Column design

Classification and loading

What is column
Column is defined as compression member where h<4b (h>4b is defined as wall)
h – larger of the two cross-section dimension
b – Smaller of the two cross-section dimension

h Ley- Effective height w.r.t major axis of bending

Lez –Effective height w.r.t minor axis of bending

b Loy- Clear height between restrains w.r.t major axis

Loz –Clear height between restrains w.r.t minor axis

Main classification of the column

Column

Short Slender

Braced Un Braced Braced Un braced

Short columns : fail by crushing Slender columns : fail by buckling
about the direction of this wind
Frame is probably not braced

Wind

Wind
If the shear wall can resist the wind load concrete frame is Column in this structure is said to be braced about short
said to be braced about the direction of the wind way direction and un-braced in the long way direction

If the structure is braced structure in both the direction columns are

also braced in both direction . In braced frame lateral loading is taken
by bracing elements eg. shear walls and not by the concrete frame.
Wind

In the case of un-braced structure lateral loading is taken by the

concrete frame and the concrete frame need to be designed to take
the lateral loading.

Wind
Structure is braced about both direction
Slenderness Cl. 5.8.3.1

Slenderness, λ = l0 /i

l0 =effective length
(l = actual length)
i = radius of gyration = √(I/A)
hence
for a rectangular section λ = 3.46 l0 / h
for a circular section λ = 4 l0 / h
Effective height of column Cl. 5.8.3.2
Columns predominantly carry a compressive loads and hence is susceptible for buckling failures. However
given relatively small compressive strengths of concrete compared with other material say steel, concrete
column got to be stocky with large cross sectional dimensions to resist the applied load. Therefore concrete
column is unlikely to buckle. However, deformations caused by sway can make and bending can result
additional moment on the column. Whether column is susceptible to develop additional moment due to
deformation is judge by slenderness of the column. Whether the column is slender or otherwise short is
determined by its effective length to its cross-sectional dimension h or b. Effective length is determined by the
fixing conditions of the column at the top and bottom and nature of the frame braced or un-braced. In the EC 2
effective length is defined as a faction clear span.
Effective length l0 = Fl l0 = effective length l = clear length
For braced members :figure (f)
F = 0.5
For unbraced members : figure (g) K=
Maximum value of below equations
F = or F =

K1 & k2 are the relative stiffness in column end

conditions. l
If we have the same arrangement at both top and
bottom ends of the column, normally we get the
same value for k1 and k2
Effective height of column
Columns predominantly carry a compressive loads and hence is susceptible for buckling failures. However
given relatively small compressive strengths of concrete compared with other material say steel, concrete
column got to be stocky with large cross sectional dimensions to resist the applied load. Therefore concrete
column is unlikely to buckle. However, deformations caused by sway can make and bending can result
additional moment on the column. Whether column is susceptible to develop additional moment due to
deformation is judge by slenderness of the column. Whether the column is slender or otherwise short is
determined by its effective length to its cross-sectional dimension h or b. Effective length is determined by the
fixing conditions of the column at the top and bottom and nature of the frame braced or un-braced. In the BS
8110 effective length is defined as a faction clear span.
le   lo
Whether column is braced/un-braced (Table 19 and 20 of BS 8110)
 depends on
Fixity condition of the column (clause 3.8.1.6.2)

Different end conditions

Monolithically Monolithically
cast beam with cast beam/slab
depth greater with depth less
than column than the Simply
dimensions column supported
dimensions
Base design to
carry moments Condition 4
Condition 2 Condition 3
Condition 1 Fixed in position not in Neither fixed in position
Fixed in position but not so
Fixed in position and direction direction nor in direction
much the direction
BS 8110 - approach

3.8.1.6.2 End conditions

The four end conditions are as follows.
a) Condition 1. The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams on either side which are at
least as deep as the overall dimension of the column in the plane considered. Where the column is
connected to a foundation structure, this should be of a form specifically designed to carry moment.
b) Condition 2. The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams or slabs on either side which
are shallower than the overall dimension of the column in the plane considered.
c) Condition 3. The end of the column is connected to members which, while not specifically designed to
provide restraint to rotation of the column will, nevertheless, provide some nominal restraint.
d) Condition 4. The end of the column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and rotation
(e.g. the free end of a cantilever column in an unbraced structure).
Classification of column (clause 3.8.1.3 Short, 3.8.2.2 Slender,
3.8.3.9 Additional consideration, 3.8.1.7 Maximum dimension of the column)
lex b
60 If bent about the major axis only, design as biaxial bent with zero initial
lox h moment about the minor axis of bending
If structure is un-braced as well, look out for support structure for
additional moment
20
Slender effect should be considered in the design
15
lex Short if Additional If lex/b>20,
Short if braced about
braced about monolithically cast
h major axis moment
both axis
beam column
10 due to
connection and Un-
slenderness braced, check support
Short if
Short should be structure for
braced
Slender effect may additional moment
about minor considered
always be ignored
axis in the
design
h

