FUNDAMENTALS OF

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
COMPILED BY:
LEJIE CABATINGAN GAJO, RCRIM.
INSTRUCTOR, FATHER SATURNINO URIOS UNIVERSITY, CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION PROGRAM
LECTURER, OROMIND SHAPERS REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER BUTUAN CITY
LECTURER, AIM TO TOP REVIEW CENTER VISAYAS BRANCH
PASSER, CIVIL SERVICE PROFESSIONAL EXAM
PASSER, PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY CADET ADMISSION TEST
STAFF, COMMISSION ON AUDIT REGIONAL OFFICE XIII
WISDOM FOR THE DAY

“YOU CANNOT TASTE THE

SWEETNESS OF YOUR SUCCESS
IF YOU CANNOT EXPERIENCE
THE BITTERNESS OF
SACRIFICE”.
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES
WHO DEVELOPED CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
• EUGENE FRANCOIS VIDOCQ – HE WAS A FORMER CRIMINAL/CROOK
TURNED PARIS POLICE INVESTIGATOR. HE IS CREDITED WITH THE
FOUNDING LA SURETE, FRANCE’S NATIONAL DETECTIVE
ORGANIZATION. CONSIDERED THOSE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT TO BE
THE “FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION”.
• HENRY FIELDING – FOUNDED THE BOW STREET RUNNERS IN 1749.
LONDON’S FIRST PROFESSIONAL POLICE FORCE. NUMBERING JUST
SIX (6). BOW STREET RUNNERS WAS THE PUBLIC NICKNAME FOR
THESE OFFICERS.

• JONATHAN WILD –HE WAS A FORMER CRIMINAL WHO FIRST

INTRODUCED THE IDEA OF “THIEF TAKER”. HE WAS NAMED AS
“THIEF TAKER GENERAL”.
• FRANCIS TURKEY – PIONEERED POLICE
“RAID”.

• HANS GROSS – FATHER OF

CRIMINALISTICS.
• JOHN FIELDING – DEVELOPED PAID INFORMANT. YOUNGER
BROTHER OF HENRY FIELDING.

• SIR ROBERT PEEL – INSTITUTED THE METROPOLITAN POLICE IN

LONDON, WHICH LATER BECAME SCOTLAND YARD. HE IS ALSO
CONSIDERED AS THE “FATHER OF MODERN POLICING.”
• CHARLES DICKENS – INTRODUCED THE TERM “DETECTIVES”.

• ALLAN PINKERTON – HE IS REGARDED AS “AMERICA’S FOUNDER OF

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION” AND THE MOST FAMOUS PRIVATE
INVESTIGATOR OF HIS TIME.
• INSP. THOMAS BYNES – AMERICAN FOUNDER OF CRIMINAL “MODUS
OPERANDI” (“MO”) AND ROGUES’ GALLERY CONTAINING PICTURES
OF KNOWN OFFENDERS.
• EDGAR J. HOOVER – FIRST FBI DIRECTOR
• EDMOND LOCARD – (LOCARD’S
THEORY) TRANSFER OF EVIDENCE.
• CALVINH. GODDARD – (FATHER OF
BALLISTICS)
SOME LEGAL BASES OF INVESTIGATION

• ART. III OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION;

• MIRANDA DOCTRINE/RIGHTS;
• RA 7438 (CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION)
• RPC
• SPECIAL LAWS
• PDS, EO’S
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION IS AN

• ART- APPLICATION OF HUMAN CREATIVE SKILL.

• SCIENCE- APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT LAWS AND PRINCIPLES.

“ANY PERSON UNDER INVESTIGATION FOR THE
COMMISSION OF AN OFFENSE SHALL HAVE THE
RIGHT TO BE INFORMED OF HIS RIGHT TO REMAIN
SILENT AND TO HAVE COMPETENT AND
INDEPENDENT COUNSEL PREFERABLY OF HIS
OWN CHOICE. IF THE PERSON CANNOT AFFORD
THE SERVICES OF COUNSEL, HE MUST BE
PROVIDED WITH ONE. THESE RIGHTS CANNOT BE
WAIVED EXCEPT IN WRITING AND IN THE PRESENCE
OF COUNSEL.” (SECTION 12 (1), OF 1987
CONSTITUTION)
“NO PERSON SHALL BE COMPELLED TO BE A WITNESS AGAINST
HIMSELF.“ (SEC. 17)

“ANY CONFESSION OR ADMISSION OBTAINED IN VIOLATION OF THIS OR

SECTION 17 HEREOF SHALL BE INADMISSIBLE IN EVIDENCE AGAINST
HIM.” SECTION 12 (2)
RIGHTS OF PERSON UNDER INVESTIGATION

a. TO BE INFORMED OF HIS RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT;

b. TO HAVE COMPETENT AND INDEPENDENT COUNSEL PREFERABLY
OF HIS OWN CHOICE OR TO BE PROVIDED WITH ONE IF HE/SHE
CAN’T AFFORD;
C. RIGHTS AGAINST TORTURE, FORCE, VIOLENCE, THREAT,
INTIMIDATION, OR ANY OTHER MEANS WHICH VITIATES THE FREE
WILL; AND

D. RIGHTS AGAINST BEING HELD IN SECRET, SOLITARY,

INCOMMUNICADO, OR OTHER SIMILAR FORMS OF DETENTION.
RIGHTS OF PERSON UNDER INVESTIGATION
(MIRANDA RIGHTS)
“YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT AND TO
HAVE A COMPETENT AND INDEPENDENT COUNSEL
OF YOUR CHOICE, AND IF YOU CANNOT AFFORD THE
SERVICES OF A LAWYER, ONE SHALL BE PROVIDED
FOR FREE BY THE GOVERNMENT. ANY STATEMENT
MADE BY YOU DURING INVESTIGATION MAY BE USED
FOR OR AGAINST YOU IN ANY COURT OF LAW OF THE
PHILIPPINES”
(THESE RIGHTS CANNOT BE WAIVED EXCEPT IN
WRITING AND IN THE PRESENCE OF A COUNSEL).”
 
RA 7438 (RIGHTS OF PERSON ARRESTED, DETAINED OR UNDER
CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION)

SEC. 2. RIGHTS OF PERSONS ARRESTED, DETAINED OR UNDER

CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION; DUTIES OF PUBLIC OFFICERS. - (A) ANY
PERSON ARRESTED, DETAINED OR UNDER CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION
SHALL AT ALL TIMES BE ASSISTED BY COUNSEL.
“ANY PUBLIC OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE X X X WHO ARRESTS, DETAINS
OR INVESTIGATES ANY PERSON FOR THE COMMISSION OF AN OFFENSE
SHALL INFORM THE LATTER, IN A LANGUAGE KNOWN TO AND
UNDERSTOOD BY HIM, OF HIS RIGHTS TO REMAIN SILENT AND TO
HAVE COMPETENT AND INDEPENDENT COUNSEL, PREFERABLY OF HIS
OWN CHOICE”.
(SEC. 2 PARA B, RA 7438)
 
WHAT IS CRIME
• AN ACT OR OMISSION PUNISHABLE BY LAW (RPC AND SPECIAL
PENAL LAW)
• AN ACT OR OMISSION IN VIOLATION OF LAW COMMANDING OR
FORBIDDING IT.
• FELONY- AN ACT PUNISHABLE BY THE RPC
• OFFENSE- AN ACT PUNISHABLE BY SPECIAL LAW
• FELONIES ARE COMMITTED NOT ONLY BY MEANS OF DECEIT (DOLO)
BUT ALSO BE MEANS OF FAULT (CULPA).

