Scribd
Upload
153 views

Heat Exchangers Lecture

A heat exchanger allows the transfer of heat between two or more fluids via conduction. Common types include tube-and-shell, plate, and compact heat exchangers. Heat exchangers are analyzed using parameters like log mean temperature difference, number of transfer units, heat capacity rate, and effectiveness.

Uploaded by

Terna Orlanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
153 views

Heat Exchangers Lecture

A heat exchanger allows the transfer of heat between two or more fluids via conduction. Common types include tube-and-shell, plate, and compact heat exchangers. Heat exchangers are analyzed using parameters like log mean temperature difference, number of transfer units, heat capacity rate, and effectiveness.

Uploaded by

Terna Orlanda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

HEAT

EXCHANGERS
What is Heat Exchanger?

Heat exchangers are exchange of heat between two fluids


that are at different temperatures while keeping them from
mixing with each other.

From hot water to cold water

From hot steam to cold water

From hot gas to cold water

From hot water or unsaturated steam to cool air.


What is Heat Exchanger?
 A heat exchanger is a component that allows the transfer of
heat from one fluid (liquid or gas) to another fluid.

Reasons for heat transfer include the following:

1. To heat a cooler fluid by means of a hotter fluid


2. To reduce the temperature of a hot fluid by means of a
cooler fluid
3. To boil a liquid by means of a hotter fluid
4. To condense a gaseous fluid by means of a cooler fluid
5. To boil a liquid while condensing a hotter gaseous fluid
Examples of Heat Exchanger?

 Steam Boilers  Evaporators


 Economizer
 Fluid Heaters and Coolers
 Steam Condensers  Tube Tanks
 Water Heaters
 Oil
TheHeaters
simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric
pipes of different diameters called the double-pipe heat
exchanger.

 One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger flows through the


smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space
between the two pipes.
Examples of Heat Exchangers
Examples of Heat Exchangers

 Two types of flow arrangement are possible in a double-pipe


heat exchanger:
(a). Parallel Flow
(b). Cross Flow

 In parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat
exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction.

 In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot and cold fluids
enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends and flow in opposite
directions.
Examples of Heat Exchangers

 Another type of heat exchanger, which is specifically


designed to realize a large heat transfer surface area per
unit volume, is the compact heat exchanger.

 In compact heat exchangers, the two fluids usually move


perpendicular to each other, and such flow configuration is
called cross-flow.
Although heat exchangers come in every shape and size imaginab
le, the construction of most heat exchangers fall into one of two c
ategories:

(a). Tube and shell


(b). Plate regenerative
(c). Recuperators.
Cross Flow

• In a cross-flow heat exchanger, the fluids travel roughly perpendicular


to one another through the exchanger.

• The exchanger's performance can also be affected by the addition of


fins or corrugations in one or both directions, which increase surface area
and may channel fluid flow or induce turbulence.
Tube and Shell

 The most basic and the most common type of heat exch
anger construction is the tube and shell, as shown in Figure.

 This type of heat exchanger consists of a set of tubes in a con


tainer called a SHELL. The fluid flowing inside the tu
bes is called the tube side fluid and the fluid flowing on the o
utside of the tubes is the shell side fluid.

 At the ends of the tubes, the tube side fluid is separated from
the shell side fluid by the tube sheet(s). The tubes are rolled a
nd press-fitted or welded into the tube sheet to provide a leak
tight seal.
Tube and Shell
Tube and Shell
Plate Heat Exchanger
 A plate type heat exchanger, as illustrated in Figure 2, co
nsists of plates instead of tubes to separate the hot and cold flu
ids.

 The hot and cold fluids alternate between each of the plates. B
affles direct the flow of fluid between plates.
 Because each of the plate has a very large surface area, the pla
tes provide each of the fluids with an extremely large heat tran
sfer area.

 Therefore a plate type heat exchanger, as compared to a


similar ly sized tube and shell heat exchanger, is capable
of transferring much more heat.

 This is due to larger area the plates provide over tubes.


Plate Heat Exchanger
Plate Type Heat Exchanger
Recuperators

• A fourth type of heat exchanger uses an intermediate fluid or solid store to


hold heat, which is then moved to the other side of the heat exchanger to be
released.

• Two examples of this are adiabatic wheels, which consist of a large wheel
with fine threads rotating through the hot and cold fluids, and fluid heat ex
changers.

• This type is used when it is acceptable for a small amount of mixing to occ
ur between the two streams.
Recuperators
How to Build a Heat Exchanger
Analysis of Heat Exchangers

 Heat exchangers usually operate for long periods of time with


no change in their operating conditions.