ley
10
ley 15 20 60
loy
b b
Effective length factor, F, for braced columns
Slenderness ratio EC 2: Cl. 5.8.3.1
Allowable Slenderness
λ lim = (20ABC)/
where:
A = 1 / (1+ 0.2φef)
(if φef is not known, A = 0.7 may be used)
B = √(1 + 2ω) ω = Asfyd / (Acfcd)
(if ω is not known, B = 1.1 may be used)
C = 1.7 - rm
rm = M01/M02
M01, M02 are first order end moments,
│M02│ │M01│
(if rm is not known, C = 0.7 may be used)
n = NEd / (Acfcd)
NEd = Design axial load
Ac = Cross section area of column
fcd = Design value of characteristic strength
Factor C

rm = M01/M02 rm = M01/M02 rm = M01/M02

= 0/105 = 105/-105 = 105/105
=0 = -1 =1
C = 1.7 – 0 C = 1.7 – (-1) C = 1.7 – 1
= 1.7 = 2.7 = 0.7
 lim = 20ABC/
For an unbraced column an approximation to the lim is
given by
lim = 20×0.7×1.1×0.7×
For braced column an approximation to the lim is given
by (Factor of safety act as case 2 condition; C =2.7)
lim = 20×0.7×1.1×2.7×
For the minimum limiting value of lim is given by
lim = 20×0.7×1.1×1.7×/
Note:
In the following cases, r should be taken as 1.0
m

(i.e. C= 0.7)

• for braced members in which the first order moments

arise only from or predominantly due to imperfections
or transverse loading

• For unbraced members in general

EXAMPLE : find whether the columns in two flours short or
slender.
Beam in both locations have the size 200x400. column size is 300 x 300. beam
length for both directions equal 6000mm. Load in the ground floor column 1800kN
load in the upper column 1200kN.
Unbraced column
(ground column)
Find F - Z direction

C = 1.7 – rm
rm = M01/M02 = 0/40 = 0
C = 1.7 - 0

Y direction
C = 1.7 – rm
rm = M01/M02 = 0/60 = 0
C = 1.7 - 0
k1 = = 0.19 k2 = (pinned condition)
F = = 3.31
or F = = 2.32

Hence, slender column in both direction.

(upper column) Find - Z direction

N/mm2

C = 1.7 – rm
rm = M01/M02 = 40/(-60) = - 0.67
C = 1.7 + 0.67

Y direction
C = 1.7 – rm
rm = M01/M02 = 60/(-80) = - 0.75
C = 1.7 + 0.75 = 2.45

k1 = k2 = = 0.316
F = = 1.61
or F = = 1.54

Hence, slender column in both direction.

k1 = = 0.19 k2 = (pinned condition)
Braced column F = 0.5 = 0.805
(ground column)
= = 42.67

Hence, slender column in both direction.

(upper column) Find - Z direction
F = 0.5 = 0.707

1.838
=
81/42.18

Hence, short column in both direction.

Calculation of INITIAL moments and forces in column
Un-braced
Where horizontal loads are resisted by the frame action of rigidly connected columns, beams
and slab.

Braced
Where the lateral loads are resisted by shear walls or other forms of bracing capable of
transmitting all horizontal loading to the foundations

Analysis of braced frames

For column in braced structural forms following procedure can be followed for the
determination of forces and moment
Entity Condition Basis of calculation
Axial Force Beams considered simply
supported. Column carry loads
from corresponding plan area
Explanation for the

Loaded area for the column

Moment Axial load Normal allowance for

dominate eccentricity
(e.g. Symmetrical M=Nemin
arrangement of 0.05 dimension of the
beams) column in the plane
emin of bending

20 mm
Moment Column not Frame analysis
symmetrically or
loaded (Clause Simplified distribution
3.8.2.3) procedure as explained below.