• THERE IS DECEIT WHEN THE ACT IS PERFORMED WITH DELIBERATE

INTENT; AND THERE IS FAULT WHEN THE WRONGFUL ACT RESULTS
FROM IMPRUDENCE, NEGLIGENCE, LACK OF FORESIGHT, OR LACK OF
SKILL.(ART. 365, RPC, [CRIMINAL
NEGLIGENCE])
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION- IT IS AN ART WHICH DEALS WITH THE
IDENTITY AND LOCATION OF THE CRIMINAL OFFENDER AND THE
GATHERING AND PROVIDING EVIDENCE OF HIS GUILT.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR- IS A PERSON WHO IS CHARGED WITH THE

DUTY OF CONDUCTING CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION WHEN A CRIME IS
COMMITTED.
WHAT ARE THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD INVEST/PROBER

a. PERSEVERANCE
b. INCORRUPTIBLE, HONESTY AND INTEGRITY
c. INTELLIGENCE
d. SENSE OF JUSTICE AND FAIR PLAY
e. KNOWLEDGE OF CRIMINAL LAW, EVIDENCE, CRIM. PROCEDURE AND
SPECIAL PENAL LAWS
WHO SHALL CONDUCT CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

THE POLICE STATION HAVING TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION OF THE

AREA WHERE THE CRIME OR INCIDENT OCCURRED, UNLESS DIRECTED
BY HIGHER AUTHORITIES FOR A CERTAIN CASE TO BE INVESTIGATED
BY OTHER UNITS/AGENCY.
THE ANATOMY OF CRIME
• THE MOTIVE REFERS TO THE REASON OR CAUSE WHY A PERSON
WILL PERPETRATE A CRIME.
• THE INSTRUMENTALITY IS THE TOOLS USED IN THE COMMISSION
OF THE CRIME.
• THE OPPORTUNITY REFERS TO THE ACTS OR OMISSION BY THE
VICTIM WHICH ENABLES ANOTHER THE- CRIMINAL TO PERPETRATE
THE CRIME.
REASONS WHY CRIME SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED
 
1. FUTURE DETERRENCE OF OFFENDERS
A. INVESTIGATION, TRIAL AND IMPRISONMENT WILL EFFECTIVELY
RESTRAINT AND CONTROL THE OFFENDER.
2. DETERRENCE TO OTHERS
A. WHEN PUNISHMENT IS SERVED, OTHERS WOULD NOT EMULATE.
3. COMMUNITY SAFETY

A. INCARCERATION OF
CRIMINALS BROUGHT PROTECTION
TO THE PEOPLE

4. PROTECTION OF THE INNOCENT

A. INNOCENT WILL BE SPARED FROM

CRIMINAL PEOPLE.
THE THREE FOLD AIMS OF INVESTIGATION

1). TO IDENTIFY THE GUILTY PARTY

2). TO LOCATE THE GUILTY PARTY
3). TO GATHER EVIDENCE OF HIS GUILT
IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS.
HOW TO PROVE THE GUILT OF THE
ACCUSED:

●ESTABLISHED THE EXISTENCE OF

THE CRIME.
●THE SUSPECT MUST BE IDENTIFIED.
●THERE SHOULD BE COMPETENT AND
CREDIBLE WITNESS.
●PHYSICAL EVIDENCE MUST BE
IDENTIFIED AND THE CHAIN OF
CUSTODY IS OBSERVED.
●ORDERLY PRESENTED IN COURT.
PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

• PHASE 1- IDENTIFY THE SUSPECT

• PHASE 2- LOCATE AND APPREHEND THE SUSPECT
• PHASE 3- GATHER EVIDENCE AGAINST THE SUSPECT
PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

PHASE I - IDENTIFY THE SUSPECT/S THROUGH

• CONFESSION

• EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY

• CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE/ INDIRECT EVIDENCE

• ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
1. CONFESSION
-EXPRESS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BY THE ACCUSED OF HIS GUILT.
-IT IS THE BEST MEANS OF IDENTIFYING A CRIMINAL.

a. JUDICIAL-MADE IN OPEN COURT

b. EXTRA JUDICIAL- MADE OUTSIDE
THE COURT LIKE, TAKEN DURING
CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION (G.R.
NO. L-61356-57, SEPT..30, 1986)
ADMISSION- IS A DECLARATION OR ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BY A PARTY
AS TO THE EXISTENCE OF A CERTAIN FACT.
EX: THE SUSPECT ADMITTED THAT HE OWNED THE GUN USED IN
KILLING PEDRO.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN:
ADMISSION
a. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF A FACT; INSUFFICIENT TO CONVICT A
PERSON

CONFESSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GUILT;
SUFFICIENT TO CONVICT A PERSON
THE ROLE OF ADMISSIBILITY OF
CONFESSION

1. THE CONFESSION MUST BE

EXPRESSED, CATEGORICAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GUILT.
2. THE FACTS ADMITTED MUST
CONSTITUTE CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
3. THE CONFESSION MUST HAVE BEEN
GIVEN VOLUNTARILY.
4. THERE MUST HAVE BEEN NO
VIOLATION OF SEC. 12 ART. 111 OF
THE CONSTITUTION.
2. EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY (TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE)

POSITIVE TESTIMONY
1. WHEN A WITNESS AFFIRMS THAT A FACT
DID OR DID NOT OCCUR;
2. STRONGER AND WEIGHTIER;
3. GENERALLY PREVAILS

NEGATIVE TESTIMONY
1. WHEN THE WITNESS STATES THAT HE DID NOT SEE OR KNOW THE
OCCURRENCE OF A FACT
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION BY WITNESS TO A SUSPECT:

PORTRAIT PARLE –IS A VERBAL

DESCRIPTION BY WITNESS OR VICTIM
OF THE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF
THE ASSAILANT WHILE BEING DRAWN
BY THE CARTOGRAPHER .

PHOTOGRAPHIC FILES (ROGUE’S

GALLERY) – THE WITNESS WILL
IDENTIFY THE OFFENDER THROUGH
PHOTOGRAPHS/PHOTOS COMPILED IN
THE POLICE STATION.
3. CIRCUMSTANTIAL A.K.A. INDIRECT/ PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE
- IS EVIDENCE THAT IS DRAWN NOT FROM DIRECT OBSERVATION OF A FACT
AT ISSUE BUT FROM EVENTS OR CIRCUMSTANCES THAT SURROUND IT.

WHEN CE SUFFICIENT FOR CONVICTION:

• THERE IS MORE THAN ONE

CIRCUMSTANCE;
• THE FACTS FROM WHICH THE
INFERENCES ARE DERIVED ARE
PROVEN; AND
• THE COMBINATION OF ALL
CIRCUMSTANCES COULD PRODUCE A
CONVICTION BEYOND REASONABLE
DOUBT.( G.R. NO. 187725, JAN. 19, 2011)
4. ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
PIECES OF EVIDENCE WHICH COULD LINK THE SUSPECT TO THE CRIME
SCENE BY MEANS OF CLUES, HINTS, AND PERSONAL PROPERTIES.
EXAMPLES:
WEAPON
TOOLS
GARMENT
FINGERPRINT
FOOT IMPRESSION, AND OTHERS.
PHASE II - LOCATE AND APPREHEND SUSPECT/S

• SURVEILLANCE

• UNDERCOVER WORKS/ASSIGNMENTS

• INFORMANTS
1. SURVEILLANCE
IS A DISCREET INVESTIGATION BY KEEPING
PERSONS, PLACES, VEHICLES, ACTIVITIES OR
OTHER TARGETS UNDER PHYSICAL
OBSERVATION IN ORDER TO OBTAIN
INFORMATION.

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE:
A. TAILING OR SHADOWING – OBSERVATION
OF PERSON AND MOVEMENT.
B. CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE – IS THE SURVEILLANCE OF
BUILDING, PLACE OR AREA TO DETERMINE ITS SUITABILITY AND
VULNERABILITY IN OPERATIONS.

CASING-POLICE TERM
RECONNAISSANCE-MILITARY
TERM

C. ROPING – SURVEILLANCE OF
OTHER THINGS, EVENTS, AND
ACTIVITIES
2. UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT OR
WORK
– IS AN INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUE IN WHICH AGENT CONCEAL HIS
OFFICIAL IDENTITY TO OBTAIN INFORMATION FROM THE TARGET OR
SUBJECT.

USES OF UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT

A) SECURITY EVALUATION
B) GAIN CONFIDENCE FROM THE SUBJECT
C) VERIFY INFORMATION FROM HUMAN SOURCES
D) UNCOVER CONCEALED IDENTITY
E) TO INSTALL, MAINTAIN INVESTIGATIVE EQUIPMENT.
3. INFORMANTS
IS ANY PERSON WHO FURNISHES THE POLICE AN
INFORMATION RELEVANT TO THE CRIME UNDER
INVESTIGATION, GENERALLY, WITHOUT CONSIDERATION.