 They can be modeled as steady-flow devices.

 The mass flow rate of each fluid remains constant, and the
fluid properties such as temperature and velocity at any inlet
or outlet remain the same.

 kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.


Analysis of Heat Exchangers

 The only time the temperature rise of a cold fluid is equal to


the temperature drop of the hot fluid is when the heat capacity
rates of the two fluids are equal to each other.
Analysis of Heat Exchangers

Where:
Analysis of Heat Exchangers
Analysis of Heat Exchangers

 Two special types of heat exchangers commonly used in


practice are condensers and boilers. One of the fluids in a
condenser or a boiler undergoes a phase-change process.
Analysis of Heat Exchangers

 In heat exchanger analysis, a condensing or boiling fluid is


conveniently modeled as a fluid whose heat capacity rate is
infinity.
Log Mean Temperature Difference
 The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) is used
to determine the temperature driving force for heat
transfer in flow systems (most notably in heat exchan
gers).

 The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temp


erature difference between the hot and cold streams at ea
ch end of the exchanger.
LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE (LMTD)

.
Heat Exchangers
Sample Problems:

1. A liquid to liquid counter flow heat


exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid from
120⁰F to 310⁰F. Assuming that the hot fluid
enters at 500⁰F and leaves at 400⁰F, Calculate
the log mean temperature difference for the heat
exchanger.
Ans: 232⁰F
Heat Exchangers
Sample Problems:

Ans: 16.37⁰C
Heat Exchangers
Sample Problems:

3. Exhaust Steam at 7 Kpa at the rate of 75 kg/s enters a single pass


condenser containing 5780 pcs copper tubes with a total surface
area of 2950 m2. The steam has a moisture content of 10% and the
condensate leaves saturated liquid at a steam temperature. The
cooling water flow rate is 4,413 liters per second entering at 20C.
Find the over-all heat transfer coefficient.
hf = 163.4 kJ/kg, hfg = 2409.1, Tsat @ 7 kPa = 29⁰C

Ans: 4,438.07 W/m2-K


Heat Exchangers
Sample Problems:

4. An oil heater heats 100 kg per minute of oil from 35C to 100C in
a counter-flow heat exchanger. The average specific heat of the oil
is 2.5 kJ/kg-C. Exhaust gases used for heating enter the heater with
an average specific heat of 1 kJ/kg-C, a mass flow rate of 250
kg/min and an initial temperature of 200C. The over-all heat
transfer coefficient is 75 W/m2-C. Determine the heating surface
area. (ME board Exam)

Ans: 36.11 m2
Parallel Flow
In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the
exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one
another to the other side.
Counter Flow

• In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the


exchanger from opposite ends. The counter current design is most
efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat.
• For Counter current flow (i.e. where the hot stream, liquid
or gas, goes from say left to right, and the cold stream, again
liquid or gas goes from right to left), is given by the following equation:

• And for Parallel flow (i.e. where the hot stream, liquid or gas, goes from sa
y left to right, and so does the cold stream), is given by the following equat
ion:

• T1 = Hot Stream Inlet Temp.


• T2 = Hot Stream Outlet Temp.
• t1 = Cold Stream Inlet Temp.
• t2 = Cold Stream Outlet Temp.
NTU METHOD

 The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Metho


d is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer
in heat exchangers (especially counter current
exchangers) when there is insufficient in
formation to calculate the Log-Mean Temperat
ure Difference (LMTD).
 The method proceeds by calculating the heat ca
pacity rates (i.e. flow rate multiplied by specific
heat) C and C for the hot and cold fluids respect
h c
ively, and denoting the smaller one as C . min
 value of qmax is the maximum heat which could be transferred
between the fluids.
Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger
• E is then defined in terms of that maximum:

• E can be calculated using correlations in terms of the


'heat capacity ratio‘

• and the number of transfer units, NTU


Purpose of the performance test
• To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for assessing the perfo
rmance of the heat exchanger.

• Any deviation from the design heat transfer coefficient will indicate occ
urrence of fouling.
Calculations
• Step A - monitoring and reading the steady state parameters
like temperature and pressure (inlet , outlet, hot and cold)

• Step B – with monitored data the physical properties of stream is determine


d like:
1. Density
2. Viscosity
3. Specific heat etc.

• Step C- The thermal parameters are calculated and tabulated like


the temperature and pressure range.
Calculations
• Step D – finally all the thermal parametrs are evaluated
like:

 Capacity
 Effectiveness
 NTU
 LMTD
 U = overall heat transfer by the use of various heat transfer f
ormulas.

You might also like