ku M es
ku M e M upper 
M upper  1
1
ku  kl  kb1 
ku  kl  kb1  kb 2 
2 2

kl M e
M lower  kl M es
1 M lower 
kl  ku  kb1  1
2 kl  ku  kb1  kb 2 
2

Me -Fixed end moment of the beam

M es - Maximum difference between the fixed end moment obtained from the critical loading conditions
This should be considered along with the corresponding axial load.
Loading

Deduction in the total distributed imposed load can be made depending on:

Area of floor supported Number of storey

by column supported by the column

Area IL Percentage No of floors IL Percentage

reduction % reduction%
0 0 1 0
50 5 2 10
100 10 3 20
150 15 4 30
200 20 5-10 40
250 25 >10 50

Only one or the other can be done not both however higher of the two can be done
Determination of section area

Case I Brazed columns with symmetrical beam arrangement or rigid load e.g.
water tank or un-brazed with moment from frame analysis, less than the
minimum moment from N×emin .

Actual capacity N  0.567 f ck Ac  0.87 f yk Asc

Code recommendation as 90% capacity

N  0.51 f ck Ac  0.78 f yk Asc

N – 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
Ac –Net area of concrete bh-Asc
Asc –Area of steel
Using the above equation we can calculate the reinforcement requirement
after assuming column section. If negative steel requirement results the
cross section can be reduced.
The above formulae can also be used in determination of initial cross
section of the column.
Design short columns

M01 = Min{|Mtop|,|Mbottom|} + eiNEd

M02 = Max{|Mtop|,|Mbottom|} + eiNEd
e = lo/400
i

N = design load in the column

Ed

For a short column, Design moment

MEd = Max{M , e N }
02 0 Ed

e = Max{h/30,20mm }
0
Slender column

A column is classifide as slender if the slenderness ratio about

either axis exceeds the value of .
A slender column with must be designed for an additional moment caused by its
curvature at ultimate conditions.

1. A general method based on a non-linear analysis of the structure and allowing for
second-order effects that necessitates the use of computer analysis.
2. A second-order analysis based on nominal stiffness values of the beams and column
that,again,requires computer analysis using a process of iterative analysis.
3. The ‘moment magnification’ method where the design moment are obtained by
factoring the first-order moment.
4. The ‘norminal curvature’ method where second-order moments are determined from an
estimation of the column curvature.These secon-order moments are added to the first-
order moments to give the total column design moment
2nd order effect in Unbraced and Braced column
Slender column Moment due to deflection

Brazed slender column

Initial moment Additional moment

au + =

Un-brazed slender column

au Total moment
Additional moment
Initial moment

+ =
Nominal Curvature Method

MEd = M0Ed + M2
M0Ed is the 1st order moment including the effect of imperfections
M2 is the nominal 2nd order moment.
Differing 1st order end moments M01 and M02 may be replaced by an equivalent 1st
order end moment M0ed: M0ed= (0.6 M02 + 0.4 M01) 0.4M02

HOWEVER, this is only the mid-height moment the two end moments should be
considered too. PD 6687 advises for braced structures:

MEd = Max {M02, M0ed+M2; M01+ 0.5M2} e0NEd

where M02 = Max{|Mtop|;|Mbot|} + eiNEd
M01 = Min {|Mtop|;|Mbot|} + eiNEd

Mtop & Mbot are frame analysis 1st order end moments

Effectively: MEd = Max {M02, M0ed+M2; M01+ 0.5M2; e0NEd}

Second order moment : M2

M 2 = NEd e2
e2 = (1/r)l0 /c
2

1/r = KrKφ/r0
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) 1
n = NEd/(Acfcd)
nu = 1 + R
R = Asfyd/(Acfcd)
nbal = 0.4
Kφ = 1 + βef 1
(ef = effective creep coefficient. Normally taken as 0.87)
β = 0.35 + fck /200 – λ/150
1/r0 = εyd /(0.45d)
yd =fyd/Es
c = 10 (for a constant crossεsection)
Moments in Slender Braced Columns

Design Moment, MEd = Max (M02,M0e + M2,M01 + 0.5M2,NEde0)

Maximum design moment of brazed slender column BS8110

Initial moment at the point of maximum additional moment

M i  0.4M1  0.6M 2  0.4M 2
M1 is the smaller initial end moment due to design ultimate loads.
M2 is the larger initial end moment due to design ultimate loads.
Assuming column is bent in double curvature M 1 should be taken as negative and M 2 as positive