INFORMER- IS ONE WHO FURNISHES INFORMATION TO

THE POLICE GENERALLY WITH CONSIDERATION.

CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT- A PERSON WHO PROVIDES

THE POLICE WITH CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
CONCERNING A CRIME.
TYPES OF INFORMANT:
• ANONYMOUS INFORMANT- A PHONE CALLER, LETTER WRITER OR A
TEXT SENDER.

• RIVAL-ELIMINATION- MAINTAINS IDENTITY BEING ANONYMOUS. HIS

PURPOSE IS TO ELIMINATE RIVAL PERSON OR GANG DUE TO
COMPETITION OR OTHER MOTIVES.
• FALSE I.- USUALLY REVEALS INFORMATION OF NO VALUE. HIS
PURPOSE IS TO APPEAR TO BE ON THE SIDE OF THE LAW AND FOR
THROWING OUT SUSPICION BY THE POLICE FROM HIMSELF OR HIS
ASSOCIATES.
• FRIGHTENED - POSSESSES FEAR TO HIS LIFE. HE GIVE INFORMATION
FOR SELF PRESERVATION WHEN HIS GANG IS ON POLICE TRAIL.

• SELF-AGGRANDIZING- DELIGHTS IN SURPRISING THE POLICE WITH

BITS OF INFORMATION TO IMPRESS THEM IN ORDER TO GAIN
RECOGNITION AND ACCEPTANCE FROM THEM.
• MERCENARY- THE INFORMANT HAS INFORMATION FOR SALE.
• DOUBLE-CROSSER- PRETENDED TO HAVE INFORMATION TO GET
REASON TO TALK TO THE POLICE IN ORDER TO GET MORE
INFORMATION THAN HE GIVES.
• LEGITIMATE - DESIRE TO GIVE AN INFORMATION THAT SPRINGS
FROM LEGITIMATE REASONS.
MOTIVES OF INFORMANT

• VANITY- THE MOTIVE IS FOR SELF-AGGRANDIZEMENT BY GAINING

FAVORABLE ATTENTION & IMPORTANCE FROM THE POLICE.

• CIVIC MINDEDNESS- IMBUED WITH THE SENSE OF DUTY &

OBLIGATION TO ASSIST THE POLICE IN THEIR TASK.
• FEAR- ARISE FROM AN APPREHENSION OVER ENEMIES IMPENDING
DANGERS OF HIS LIFE OR FAMILY, OR FEAR TO BE ARRESTED BY THE
POLICE.

• REPENTANCE- THOSE LESSER CRIMINALS SUCH AS ACCOMPLICES OR

ACCESSORIES WHO HAVE BEEN BOTHERED BY THEIR CONSCIENCE.
PHASE 3- GATHER EVIDENCE AGAINST THE ACCUSED

1. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE- ANY OBJECT FOUND AT THE CS

2. TESTIMONIAL E.- TESTIMONY FROM VICTIM OR WITNESS
3. DOCUMENTARY E.- RECORDS

NOTE: OBSERVED THE PRINCIPLE OF CHAIN

OF CUSTODY
3 TOOLS OR 3 I’S OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

1. INFORMATION
KNOWLEDGE OR FACTS WHICH THE INVESTIGATOR HAD GATHERED
FROM PERSONS OR DOCUMENTS.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION:

A. REGULAR SOURCES- RECORDS, FILES FROM GOVERNMENT OR NON-
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, NEWS ITEMS, ETC.;
B. CULTIVATED- INFORMATION FURNISHED BY INFORMANTS OR
INFORMERS.
C. GRAPEVINES- INFORMATION COMING FROM THE UNDERWORLD
CHARACTERS SUCH AS PRISONERS OR EX-CONVICTS.

2. INTERVIEW
IS A CASUAL OR SIMPLE INQUIRY TO A PERSON WHO HAVE
KNOWLEDGE TO A CRIME UNDER INVESTIGATION.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD INTERVIEWER

A. RAPPORT
B. KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
C. COMMON INTEREST
D. ACTING QUALITIES
E. HUMILITY
REASONS WHY WITNESS REFUSE TO TALK/TESTIFY

a. FEAR OF REPRISAL
b. GREAT INCONVENIENCE
c. HATRED AGAINST THE POLICE
d. AVOIDANCE OF PUBLICITY
RULES OF THUMB IN QUESTIONING

a. ONE QUESTION AT A TIME

b. SIMPLICITY OF QUESTION
c. USE OPEN-ENDED QUESTION
d. AVOID USING LEGAL TERM
e. USE KNOWN DIALECT/LANGUAGE OF THE INTERVIEWEE
DISTINCTIONS OF INTERVIEW AND
INTERROGATION
INTERVIEWS
•PURPOSE IS TO OBTAIN INFORMATION
•MODERATE PLANNING OR PREPARATION
•PRIVATE OR SEMI-PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT IS
DESIRABLE

INTERROGATIONS
•PURPOSE IS TO TEST INFORMATION ALREADY
OBTAINED
•EXTENSIVE PLANNING OR PREPARATION
•ABSOLUTE PRIVACY IS ESSENTIAL
GOLDEN RULE IN INTERVIEW
NEVER CONDUCT AN INTERVIEW IF THE INTERVIEWER
DID NOT EXAMINE/CHECK THE CRIME SCENE.

PRELIMINARY INFORMATION TO BE OBTAINED

BEFORE CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW
• NATURE OF THE CRIME
• IDENTITY AND BACKGROUND OF THE VICTIM OR
WITNESS
• EMOTIONAL STATE OF THE VICTIM OR WITNESS
• NAMES OF ALL PARTIES INVOLVED
INTERVIEW FORMAT: ACRONYM “IRONIC”

IDENTIFY
RAPPORT
OPENING STATEMENT
NARRATION
INQUIRY
CONCLUSION
TYPES OF INTERVIEW:

a) ON-THE-SCENE INTERVIEW- INTERVIEW IS INFORMAL. CONDUCTED

BY ANY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER WHO FIRST ARRIVED AT
SCENE.
PURPOSE:
-OBTAIN INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SUSPECT
-TO EFFECT IMMEDIATE ARREST

B) FORMAL INTERVIEW- CONDUCTED BY THE INVESTIGATOR-ON-CASE.

TYPICAL CLASSES OF INTERVIEWEES:

1. CHILDREN- LEAST TYPE TO COMMIT

FALSEHOOD.
2. YOUNG PERSONS- PREOCCUPIED, NOT YET
BEGUN TO REFLECT ON LIFE AND
ENVIRONMENT OBJECTIVELY .
3. MIDDLE AGED PERSONS- OFTEN THE IDEAL
WITNESS.
4. OLDER PERSONS- PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT
AND PREOCCUPATION AFFECT THEIR VALUE
AS WITNESS.
RULES FOR CONDUCTING A SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEW

• GET ACQUAINTED WITH THE VICTIM OR WITNESS

• DEVELOP RAPPORT
• KEEP THEM NARRATING
• USE OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS
• AVOID LEADING AND RAPID-FIRE QUESTIONS
METHODS OF RECORDING INTERVIEW:

a) MENTAL NOTES;
b) STENOGRAPHIC NOTES;
D) SOUND RECORDING; AND
E) SOUND AND MOTION PICTURES
WHAT IS COGNITIVE INTERVIEW?

• IS A TECHNIQUE IN INTERVIEW TO A WILLING AND COOPERATIVE

WITNESS, WHERE HE IS GIVEN THE FULL OPPORTUNITY TO NARRATE
HIS ACCOUNTS WITHOUT INTERVENTION FROM THE INTERVIEWER.
INTERROGATION
IS THE SKILLFUL/VIGOROUS QUESTIONING
OF A PERSON SUSPECTED OF HAVING
COMMITTED AN OFFENSE OR ONE WHO IS
RELUCTANT TO DISCLOSE INFORMATION
REGARDING THE COMMISSION OF CRIME.

