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Modelling and Simulation of Photovoltaic (PV) System During Partial Shading Based On A Two-Diode Model

This document discusses modelling and simulation of photovoltaic systems during partial shading conditions based on a two-diode model. It presents the problem statement of power losses due to partial shading of PV systems and the objective to better understand PV system behavior under these conditions. The document outlines various PV array configurations and maximum power point tracking algorithms like perturb and observe. It summarizes the limitations of perturb and observe under partial shading and concludes with discussing future work to better handle changing conditions and identify global peaks.

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Anjali Priyadarsini
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42 views

Modelling and Simulation of Photovoltaic (PV) System During Partial Shading Based On A Two-Diode Model

This document discusses modelling and simulation of photovoltaic systems during partial shading conditions based on a two-diode model. It presents the problem statement of power losses due to partial shading of PV systems and the objective to better understand PV system behavior under these conditions. The document outlines various PV array configurations and maximum power point tracking algorithms like perturb and observe. It summarizes the limitations of perturb and observe under partial shading and concludes with discussing future work to better handle changing conditions and identify global peaks.

Uploaded by

Anjali Priyadarsini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

(PV) SYSTEM DURING PARTIAL SHADING BASED ON A


TWO-DIODE MODEL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


ODISHA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, BHUBANESWAR

Presented By: Guided By:


Prasanjit Ram (1901106313) Mr. Lal Bahadur Majhi
Dev Pattanayak(1901106289) Professor, Department of
Anjali Priyadarshini(1901106263) Electrical Engineering

OUTR, Bhubaneswar
Contents
• Introduction
• Problem Statement
• Objective
• Literature review
• Block Diagram
• Series Parallel
• Bridge Linked
• Total Cross Tied
• Maximum Power Point Tracking
• Perturb and Observe Algorithm
• Conclusions
• Future Scope
• Reference

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INTRODUCTION
• Why solar photovoltaic generation is needed?

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Physics of Photovoltaic Generation

n-type
semiconductor

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Depletion Zone - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
p-type
semiconductor
MODEL OF PV ARRAY

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Problem Statement

• With the increase in demand of power around the world the need for renewable sources of
energy has also increased. With the increase in demand of renewable energy solar energy has
become very popular and the main source of solar energy is PV cell or arrays.
• The functioning of a photovoltaic array is impacted by temperature, solar irradiance, shading,
and array configuration. Frequently, the PV arrays get shadowed, wholly or partially, by the
moving clouds, adjacent buildings and towers, trees, utility and telephone poles. The
situation is of especial interest in case of big PV installations such as those used in
distributed power generation systems. Under partly shaded conditions, the photovoltaic
characteristics get more complex with more than one peaks. Yet, it is very crucial to
understand and predict them in order to draw out the maximum possible power. 

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Objective
• When a small section of a photovoltaic panel is shaded by the branch of a tree or
other sources of shading, then a significant drop in power output from the panel
will result.
• In the interest of expanding the number of PV installations worldwide and
providing maximum benefit from these systems, it is useful to consider in more
detail the power loss from partially shaded PV systems.
• PV modules are very sensitive to shading. Unlike a solar thermal panel which can
tolerate some shading, many brands of PV modules cannot even be shaded by the
branch of a leafless tree due to high reduction of its output power.

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Basic diagram of SPV system

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Series-Parallel

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Bridge-linked (BL)

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TOTAL CROSS TIED

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V-T Graphs

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MAXIMUM POWER POINT
TRACKING(MPPT)
• Maximum power point plays an important role in photovoltaic system
because they maximize the power output from a PV system for a given set
of conditions, and therefore maximize the array efficiency. There are
different methods used to track the MPPT:-
– Perturb and Observe Method
– Incremental Conductance Method
– Fuzzy Logic Method etc.
• Among the different methods used to track the maximum power point,
Perturb and Observe method is the most widely used method in PV MPPTs
and is highly competitive against other MPPT methods.