The maximum design moment is greatest of

a) M2
b) Mi+Madd
c) M1+Madd/2
d) eminN
Calculate the As requirement

Design
Either: iterate such that AsN = AsM
For axial load
AsN/2 = (NEd – acchfckbdc /gc)/(ssc – sst)
For moment
AsM/2 = [MEd – acchf=bdc(h/2 – dc/2)/gc]/[(h/2 – d2)(ssc +
sst)
Or: Calculate d2/h, NEd/bhfck and MEd/bh2fck
And use column charts . . . .
To find Asfyk/bhfck and thus As
Design the interaction diagram

By changing the neural axis depth for deferent R/F ratios and calculating the N/bh &
M/Bh2 design the graphs.
X (mm) N (kN) M (kNm)
0
Fcc = 0.567 x fck x b x 0.8x 10

Fsc = A’s x Es x εs 20
30
Fst = As x Es x εs
Getting moment from neutral axis
Mcc = Fcc x 0.6x
Msc = Fsc x (x - d’)
Mst = Fst x (d - x)
N = Fcc + Fsc + Fst
M = Mcc + Msc + Mst
Maximum Axial load carrying capacity of Columns
𝑵 𝑬𝒅 =𝟎.𝟓𝟔𝟕 𝒇 𝒄𝒌 𝑨𝒄 +𝟎.𝟖𝟕 𝒇 𝒚𝒌 𝑨𝒔
𝑁𝐸𝑑 − design ultimate axial load

𝑀𝐸𝑑 − design ultimate moment

𝑠 − the depth of the stress block = 0.8x

𝐴′ 𝑠 − the area of longitudinal reinforcement in the more highly compressed face

𝐴𝑠 = the area of reinforcement in the other face

𝑓𝑠𝑐 − the stress in reinforcement 𝐴′ 𝑠

𝑨𝒔 𝑨𝒄 𝑓𝑠 − the stress in reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 ,negative when tesile.

Stress distribution of a column subjected to axial force and bending moment

A column subjected to axial load and a bending moment

Stress distribution
𝑵 𝑬𝒅 =𝑭 𝒄𝒄 + 𝑭 𝒔𝒄 + 𝑭 𝒔 𝒕 1

𝑴 𝑬𝒅 =𝑭 𝒄𝒄 ( 𝒉 𝒔
) 𝒉
( ) (
− + 𝑭 𝒔𝒄 − 𝒅 ′ − 𝑭 𝒔 𝒅 −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒉
𝟐 ) 2

design ultimate axial load It is difficult to get a direct

design ultimate moment solution for the above two
equations, so the best option
the depth of the stress block = 0.8x
is to use the design charts
the area of longitudinal reinforcement in the provided to find As
more highly compressed face
the area of reinforcement in the other face
the stress in reinforcement
the stress in reinforcement ,negative when
tesile.
Design the interaction diagram
60
BS_1%
50 1%
BS_2%
2%
40
BS_3%
N/bh N/mm2

3%
30 BS_4%
4%
BS_5%
20 5%
BS_6%
10 6%
BS_7%
7%
0 8%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
BS_8%
M/bh2 N/mm2

60

50

40 BS_0.4 0.40%
BS_1% 1%
30 BS_2% 2%
N/bh N/mm2

BS_3% 3%
20
BS_4% 4%
10 BS_5% 5%
BS_6% 6%
0 BS_7% 7%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
8% BS_8%
-10

-20

-30 M/bh2 N/mm2

Column design chart for rectangular columns =0.05
Typical designed charts according to EC2
Biaxial Bending Cl. 5.8.9

When there is biaxial bending, we consider bending moments

around two axes separately. Then calculate the reinforcement
for each case separately and provide the addition of them.
Then the condition given by 5.38a should be checked.
No further check is necessary if the slenderness ratios satisfy
the following two conditions

λy/ λz ≤ 2 and λz/ λy ≤ 2

and if the relative eccentricities ey/heq and ez/beq satisfy one the
following
conditions:
B, h are the width and depth of the section
beq = iy ⋅ and heq = iz ⋅ for an equivalent rectangular section
λy, λz are the slenderness ratios l0/i with respect to y- and z-axis
respectively
iy, iz are the radition of gyration with respect to y- and z-axis
respectively
ez = MEdy / NEd; eccentricity along z-axis
ey = MEdz / NEd; eccentricity along y-axis
MEdy is the design moment about y-axis, including second order
moment
MEdz is the design moment about z-axis, including second order
moment
NEd is the design value of axial load in the respective load
combination
Unless satisfy the above two conditions we have to checked the 3 rd condition.