PURPOSE OF INTERROGATION:
A. TO OBTAIN INFORMATION;
B. TO OBTAIN A CONFESSION;
C. TO OBTAIN ADMISSIONS;
E. TO LEARN OF THE EXISTENCE AND LOCATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE;
F. TO LEARN THE IDENTITY OF ACCOMPLISHES;
G. TO DEVELOP ADDITIONAL LEADS; AND
H. TO DISCOVER ANY OTHER CRIMES IN WHICH THE SUSPECT
PARTICIPATED.
TECHNIQUES IN INTERROGATION
a. EMOTIONAL APPEALS. THE INVESTIGATOR SHOULD PROVIDES
TOUCHING WORDS THAT WILL PROMPT THE SUSPECT TO CONFIDES.

B. SYMPATHETIC APPROACH. AN OFFER OF FRIENDSHIP BY SMALL ACTS

OF KINDNESS MAY WIN HIS COOPERATION.
C. EXTENUATION. THE INVESTIGATOR DOES NOT TAKE TO SERIOUS OF
THE SUBJECT’S MISTAKE .

D. MUFF & JEFF. TWO (2) AGENTS ARE EMPLOYED. MUFF, USES FEAR
TACTICS. JEFF, A KIND HEARTED MAN, WHO WILL TEMPER MUFF.
E. SHIFTING THE BLAME. THE BLAME SHOULD BE SHIFT TO OUTSIDE
FACTORS AND NOT DEALING WITH A PERSON WHO IS A CRIMINAL BY
NATURE AND CHOICE.
BASIC RULES FOR COMPOSING QUESTIONS

• SHORT AND DIRECT.

• CLEAR AND EASILY UNDERSTOOD.
• WORDS THAT SUSPECT CAN UNDERSTOOD.
• AVOID USING LEGAL TERMS, SUCH AS BURGLARY AND ROBBERY.
• ACCUSATORY QUESTIONS SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
• USE OPEN-ENDED (E.G., WHAT HAPPENED?”)
ATTITUDE AND CONDUCT OF INTERROGATOR:

1) MAKE IT APPEAR THAT YOU ARE ONLY SEEKING THE TRUTH NOT
CONFESSION OR CONVICTION.
2) AVOID NOTE TAKING.
3) AVOID USING THE WORDS “EMBEZZLE,” “CONFESS YOUR CRIME”
AMONG OTHERS. EMPLOY MILDER TERMINOLOGY.
PRIVACY:
PSYCHOLOGICALLY, A INTERROGEE IS MORE
WILING TO REVEAL SECRETS IN THE PRIVACY
OF A ROOM ONLY BY HIMSELF AND THE
INTERROGATOR.

WHEN QUESTIONING A WOMAN OR A CHILD:

•WHEN A WOMAN OR A YOUNG GIRL IS BEING
INTERVIEWED, IT IS WISE TO HAVE A THIRD
PERSON, PREFERABLY ANOTHER WOMAN.
QUESTIONING A HOSTILE WITNESS (HW):
• A HOSTILE WITNESS OR SUSPECT SHOULD NOT BE QUESTIONED IN HIS
OWN HOME OR IN SURROUNDINGS FAMILIAR TO HIM.

HW/ADVERSE/UNFAVORABLE WITNESS- IS ONE WHO IS ADVERSARIAL

OR UNCOOPERATIVE TO THE POLICE.
VERBAL SIGNS OF DECEPTION
• STUTTERING OR SLURRING WORDS
• A CHANGE IN THE SPEED OF TALKING
• ABNORMALLY SLOW SPEECH THAT SUGGESTS A CAREFUL PLANNING
OF EACH WORD TO AVOID INCRIMINATING STATEMENTS
• USE OF EXPLETIVES, PROFANITY, OR INSISTENT EXPRESSIONS OF
TRUTH (E.G., “TO BE PERFECTLY HONEST,” OR “TRUTHFUL, ”)
PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS OF DECEPTION

• FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

ANGER - USUALLY MOST COMMON

WITH THE TRUTHFUL PERSON
FEAR - MOST COMMONLY
ASSOCIATED WITH THE DECEPTIVE
INDIVIDUAL
DEFIANCE - INDICATED BY CROSSED
ARMS, TILTED HEAD
• EYE CONTACT

• NORMAL EYE CONTACT IS

MAINTAINED BETWEEN 30-40
PERCENT
• DECEPTIVE SUSPECTS TEND TO
AVERT THEIR GAZE
• TRUTHFUL PERSONS WILL
GENERALLY SUSTAIN EYE CONTACT
LONGER
• BODY POSTURE

• SLUMPING HEAD AND BODY

• NO FRONTAL ALIGNMENT WITH THE
INTERROGATOR
• SITTING WITH ARMS OR LEGS
CROSSED
• SLOUCHING
OTHER INDICATORS

• AN INCREASE IN SWEATING
• CHANGES OF COLOR IN THE SKIN
• A DRY MOUTH, FREQUENT
SWALLOWING, WETTING OF THE
LIPS, OR INDICATIONS OF THIRST
BEHAVIORAL SIGNS OF DECEPTION
• EVASIVE AND NON-COMMITTAL IN ANSWERS; FREQUENTLY, DO NOT
ANSWER THE QUESTION
• GUARDED, GIVING ONLY THE BRIEFEST OF DETAILS
• QUICK TO RATIONALIZE (E.G., “I COULDN’T HAVE DONE THIS
BECAUSE...”)
THREE COMMONLY USED DEFENSE MECHANISMS

• RATIONALIZATION
• PROJECTION
• MINIMIZATION
 
MENTAL AND MECHANICAL ACTS-DISTINGUISHED

MECHANICAL ACTS:
• MECHANICAL ACTS ARE HUMAN ACTIONS WHICH DO NOT INVOLVE
THE USE OF MENTAL PROCESSES.
MENTAL ACTS:
• IS ANY HUMAN ACTION WHICH REQUIRES THE USE OR APPLICATION
OF MENTAL FACULTIES OR PROCESSES TO MAKE THE SPECIFIC ACT.
EX: MECHANICAL ACT S

a) PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SUSPECT;

B) TO DISCHARGE PROHIBITED DRUGS FROM HIS MOUTH;
C) TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC EXAMINATION;
D) TO REMOVE HIS APPAREL, LIKE HAT, DRESS OR ARTICLES HIDING HIS
FACE;
E) TO BE FINGERPRINTED AND PHOTOGRAPH;
F) TO SUBMIT IN PARAFFIN TEST;
G) TO SUBMIT HIMSELF TO POLICE LINE-UP; AND
H) TO SUBMIT TO DRUG TEST.
EX: MENTAL ACTS
1) ORDERING A PERSON TO WRITE TO GET HIS HANDWRITING SPECIMEN;
2) ORDERING A PERSON TO SPEAK AND ANSWER QUESTIONS;
3) SUBMITTING A PERSON TO LIE DETECTOR EXAMINATION TEST; AND
4) RE-ENACTMENT OF THE CRIME SCENE.
INSTRUMENTATION/CRIMINALISTICS
IS THE APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS TO THE
DETECTION OF CRIME.

SOME AREAS THAT NEED SCIENTIFIC WORKS:

a. BALLISTICS
b. PHOTOGRAPHY
c. FINGERPRINT
d. POLYGRAPHY
e. QUESTION DOCUMENTS
CRIME SCENE PROCESSING
a) Documentation (Note Taking, Sketching,
Photography)
b) Crime Scene Search (Strip/Line Method,
Quadrant/Zone, Spiral, Grid/Double Strip,
Wheel)
c) Collection, Handling and Preservation of
Evidence(Note: Chain of Custody)
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF “CS PROCESSING”?

IS THE DILIGENT AND CAREFUL METHODS BY AN INVESTIGATOR TO

IDENTIFY, PRESERVE AND COLLECT ITEMS OF EVIDENTIARY VALUE.
• BASIC EQUIPMENT OF THE INVESTIGATOR
a. POLICE LINE
b. CAMERA, VOICE RECORDER
c. MEASURING DEVICE
d. GLOVES
e. FLASHLIGHT
F. FINGERPRINT KIT
G. EVIDENCE BAG
H. EVIDENCE TAG
I. EVIDENCE BOTTLES
G. INVESTIGATOR’S TICKLER
• THREE MOST COMMON METHODS OF RECORDING A CRIME SCENE

 CRIME SCENE NOTE TAKING

 CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPH
 CRIME SCENE SKETCH
a. PHOTOGRAPHS WILL SUPPLIES MAXIMUM INFORMATION AND TO
ENABLE THE VIEWER TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE CRIME WAS
COMMITTED.
b. SKETCHES. IS THE SIMPLEST AND THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY OF
SHOWING ACTUAL MEASUREMENT.
C. NOTE TAKING- WRITING OF IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS IN THE CRIME
SCENE.
OTHER MODE OF RECORDING INVESTIGATIVE
DATA
 
SWORN STATEMENT- IS THE TESTIMONY OF THE
PERSON REDUCED INTO WRITING, UNDER OATH
OR AFFIRMATION.
 