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PERTURB AND OBSERVE ALGORITHM
• The current standard controller regarding solar cells is the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) .
In order for the MPPT to control the switch of the switching-power supply effectively, the algorithm
employed must be suitable for the desired use. Commonly used MPPT algorithms are hill-climbing
algorithms, with the most popular being the Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm
• The P&O algorithm calculates the present available power and subtracts it from the previous power
value to find the difference (ΔP). As long as ΔP remains positive, power is increasing and the tracker
continues along the solar I-V curve. However, when ΔP < 0, the controller moves in the opposite
direction along the I-V curve, and thus continually moves in the direction that ensures the greatest
power.
• In this method a slight disturbance is introduced in the system . This disturbance causes the power of
the solar module to change. If the power increases due to the disturbance then the disturbance is
continued in that direction . After the peak power is reached the power at the next instant decreases
and hence after that the disturbance reverses. When the steady state is reached the method oscillates
around the peak point. In order to keep the power variation small the perturbation size is kept very
small. The method is developed in such a manner that it sets a reference voltage of the module
corresponding to the peak voltage of the module. A PI controller then acts moving the operating
point of the module to that particular voltage level. It is observed that there some power loss due to
this perturbation also the fails to track the power under fast varying atmospheric conditions. But still
this method is very popular and simple.

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LIMITATIONS OF PERTURB AND
OBSERVE MODEL

• It works properly when there is a constant irradiance as there will be one local maximum
related to that disturbance and one minima.
• It doesn’t function properly during partial shading conditions as there will be many local
peaks in the graph. This will create a false maxima in the power.
• The time complexity of this algorithm is very less but on reaching very close to the MPPT it
doesn’t stop at the MPP and keeps on disturbing in both the directions. When this happens the
algorithm has reached very close to the MPP and we can set an appropriate error limit or can
use a wait function which ends up increasing the time complexity of the algorithm.

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CONCLUSION
• The work provides an idea about the effect of partial shading
on solar array.
• But it fails at partial shading, rapid changing environmental
condition.

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FUTURE SCOPE
• There are still some optimizations and experiments needed to
be done as the future work. e.g. the problems how it can
track the MPP instantly when the weather condition is
changing.
• How it can identify the global maximum and local maxima,
will be studied in the future.

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REFERENCES
[1] E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, and N. C. Voulgaris, “Development of a microcontroller-based photovoltaic
maximum power point tracking controlsystem,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 46–54,
Jan.2001.
[2] K. H. Hussein and I. Muta, “Maximum photovoltaic power tracking: An algorithm for rapidly changing
atmospheric conditions,” Proc. Inst. Electr.Eng. Gener., Transmiss. Distrib., vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 59–64, Jan.
1995.
[3] S. Jain and V.Agarwal, “A new algorithm for rapid tracking of approximate maximum power point in
photovoltaics systems,” IEEE Power Electron. Lett., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 16–19, Mar. 2004.
[4] G. Walker, “Evaluating MPPT converter topologies using a MATLAB PV model,” J. Electr. Electron. Eng.
Aust., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 49–56, 2001.
[5] M. C. Alonso-Gracia, J. M. Ruiz, and F. Chenlo, “Experimental study of mismatch and shading effects in
the,” Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 329–340, Feb. 2006.
[6] H. Kawamura, K. Naka, N. Yonekura, S. Yamanaka, H. Kawamura, H. Ohno, and K. Naito, “Simulation of I–V
characteristics of a PV module with shaded PV cells,” Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 75, no. 3/4, pp.
613–621, Feb. 2003.
[7] T. Shimizu, M. Hirakata, T. Kamezawa, and H. Watanabe, “Generation control circuit for photovoltaic
modules,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 293–300, May 2001.
[8] V. Quaschning and R. Hanitsch, “Numerical simulation of current–voltage characteristics of photovoltaic
systems with shaded solar cells,” Solar Energy, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 513–520, Feb. 1996.
[9] E. C. Kern, E. M. Gulachenski, and G. A. Kern, “Cloud effects on distributed photovoltaic generation: Slow
transients at the Gardner, Massachusetts photovoltaic experiment,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 4,
no. 2, pp. 184–190, Jun. 1989.
[10] F. Giraud and Z. Salameh, “Analysis of the effects of a passing cloud on a grid-interactive photovoltaic
system with battery storage using neural networks,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 14, no. 4, pp.
1572–1577,Dec. 1999.
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