a a
+

where:
MEdz/y is the design moment around the respective axis, including a 2 nd
order moment.
MRdz/y is the moment resistance in the respective direction
a is the exponent;
for circular and elliptical cross sections: a = 2

NEd/NRd 0.1 0.7 1.0

for rectangular cross sections:
a 1.0 1.5 2.0

where NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd A is the gross area of the concrete section
c
A is the area of longitudinal reinforcement
The Column Design Process
Column Design Chart d2/h = 0.05
Column Design Chart d2/h = 0.1
Column Design Chart d2/h = 0.15
Column Design Chart d2/h = 0.2
Column Design Chart d2/h = 0.25
Details/ Detailing

h 4b (otherwise a wall)
• φmin 12mm
• As,min = 0,10NEd/fyd but 0.002 Ac
• As,max = 0.04 Ac (0.08Ac at laps)
• Minimum number of bars in a rectangular
column is 4.
• Where direction of longitudinal bars changes more
than 1:12 the spacing of transverse reinforcement
should be calculated.
Links Cl (9.5.3)

Link diam = max (6, fmax/4)

Link spacing
scl,tmax = min {20 φmin; b ; 400mm}
but scl,tmax should be reduced by a factor 0.6:
– in sections within h above or below a beam or slab
– near lapped joints where φ > 14mm.
scl,tmax = min {12 φmin; 0.6b ; 240mm}

A min of 3 links are required in lap length

A braced column in both directions has NEd = 1633.32 kN & has Initial moment of 60
kNm in y direction and 40 kNm in z direction. The section of the column is to be 300
x 300. calculate the R/F requirement for the column.
Second moment of area around minor and major axis

Area of column =300 x300 =90000

Hence, slender column in both direction.

Bending moments - z direction

kNm
C =10 (constant cross section area)

d = 300 – 25- 10 – 20/2 = 255 mm

Assume
Design Moment
= 20 x 10-3 x 1633 = 32.66 kNm

Longitudinal steel area

/h = (25+20/2+10)/300= 0.15

Using chart,

Form design chart.

0.52
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) 1
n = NEd/(Acfcd)
= = 1.09
R = Asfyd/(Acfcd)
R = = 0.78
nu = 1 + R = 1+ 0.78 = 1.78
nbal = 0.4
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal)
=
Using chart,

Form design chart.

0.34

2T20 & 1T16 = 829 mm2

Therefore, M02 = 52.86 kNm
Bending moments - y direction

kNm
C =10 (constant cross section area)

d = 300 – 25- 10 – 20/2 = 255 mm

Assume
Design Moment
= 20 x 10-3 = 32.66 kNm

Longitudinal steel area

/h = (25+20/2+10)/300= 0.15
Using chart,

Form design chart.

0.59
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) 1
n = NEd/(Acfcd)
= = 1.09
R = Asfyd/(Acfcd)
R = = 0.81
nu = 1 + R = 1+ 0.81= 1.81
nbal = 0.4
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal)
=
Using chart,

Form design chart.

0.54

Provide 3T25 = 1470 mm2

Check for biaxial bending.
Find Mrdz
λy/ λz ≤ 2 and λz/ λy ≤ 2
= 0.37
both λy & λz are same
Therefore, λy/ λz =1
Mrdz = 25 x 300 x 3002 x 0.136 = 60.75 kNm
condition satisfied.
Find Mrdz
= 0.65

Mrdz = 25 x 300 x 3002 x 0.136 = 91.8 kNm

ey = MEdz / NEd = 52.86 x 10 /1633 = 32.37 mm
3

+
ez = MEdy / NEd = 72.86 x 103/1633 = 44.62 mm
+ = 1.48

Condition not satisfied. Condition not satisfied.

NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd = 300 x + (2229) x2x Therefore, column should design
= 1948.48 kN as biaxial bending.
Ned/ Nrd = 1633/ 1948.48 = 0.83
Therefore, a = 1.61
= 88.71
Using chart,

Form design chart.