PURPOSES:
• TO PROVIDE A WRITTEN RECORD OF THE CASE;
• TO BE USED BY THE PROSECUTION DURING TRIAL;
• TO DISCOURAGE THE WITNESS FROM WRONGFULLY CHANGING HIS TESTIMONY;
GENERAL RULE
“DO NOT TOUCH OR MOVE ANY EVIDENCE ONCE IT IS
LOCATED UNTIL IT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED, PHOTOGRAPHED,
SKETCHED, MEASURED AND RECORDED…”

10
NOTE TAKING

• SERVES AS PERSONAL RECORD OF THE SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE

• REMAIN EVEN MONTHS AFTER THE EVENT.
• WILL SUPPLEMENT PHOTOGRAPHS AND SKETCHES.
• COMPLETE WITH FIVE (5) W’S AND ONE (1) H.
Photography

Objectives

To create a visual record of the crime

scene

To capture specific details

To preserve description of item that

degrades through time
THREE MAJOR TYPES OF PICTORIAL
VIEWS

• LONG-RANGE/GENERAL PHOTOGRAPHS

• MID-RANGE PHOTOGRAPHS

• CLOSE-UP-RANGE PHOTOGRAPHS
Long-range Photographs

Photos that show general view of a CS

10
Photos that show general view of a CS
Mid-range Photographs

Photographs taken from 8 to 10 feet from subject

Photograph show general view of a
subject/object in a crime scene

10
Close-up range Photographs

Photos that show details of a subject

Crime Scene Sketches
Objective:

TO CREATE AN ACCURATE INFORMATION ABOUT THE

PLACEMENT OF OBJECTS AND SHOW RELATIONSHIP AND
DISTANCES BETWEEN THEM.
ELEMENTS OF SKETCHING:
• MEASUREMENTS- THIS MUST BE ACCURATE;
• COMPASS DIRECTION- A STANDARD ARROW
THAT DESIGNATE THE “NORTH”
ORIENTATION TO FACILITATE CORRECT
ORIENTATION;
• ESSENTIAL ITEMS- IMPORTANT ITEMS OF
INVESTIGATION.
• SCALE OR PROPORTION- WILL VARY ON
THE DRAWING, AMOUNT OF DETAIL AND THE
SIZE OF THE DRAWING PAPER.
• LEGEND- REFERS TO THE
EXPLANATION OF THE SYMBOLS
USED TO IDENTIFY THE OBJECTS
FOUND IN THE CRIME SCENE.

• TITLE- INCLUDES CASE

IDENTIFICATION, VICTIMS
IDENTIFICATION, SCENE PORTRAYED,
LOCATION, DATE AND HOUR MADE
AND THE NAME OF THE SKETCHER.
 
Crime Scene Sketch

TYPES OF SKETCH
Neighborhood Sketch
 ILLUSTRATES THE LOCATION OF THE CRIME SCENE
WITH RESPECT TO KNOWN LANDMARKS

For relatively large crime scene

EXPLODED VIEW/CROSS PROJECTION
Collection of Physical Evidence
d. Labeling and marking of evidence.
Ideal Letter request
containing all information as
to:
-brief summary of the case

-source of the specimen

-markings

-packaging
Crime Scene Documentation: CHAIN OF CUSTODY
(Change of Possession)

The Scene

Evidence - Seal, Markings, Evidence Log

Evidence Collector (Officer on case)

- Letter Request

Forensic Examiner
-Result
Evidence Custodian
-Court order (Subpoena)

Court Presentation

The Evidence will be officially turn-over to the court concern after testimony by the
forensic examiner.
RECOMMENDED TEAM COMPOSITION ON
CSI AND ASSIGNMENTS OF DUTIES:

•OFFICER-IN-CHARGE:ONE WHO DIRECT

SEARCH, ASSIGN DUTIES, AND ASSUMES
RESPONSIBILITY.

•ASSISTANT:HE MUST IMPLEMENT THE

ORDER OF THE OFFICER-IN-CHARGE.

•PHOTOGRAPHER: PHOTO THE SCENE AND

INDIVIDUAL PIECES OF EVIDENCE.
• SKETCHER: MAKES SKETCHES

• MASTER-NOTE-TAKER: ONE WHO WRITES

DOWN THE OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION.

• EVIDENCE MAN: COLLECTS, PRESERVES AND

TAGS ARTICLES OF EVIDENCE.

• MEASURER: MAKES OVER-ALL

MEASUREMENTS OF THE SCENE.
 
a. STRIP SEARCH METHOD

The searchers (A, B and C) proceed slowly at the

same pace along the path of the rectangle and returned
to another pace.
a. DOUBLE STRIP OR GRID SEARCH METHOD

This method is a modification of the Strip Method.

Here, the searchers will traversed first to the base then
to the side.
a. SPIRAL SEARCH METHOD

The three Searchers follow-each-other in the path of

a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling-in
towards the center, - or vice versa.
a. ZONE SEARCH METHOD

The area to be searched is divided into – quadrants, and

each searcher is assigned in each quadrant. The
quadrant could be cut into another set of quadrants.
WHEEL SEARCH METHOD

If the area to be searched is approximately circular or oval,

the wheel method may be used. The searchers gather at the
center, and proceed out-ward along radii or spokes.
Crime Scene Search
• IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES IN CRIM. INVEST.
MEANING OF DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING:

DEDUCTIVE JUDGMENT – INVESTIGATOR’S CONCLUSION IS MADE

BASED ON THEORY. COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE WILL FOLLOW TO
PROVE HIS THEORY IS RIGHT.

INDUCTIVE- COLLECTS ALL THE FACTS AVAILABLE FIRST AND

ALLOWS THEN TO DETERMINE THE JUDGMENT.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CRIME:
•IS THE DETERMINATION OF THE APPEARANCE OF THE
CRIME SCENE, PLACE OF OBJECTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES
TO DETERMINE WHAT ACTUALLY OCCURRED.

KINDS OF RECONSTRUCTION:

•PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION: THE SCENE IS

RECONSTRUCTED FROM THE DESCRIPTION OF WITNESSES
AND THE INDICATION OF EVIDENCE.
•MENTAL RECONSTRUCTION: DEVELOPED BY THE
INVESTIGATOR BASED ON MENTAL ANALYSIS FROM
FACTS.
 
• ARREST
IS THE TAKING OF A PERSON INTO A CUSTODY IN ORDER THAT HE MAY
BE BOUND TO ANSWER FOR THE COMMISSION OF AN OFFENSE.
TWO TYPES OF ARREST

a. WITH WARRANT ISSUED BY COURT

b. WARRANTLESS/ CITIZENS ARREST
VALIDITY OF WARRANT OF ARREST

NO PRESCRIPTION PERIOD, UNLESS THE SAID WARRANT HAS BEEN

RECALLED BY THE ISSUING COURT OR QUASHED BY HIGHER COURT
OR THE PERSON AVAILED FOR BAIL.
NOTE: WOA CAN BE SERVED ANYWHERE IN THE PHILIPPINES.
REMINDERS:

UPON THE ARREST, DETAINED AND/OR UNDER CUSTODIAL

INVESTIGATION OF A PERSON, THE ARRESTING/INVESTIGATING AGENT
SHOULD INFORMED THE PERSON OF HIS/HER MIRANDA RIGHTS.

MIRANDA VERSUS ARIZONA , 384 U.S. 436 (1966)

WHAT IS SEARCH?
IS AN EXAMINATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S PERSON, HOUSE PAPERS OR
EFFECTS, OR OTHER BUILDING AND PREMISES TO DISCOVER
CONTRABAND OR SOME EVIDENCE OF GUILT.

