraud typically launder their money in order not
to attract the attention of authorities. By not attracting attention from
authorities, criminals are able to fly under the radar and continue their
criminal activities, making even more money without getting in trouble.
Money laundering is done in three main ways: disguising the source of
the money -- such as disguising a prostitution ring as a massage parlor,
changing the form -- such as changing cash into a money order, or
moving the funds -- such as taking money from one large bank account
and putting it in several smaller accounts under different names.
TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
Arms Trafficking
Arms trafficking refers to the smuggling of guns, ammunition and other
weapons. When weapons are smuggled into a country and sold illegally,
buyers don't have to have any type of license or waiting period in order
to buy one. This makes it easier for criminals who can't purchase a
weapon legally to obtain one. Smuggled weapons typically end up in the
hands of criminals or people with criminal intentions. This causes more
crime to occur that could potentially be reduced if illegal arms trafficking
is reduced or eliminated. Stopping arms trafficking is difficult because
weapons have military, law enforcement and sport uses. This makes it
harder to determine if a weapon in the country and possessed legally.
TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

Human Trafficking
Human trafficking is a crime against humanity. It involves the sale,
transportation, receipt and harboring of human beings through the
use of force, threats or coercion with the intent to exploit the
individuals. Human trafficking often includes payment or money
transfer from a trafficker to a person in control of the victim.
Common reasons that humans are trafficked include for
prostitution, sexual exploitation or forced slavery. Human
trafficking happens across state lines as well as across international
borders.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SMUGGLING &
TRAFFICKING

Although the terms, "smuggling" and "trafficking" are

sometimes used interchangeably by lay people, they refer
to two distinct crimes. However, keep in mind that
smugglers may also traffic and traffickers may also be
involved in smuggling. While trafficking and smuggling
might seem synonymous with the transportation and sale of
illegal drugs or firearms, humans are common
commodities in these illicit ventures as well.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SMUGGLING &
TRAFFICKING
Human Smuggling
Although human smuggling is illegal, the people being smuggled
consent to the action. Human smuggling usually involves migrants who
want to enter a foreign country and pay money to a smuggler to get them
across the border. Whether an illegal immigrant endures days of
confinement in primitive conditions to get across a border, or is supplied
with false documents to enter a country, it is still considered smuggling.
Sometimes a smuggler brings people across borders to reunite families,
so it isn't always a crime committed solely for financial gain, notes the
United States Department of State.
WHAT IS HUMAN
TRAFFICKING?

Human Trafficking is the recruitment,

hiring, transport, transfer, harboring,
receipt, offering or providing of a
person using deception, abuse of
vulnerability, violence or payment for
the purpose of exploitation.
ELEMENTS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
What the human traffickers
do? How they do it? Why they do it?

ACTS MEANS PURPOSE

• Non-violent • SEXUAL
• Recruit Means: Fraud, EXPLOITATION:
• Hire Deception, Abuse Prostitution, Acts of
• Obtain of position or of Lasciviousness,
vulnerability, Pornography, Sex
• Harbor Tourism.
Giving or receiving
• Receive payments or
• LABOR
EXPLOITATION:
• Maintain benefits Forced labor, Slavery,
• Transport • Violent Means: Debt bondage,
Threat, Force, Involuntary Servitude
• Transfer Other forms of • ORGAN
• Offer coercion, EXPLOITATION:
• Provide Abduction. Removal or sale of
organs.
WHEN THE VICTIM IS A CHILD
What the human traffickers
do?
How they do it? Why they do it?

ACTS MEANS PURPOSE

• IRRELEVANT • SEXUAL
• Recruit EXPLOITATION:
• Hire Prostitution, Acts of
• Obtain Lasciviousness,
Pornography, Sex
• Harbor Tourism.
• Receive • LABOR
EXPLOITATION:
• Maintain Forced labor, Slavery,
• Transport Debt bondage,
• Transfer Involuntary Servitude
• ORGAN
• Offer EXPLOITATION:
• Provide Removal or sale of
organs.
THE KEY STRUGGLE AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL
CRIME IS DYNAMIC COOPERATION BASE UPON:

1. Mutual trust;
2. Common perception of the threat;
3. Realization that crime must be influenced beyond
national borders;
4. Understanding of the limitations of domestic
intervention and unilateral action; and
5. Signaled attention to work with other interested nations
in the interest of protecting national integrity and
FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL POLICE
COOPERATION:
1. Exchange of information; 5. International publications;
2. Joint operation; 6. Cooperation in obtaining
3. Training of police modern police equipment;
personnel in other countries; 7. International research
4. Participation in projects;
international conferences, 8. Mutual holiday visits.
seminars, and meetings;
UNITED NATIONS
-intergovernmental organization to promote international
cooperation
-the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World
War II in order to prevent another such conflict.
-At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; as of 2017 there
are now 195, making it the largest intergovernmental
organization.
-The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New
York City, and experiences extraterritoriality.
PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF THE UNITED
NATIONS

1. General Assembly
-main deliberative assembly of the United Nations.
Composed of all United Nations member states,
-The assembly is led by a president, elected from
among the member states on a rotating regional
basis, and 21 vice-presidents.
PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
2. Security Council
-charged with maintaining peace and security among countries.
While other organs of the United Nations can only make
"recommendations" to member states, the Security Council has the
power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to
carry out,
-The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states,
consisting of five permanent members—China, France, Russia, the
United Kingdom, and the United States (have veto power)
- and ten non-permanent members
PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
3. Secretariat
Administrative organ of the U.N.
The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of
international civil servants worldwide.
It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations
bodies for their meetings.
It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General
Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.
-The Secretary-General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN.
PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
4. International Court of Justice
-located in The Hague, in the Netherlands,
- the primary judicial organ of the UN.
- Established in 1945 by the UN Charter,
-The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms
and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting
judge must be from a different nation.
-The ICJ's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among
states.
PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF THE UNITED
NATIONS

5. Economic and Social Council

-The Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC) assists the General
Assembly in promoting international
economic and social co-operation and
development
PRINCIPAL ORGANS OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
6. Specialized agencies
-International Atomic Energy Agency
-Food and Agriculture Organization,
-UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization), the
-World Bank, and the
-World Health Organization (WHO).
POLICE AND PEACE KEEPING IN THE
UNITED NATIONS

PEACEKEEPING- a technique designed to preserve the

peace where fighting has been halted, and to assist in
implementing agreements achieved by peacemakers.
Peacekeeping has evolved from primarily military model
of observing ceasefire and the separation of forces after
inter-state wars, to incorporate a complex model of many
elements- military, police and civilian- working together to
help lay foundations for sustainable peace.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE UNITED
NATIONS PEACEKEEPING

1. Consent of Parties
2. Impartiality
3. Non-use of force except in self-
defense and defense of the mandate.
Civilian Police in U.N. Peacekeeping
Operations- in peacekeeping operations,
the Civilian Police (CIVPOL)
components plays a prominent role in the
transition from conflict to lasting peace,
security, and development.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE STANDARD
QUALIFICATION FOR U.N. MISSION
An UNSAS eligible
A police Commissioned Officer must have a rank of at least Senior Inspector
while a Non-Commissioned Officer applicant must have a rank of at least
Police Officer 3
Have attained at least 5 years of active police service (excluding cadetship
for PMA, PNPA, PMMA, and equivalent Officer’s training/Field Training
Program for lateral Entry Officers ad Recruitment Training for Police Non-
Commissioned Officers)
 Appointment in permanent status in his/her present rank..
Have at least 1 year experience in vehicle driving reckoned from the date of
issuance of his/her valid driver’s license.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE STANDARD
QUALIFICATION FOR U.N. MISSION
Recommended by his/her Unit Commander
Have a performance evaluation rating of at least Very Satisfactory for 2
consecutive semestral rating period immediately preceding his/her
application.
With no pending administrative or criminal case in any body/tribunal or
court nor a witness to any such case no a summary hearing officer with
unresolved cases.
With knowledge in basic computer operations
Passed the Physical Fitness Test
Without firearm accountability as certified by the Directorate for Logistics
Priority for Deployment

1st priority- PNP personnel without previous UN Mission

deployment.
2nd priority- PNP personnel with previous UN mission
deployment

Personnel who obtained highest exam rating, or those of

superior in rank, length of service, educational attainment
or with fewer missions, in such order shall have priority for
deployment.