0.63

Provide 3T25
Column detailing

Minimum diameter of links.

max (6, fmax/4) = max ( 6, 25/4) = (6, 6.25)

Therefore the minimum link diameter is 8mm

Link spacing

scl,tmax = min {20 φmin; b ; 400mm}

= min { 20x25, 350, 400)
= min{ 500, 300, 400}
Therefore the minimum link spacing is 300 mm.

Links spacing - in sections within h above or below a beam or slab

- near lapped joints where φ > 14mm.
scl,tmax = min {12 φmin; 0.6b ; 240mm}
= min { 12x 25, 0.6 x 300, 240}
= min { 300, 180, 240}
Therefore minimum links spacing is 180 mm.
A Unbraced column in both directions has NEd = 1659.73 kN & has Initial moment of
60 kNm in y direction and 40 kNm in z direction. The section of the column is to be
350 x 350. calculate the R/F requirement for the column.
Find F - Z direction
K1 = = 0.066 k2 = (pinned condition)
F = = 3.31
or F = = 2.12
Y direction
K1 = = 0.042 k2 = (pinned condition)
F = = 3.31
or F = = 2.1
both F values are approximately equal.
Second moment of area around minor and major axis

Area of column =350 x350 =122500

Hence, slender column in both direction.

Bending moments- z direction
MEd = M02 + M2

C =10 (constant cross section area)

d = 350 – 25- 10 – 20/2 = 305 mm

Assume

Design Moment
MEd = M02 + M2
Longitudinal steel area nbal = 0.4
/h = (25+20/2+10)/300= 0.15 Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal)
Using chart, =

Form design chart.

0.89

Using chart,
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) 1
n = NEd/(Acfcd)
= = 0.81 Form design chart.
R = Asfyd/(Acfcd) 0.7
R = = 1.34
nu = 1 + R = 1+ 1.34 = 2.34
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) 1 Using chart,
n = NEd/(Acfcd)
= = 0.81
Form design chart.
R = Asfyd/(Acfcd)
0.69
R = = 1.05
nu = 1 + R = 1+ 1.05 = 2.05 Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) 1
nbal = 0.4 n = NEd/(Acfcd)
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) = = 0.81
=
R = Asfyd/(Acfcd)
R = = 1.04
nu = 1 + R = 1+ 1.04 = 2.04
nbal = 0.4
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal)
=

d = 350 – 25- 10 – 20/2 = 305 mm

Therefore same moments. Assume

Provide 5T25 =2450 mm2
Bending moments- y direction
MEd = M02 + M2

C =10 (constant cross section area)

Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) 1
n = NEd/(Acfcd)
Design Moment
= = 0.81
MEd = M02 + M2
R = Asfyd/(Acfcd)

Longitudinal steel area R = = 1.43

/h = (25+20/2+10)/300= 0.15 nu = 1 + R = 1+ 1.43 = 2.43

Using chart, nbal = 0.4

Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal)
=
Form design chart.
0.95
nu = 1 + R = 1+ 1.2 = 2.2
nbal = 0.4
Using chart,
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal)
=

Form design chart.

0.8

Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) 1
n = NEd/(Acfcd)
= = 0.81 Using chart,
R = Asfyd/(Acfcd)
R = = 1.2
Form design chart.
0.75
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal) 1
n = NEd/(Acfcd)
= = 0.81
R = Asfyd/(Acfcd)
R = = 1.13
nu = 1 + R = 1+ 1.13 =2.23
nbal = 0.4
Kr = (nu –n)/(nu-nbal)
=

Therefore the design moment is 229.16 kNm

As = 4593.75 mm2
Provide 5T25 = 2450 mm2
Check for biaxial bending. Ned/ Nrd = 1659.74/ 4172.1 = 0.4
λy/ λz ≤ 2 and λz/ λy ≤ 2 Therefore, a = 1.2
both λy & λz are same Find Mrdz & Mrdy
Therefore, λy/ λz =1 = 0.8
condition satisfied.
Mrdz = 25 x 350 x 3502 x 0.23 = 246.53 kNm
+
+ = 1.72
ey = MEdz / NEd = 204.99x 103/1659.74 =123.51mm Condition not satisfied.
ez = MEdy / NEd = 229.19 x 103/1659.74 = 138.09 mm Therefore, column should design as biaxial
bending.

Condition not satisfied.

NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd = 3502 x + 2450x2 x
= 4172.1 kN
= 290.69 kNm
Using chart,

Form design chart.

1.0
Provide 6T25