SEARCH WARRANT- IS AN ORDER IN WRITING ISSUED IN THE NAME OF

THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, SIGNED BY A JUDGE AND DIRECTED
TO A PEACE OFFICER, COMMANDING HIM TO SEARCH FOR PERSONAL
PROPERTY DESCRIBED THEREIN AND TO BRING IT BEFORE THE COURT.
VALIDITY OF SW
A SEARCH WARRANT MUST BE SERVED WITHIN TEN (10) DAYS FROM
ITS DATE, THEREAFTER, IT SHALL BE VOID.
WARRANTLESS SEARCHES AND SEIZURES
a. CONSENT OR WAIVER SEARCH
b. PLAIN VIEW SEARCH
c. CUSTOMS SEARCH OR SEARCHES MADE AT AIRPORTS/SEAPORTS
d. SEARCH OF MOVING VEHICLES
e. ROUTINE SEARCH LIKE BOARDER CHECKS OR CHECKPOINTS
F. STOP AND FRISK
G. SEARCH INCIDENTAL TO LAWFUL ARREST
H. SEARCH OF VESSEL
I. EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES
• DOCTRINE OF EXCLUSIONARY RULE

IT MEANS THAT EVIDENCE ILLEGALLY OBTAINED BY LAW

ENFORCEMENT OFFICER IN VIOLATIONS OF SUSPECT’S RIGHT, LIKE
SEARCH AND SEIZURE WITHOUT WARRANT, SHALL BE INADMISSIBLE
AS EVIDENCE IN COURT.(WEEKS V. UNITED STATES, 232
U.S. 383 (1914), MAPP V. OHIO, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)
• DOCTRINE OF FRUIT OF POISONOUS TREE

A COURT MAY EXCLUDE FROM TRIAL NOT ONLY

EVIDENCE THAT ITSELF WAS SEIZED IN VIOLATION
OF THE CONSTITUTION, BUT ALSO ANY OTHER
EVIDENCE THAT IS DERIVED FROM ILLEGAL
SEARCH.

EX: SUPPOSE A PERSON IS ARRESTED FOR

KIDNAPPING AND LATER CONFESSED TO THE CRIME.
IF A COURT SUBSEQUENTLY DECLARES THAT THE
ARREST WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL, THE
CONFESSION WILL ALSO BE DEEMED TAINTED AND
RULED INADMISSIBLE. (SILVERTHORNE LUMBER CO.
VS. U.S, 252 U.S. 385 (1920)
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES IN
INVESTIGATION

• AGENT OF PERSON IN AUTHORITY-ANY

PERSON WHO BY DIRECT PROVISION OF
LAW OR BY ELECTION OR BY
APPOINTMENT BY COMPETENT AUTHORITY,
IS CHARGED WITH THE MAINTENANCE OF
PUBLIC ORDER AND THE PROTECTION AND
SECURITY OF LIFE AND PROPERTY.
-ANY PERSON WHO COMES TO THE AID
OF PERSON IN AUTHORITY.
• CRIME SCENE “WALK THROUGH” - PROVIDES THE INVESTIGATOR AN
OVERVIEW OF THE ENTIRE SCENE, FIRST OPPORTUNITY TO LOCATE
AND VIEW THE BODY, IDENTIFY PHYSICAL EVIDENCE, AND
DETERMINE INITIAL INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES NECESSARY.
• ANTE MORTEM-BEFORE DEATH
• ARBITRARY DETENTION-DETAINING A PERSON WITHOUT A LEGAL
GROUND.
• CADAVER-A CORPSE OR A DEAD BODY.
• CHILD TRAFFICKING- THE RECRUITMENT, TRANSPORTATION,
TRANSFER, HARBORING OR RECEIPT OF A CHILD FOR PURPOSES OF
EXPLOITATION.
• COMMAND POST/HOLDING AREA- WHERE CASE CONFERENCES,
BRIEFINGS AND DEBRIEFINGS ARE BEING CONDUCTED..
CONSPIRACY- IT EXIST WHEN TWO OR PERSONS COME TO AN
AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE COMMISSION OF A FELONY AND
DECIDE TO COMMIT IT.

CONTINUING OFFENSE- A CRIME IN WHICH SOME ACTS MATERIAL AND

ESSENTIAL THERETO OCCUR IN ONE PROVINCE AND SOME IN
ANOTHER.

CONTRABAND-A GENERIC TERM COVERING ALL GOODS EXPORTED

FROM OR IMPORTED INTO THE COUNTRY CONTRARY TO APPLICABLE
LAWS.
CORPUS DELICTI- LATIN A WORD MEANING “BODY OF THE CRIME.”

CRIME SCENE-A VENUE OR PLACE WHERE THE ALLEGED

CRIME/INCIDENT HAS BEEN COMMITTED.
COMPLEX CRIME-A SINGLE ACT WHICH CONSTITUTES TWO OR MORE
GRAVE OR LESS GRAVE FELONIES, OR AN OFFENSE WHICH IS
NECESSARY MEANS FOR COMMITTING THE OTHER.
• DRAGNET OPERATION- IS A POLICE OPERATION PURPOSELY TO SEAL
OFF THE PROBABLE EXIT POINTS OF FLEEING SUSPECTS FROM THE
CRIME SCENE TO PREVENT THEIR ESCAPE.
• DYING DECLARATION- STATEMENT OF A PERSON MADE UNDER AN
IMPENDING DEATH.
ENTRAPMENT- WAYS AND MEANS ARE DEVISED BY LAW ENFORCERS TO
TRAP OR CAPTURE A CRIMINAL WHILE COMMITTING A CRIME.

INSTIGATION- LAW ENFORCERS INDUCED AN INNOCENT PERSON TO

COMMIT A CRIME.

EVIDENCE- THE MEANS SANCTIONED BY THE RULES OF COURT, OF

ASCERTAINING IN A JUDICIAL PROCEEDING THE TRUTH RESPECTING A
MATTER OF FACT .
IN ARTICULO MORTIS- AT THE POINT OF DEATH.
IN FLAGRANTE DELICTO- IN THE VERY ACT OF COMMITTING A CRIME.
IPSO FACTO- BY THE FACT OR ACT ITSELF.
MALA INSE- A WRONG ACT BY ITS NATURE PUNISHED AS FELONIES
UNDER THE RPC.
MALA PROHIBITA-A WRONG ACT ARISING OUT OF DOING AN ACT
PROHIBITED BY SPECIAL LAWS.

MISFEASANCE OR IRREGULARITY IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DUTY-

THE IMPROPER PERFORMANCE OF SOME ACT WHICH MIGHT
LAWFULLY BE DONE.
• BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS- FLUIDS THAT HAVE HUMAN OR ANIMAL
ORIGIN, MOST COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED AT CRIME SCENE (E.G.,
BLOOD, MUCUS, PERSPIRATION, SALIVA, SEMEN, VAGINAL FLUID,
URINE)

• CONTAMINATION- THE UNWANTED TRANSFER OF MATERIALS FROM

ANOTHER SOURCE TO A PIECE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.
• CROSS-CONTAMINATION- THE UNWANTED TRANSFER OF MATERIAL
BETWEEN TWO OR MORE SOURCES.
• DOCUMENTATION- WRITTEN NOTES, AUDIO/VIDEOTAPES, SKETCHES
AND/OR PHOTOGRAPHS THAT FORM A DETAILED RECORD OF THE
SCENE, EVIDENCE RECOVERED, AND ACTION TAKEN DURING THE
SEARCH OF THE CRIME SCENE.
• FIRST RESPONDER- THE INITIAL RESPONDING LAW ENFORCEMENT
OFFICER AND/OR OTHER PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICIAL ARRIVING AT THE
SCENE PRIOR TO THE ARRIVAL OF THE INVESTIGATOR IN CHARGE.
• LATENT PRINT- A PRINT IMPRESSION NOT READILY VISIBLE, MADE BY
CONTACTS OF THE HANDS OR FEET WITH A SURFACE RESULTING IN
THE TRANSFER OF MATERIALS FROM THE SKIN TO THAT SURFACE.
• PRESUMPTIVE TEST- A NON CONFIRMATORY TEST USED TO SCREEN
FOR THE PRESENCE OF A SUBSTANCE.
• TRACE EVIDENCE- PHYSICAL EVIDENCE THAT RESULTS FROM THE
TRANSFER OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS (E.G., HAIR, TEXTILE
FIBERS, PAINT CHIPS, GLASS FRAGMENTS, GUNSHOT RESIDUE
PARTICLES).
• TRANSIENT EVIDENCE- EVIDENCE WHICH BY ITS VERY NATURE OR
CONDITIONS AT THE SCENE WILL LOSE ITS EVIDENTIARY VALUE IF
NOT PRESERVED AND PROTECTED (E.G., BLOOD IN THE RAIN)
• NEIGHBORHOOD CANVASS- IS MADE THROUGH INTERVIEWING
PEOPLE WHOM SUSPECT HAD DEALINGS, SAW, OR KNOWN HIM IN THE
AREA PRIOR THE COMMISSION OF CRIME.
END OF SUBJECT
THANK YOU SO MUCH!
QUESTION AND ANSWERS
1. Our oaths of offices demand that we should not
be swayed popular, fanciful or fashionable but by
what is right and __________.

A. Well
B. Fair
C.Moral
D. Fundamental

Answer : C
2. How do you handle interview of suspicious types?

A. Transform him into an ideal witness

B. His fears must first be allayed
C. Employ physical influence
D. Lead subject to relevant matters

Answer: D
3. If proof is the outcome of evidence, what is
evidence?

A. Measurement of guilt
B. Instrument of proof
C. Means of social control
D. All of these

Ans: B
4. The amateur criminal usually commits
crimes because of __________.

A. High capability
B. Any of these
C. Exceptional opportunity
D. Incessant desire

Ans: B
5. Identification of criminals may be undertaken by
means of any of the following;

A. By admission or confession of the criminal himself

B. Identification based on Evidence and modus

operandi
C. By testimonies and identification made by witnesses
D. All of the above

Ans: D
6. Refers to a collection of methods by which crimes
are studied and criminals arrested.

A. Intelligence Operation
B. criminal investigation
C. interrogation
D. interview

Ans: B
7. Refers to confession made outside the court
during preliminary investigation before trial.

A. Confession
B. Admission
C. Extra Judicial confession
D. Judicial Confession

Ans: C
8. This method is more commonly known as
identification by photographic files.

A. Verbal Description
B. Police Line Up
C. Rouge Gallery
D. Cartographic

Ans: C
9. It is a declaration of the accused that he had
committed or participated in the commission of
crime and therefore a “statement of guilt”.

A. Confession
B. Admission
C. Extra Judicial confession
D. Judicial Confession

Ans: A
10. It is a “statement of fact” usually applied in
criminal cases which do not directly invoice an
acknowledgement of guilt or criminal intent.

A. Confession
B. Admission
C. Extra Judicial confession
D. Judicial Confession

Ans: B
11. The following, except one, are rules to observed in
taking confessions and admissions:

A. It should be undertaken in writing and written in a

language understood by the accused.
B. It should be executed under oath and in the presence
of counsel chosen by the accused.
C. It must be voluntarily and freely given by the
accused.
D. None of the above

Ans: D
12. This particular method would rely or depend on the
ability of the witness to clearly describe and to narrate
the participation of the suspect with that of the crime
through facial characteristics, color, size and body built
of the suspect or suspects.

A. Verbal Description
B. Police Line Up
C. Rouge Gallery
D. Cartographic
Ans: A
13. It is a system where a group of persons gathered in
a special room equipped with a one way mirror, the
witness has to select from a group of seven (7) to ten
(10) persons the suspect

A. Verbal Description
B. Police Line Up
C. Rouge Gallery
D. Cartographic

Ans: B
14. The accuracy of identification by eye witness
accounts would depend on the following factors,
except:

A. The ability of the witness to remember the distinct

appearance of the suspect
B. The prevailing conditions of observation and
visibility when the crime was committed
C. The lapse of time between the crime commission
and the identification process
D. All of the foregoing
15. During the investigation of a crime of robbery, the
latent fingerprint of the suspect was recovered in the
crime scene. Such type of physical evidence is known as

A. Corpus delicti evidence

B. tracing evidence
C. Associative evidence
D. autoptic or real evidence

Ans: C
16. When the evidence presented corresponds to the
precise point at issue and proves the fact in dispute
without the aid of any inference, it is called

A. Hearsay
B. circumstantial
C. tracing
D. direct

Ans: D
17. A confession is different from admission because
the latter is

A. expressed acknowledgement of the truth of his guilt

as to the crime charged
B. Statement of fact which does not directly involve an
acknowledgement of guilt
C. All of these
D. Statement of guilt

Ans: B
18. When is circumstantial evidence sufficient to
produce conviction?

A. All of the three

B. When there is more than one circumstances
C. When the facts from which the inferences are derived
and proven
D. When a combination of all the circumstances
produce a conviction beyond reasonable doubt.

Ans: A
19. What is contained in the “details” section of the
report?

A. Narration of the investigation steps by paragraphs

B. Establishing relationship of the details uncovered by
the phase of investigation being reported
C. All of these
D. Narrative account of the investigation

Ans: D
20.Evidence not obtained from the personal knowledge
or experience of the witness but derived what he has
heard or read about is called

A. Expert evidence
B. privileged communication
C. associative evidence
D. hearsay evidence

Ans: D
21. As a basic guide to investigators, he should look
upon the evidences as serving to establish __________.

A. Identification of the guilty person

B. Method of operation of the perpetrator
C. Any of these
D. The corpus delicti

Ans: C
22. When do you post a “close case” stamp on a
criminal case report?

A. Upon failure to establish a corpus delicti

B. Upon death of the subject
C. Facts are incomplete
D. Upon completion of investigation

Ans: D
23. What is the key to gaining an inside informant
from a terrorist group?

A. Knowledge of frustration within the organization

B. Knowledge of the person
C. Knowledge of the person and organization
D. Knowledge of the organization

Ans: A
24. Which of the following is an investigative
deficiency in evidence collection?

A. Any of these
B. Inadequate sampling
C. Clue materials usually found in the presence of a
foreign substance
D. Sub-standard samples

Ans: A
25. In crime scene photography, the crime photographer
should be interested only in __________.

A. taking the picture of relatives

B. taking the view only
C. portraying the facts of the case
D. taking good photographs

Ans: C
26. A patient who knows that he is dying from cancer
tells his physician that his compadre told him that he
(compadre) killed his wife. This is a form of

A. Hearsay evidence
B. dying declaration
C. testimonial evidence
D. deposition

Ans: A
27. The application of science such as physics,
chemistry, medicine and other biological sciences in
crime detection and investigation is known as

A. Criminology
B. Criminalistics
C. ballistics
D. disciples of Quincy

B.
28. Which is not a method of deception detection?

A. Administration of truth serum

B. Crime reenactment
C. lie detector test
D. questioning a hypnotized person

B.
29. IT IS DEFINED AS AN ART WHICH DEALS WITH THE IDENTITY AND
LOCATION OF THE OFFENDER AND PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF HIS
GUILT THROUGH CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS.

a. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
b. INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION
c. CONFESSION AND ADMISSION
d. CRIMINAL ACTION

ANS. A
30. IN SENDING OUT LETTERS AND RELEVANT
PAPERS, THE DOCUMENTS SHOULD BE
ARRANGED IN A CERTAIN MANNER. WHAT DO
YOU CALL THE ACT OF ARRANGING THE
DOCUMENT?

a. SPECIAL MAIL HANDLING

b. FILING
c. ASSEMBLING
d. DOCUMENTATION

ANS. B
31. THIS PROVIDE A RECORD OF INCIDENTS REQUIRING POLICE
RESPONSE AND INCLUDES CRIMINAL OFFENSES, ARREST AND
GENERAL INFORMATION.

A. REPORT
B. NARRATIVE
C. NARRATION
D. POLICE REPORT

ANS. D
32. THIS IS CLASSIFICATION OF THE INVESTIGATIVE
REPORT WHICH IS USED AS A WAY OF DETERMINING IF
THE OFFICER IS WORKING ON HIS CASE OR NOT.

• A. SPOT REPORT
• B. PROGRESS REPORT
• C. BASIC REPORT
• D. FINAL REPORT

• ANS. B
.
• 33. THIS IS THE TYING UP OF ALL LOOSE ENDS PERTINENT TO THE
INVESTIGATION SO AS TO FORM A CLEAR AND COMPOSITE PICTURE OF
THE CRIME COMMITTED, TO THE MIND OF THE READER, FOR
PROSECUTORIAL AND JUDICIAL ACTION.

• A. SPOT REPORT
• B. PROGRESS REPORT
• C. BASIC REPORT
• D. FINAL REPORT
• ANS. D
• 34. HIS METHODS MADE POPULAR THE LOGIC OF EMPLOYING A THIEF
TO CATCH A THIEF

• A. HENRY FIELDING
• B. JONATHAN WILD
• C. JOHN FIELDING
• D. ROBERT PEEL
• ANS. B
• 35.IT IS CONSIDERED AS A PATIENT, STEP BY STEP INQUIRY OR
OBSERVATION, A CAREFUL EXAMINATION, A RECORDING OF EVIDENCE
OR LEGAL INQUIRY
• A. RECORDING
• B. INVESTIGATION
• C. COLLECTION
• D. EXAMINATION
• ANS. B
• 36. IT IS THE ART OF SUSPECT’S SURVEILLANCE, AND THIS WAS
PIONEERED BY ALLAN PINKERTON.

• A. ROLE
• B. SHADOWING
• C. MODUS OPERANDI
• D. CASING

• ANS. B
• 37. BEING AN INVESTIGATOR ABLE TO SOLVE CASES, HE MUST POSSES
THE ABILITY TO BE PATIENT TO OBTAIN ACCURATE AND COMPLETE
INFORMATION, SPECIALLY WITH UNCOOPERATIVE SUBJECTS IS-

• A. INTEGRITY
• B. PERSEVERANCE
• C. ALERTNESS
• D. LOGICAL MIND
• ANS. B
• 38. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF STANDARDS TO BE OBTAINED IN THE
INVESTIGATION OF A QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS: 1 IS COLLECTED AND
THE OTHER IS -

• A. PHOTOGRAPHED
• B. REPLICATED
• C. DICTATED
• D. ALL OF THE FOREGOING

• ANS. B
• 39. DURING AN INTERVIEW, PLANNING IS IMPORTANT AND MUST
FOLLOW THE ORDER OF TIME AD BRING OUT FACTS ORDERLY AS
THEY HAPPENED, THIS TECHNIQUE IS CALLED-

• A. CHRONOLOGICAL QUESTIONING
• B. PHYSICAL QUESTIONING
• C. PSYCHOLOGICAL QUESTIONING
• D. NONE OF THESE
• ANS. A
• 40.KNOWN AS THE SIMPLEST AND THE MOST
EFFECTIVE WAY OF SHOWING ACTUAL
MEASUREMENT AND OF IDENTIFYING
SIGNIFICANT ITEMS OF EVIDENCE IN THEIR
LOCATION AT THE SCENE IS-

• A. PHOTOGRAPH
• B. SKETCH
• C. GRAPHING
• D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

• ANS. B
41. IT IS BEST TO INTERROGATE A SUSPECT IN A
“FOREIGN TERRITORY” SUCH AS THE
INVESTIGATOR ROOM AT THE POLICE STATION
BECAUSE THE PLACE –

a. IS COMFORTABLE TO THE SUSPECT

b. IS FAMILIAR TO THE SUSPECT
c. PROVIDES FOOD AND CIGARETTE TO THE
INVESTIGATOR
d. INTIMIDATES THE SUSPECT

ANS. D
42. THE COLLECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHS OF CRIMINALS TAKEN BY THE
POLICE FOR IDENTIFICATION PURPOSES IS TECHNICALLY CALLED?

a. CARTOGRAPHIC FILES
b. IDENTIFICATION KIT
c. MUG FILE
d. CRIMINAL RECORD

ANS. C
43. JULIA ROBERTS GIVES INFORMATION TO THE POLICE WITHOUT
WAITING FOR REWARD OR PAYMENT BECAUSE SHE CONSIDERED
HERSELF AS –

a. EX-CONVICT
b. INFORMANT
c. DEFENDANT
d. ACCUSED

ANS. B
44. IT IS, IN MOST CASES, THE INITIAL STEP FOR OBTAINING
INFORMATION TO DETERMINE THE ORIGIN AND CAUSE OF FIRE.

a. INTERVIEWING WITNESS/ES
b. SURVEILLANCE
c. UNDERCOVER WORK ASSIGNMENT
d. TO INVESTIGATE THE INSURANCE COMPANY AND THE OWNER OF
THE INSURANCE COMPANY

ANS. A
45. THIS IS THE LIFEBLOOD OF INVESTIGATION AND HENCE TO BE
CONSIDERED SERIOUSLY AND ALSO TO BE FOLLOWED UP. ONCE IT
DRIES YOU HAVE NOWHERE TO GO.

a. INFORMATION
b. INTELLIGENCE
c. INTERVIEW
d. INSTRUMENTATION

ANS. A
46. WHEN A POLICE OFFICER FINDS A TOOL AT THE CRIME
SCENE, HE SHOULD FIRST OF ALL –

a. PICK IT UP FOR A CLOSER EXAMINATION, TAKING

CARE NOT TO JAR
b. WAIT UNTIL THE CRIME SCENE HAS BEEN SKETCHED
OR PHOTOGRAPHED AND MEASUREMENTS TAKEN
BEFORE HE COLLECTS THE EVIDENCE
c. IMMEDIATELY COLLECT IT AND ALWAYS SEND IT TO
THE CRIME LABORATORY FOR SPECIFIC EXAMINATION
d. COMPARE THE FOLLOWING EDGE OF THE TOOL WITH
IMPRESSION TO DETERMINE IF THIS WAS THE TOOL
USED IN CRIME.

ANS. B
47. IF PROOF IS THE OUTCOME OF EVIDENCE, WHAT IS EVIDENCE?

a. MEASUREMENT OF GUILT
b. MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
c. INSTRUMENT OF PROOF
d. ALL OF THE FOREGOING

ANS. D
48. HE BECAME THE FIRST DETECTIVE IN CHICAGO POLICE DEPARTMENT
IN 1849.

a. HENRY FIELDING
b. ALLAN PINKERTON
c. JONATHAN WILD
d. ROBERT PEEL

ANS. B
49. THIS MAY BE APPLICABLE TO A CRIME SCENE WHICH
APPROXIMATELY CIRCULAR OR OVAL. THE SEARCHERS GATHER AT
THE CENTER AND PROCEED OUTWARD ALONG A RADII OR SPOKES.

a. WHEEL METHOD
b. ZONE METHOD
c. SPIRAL METHOD
d. STRIP METHOD

ANS. A
50. ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE GENERALLY
ACCEPTED RULES OF BEHAVIOR THAT SHOULD
BE FOLLOWED BY POLICE OFFICER FIRST
ARRIVING AT THE CRIME SCENE OF A MURDER
COMMITTED INDOORS, EXCEPT –

a. TRY TO KEEP THE WITNESSES SEPARATED

b. RECORD THE TIME OF DISCOVERY OF THE CRIME
c. DISCUSS THE CRIME WITH PERSONS WHO
WITNESS THE INCIDENT
d. NOTIFY THE SUPERIOR OFFICER AS QUICKLY AS
POSSIBLE BUT DO NOT LEAVE THE SCENE
UNGUARDED WHILE DOING SO

ANS. C
51. THE “WHOM”, “WHERE”, OR “WHICH” INFORMATION ARE DERIVED
AND DEVELOPED REFERS TO THE –

a. TRACES OF INFORMATION
b. TESTIMONY
c. EVIDENCE
d. SOURCES OF INFORMATION

ANS. D
52. THE PRIMARY REASON FOR CONDUCTING A SEARCH IN THE CRIME
SCENE IS TO –

a. OBTAIN OBVIOUS PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

b. ASCERTAIN THE REASONS FOR THE CRIME
c. UNDERCOVER HIDDEN EVIDENCE
d. DETERMINE THE CRIMINALS METHOD OF OPERATION

ANS. A
53. IN PURSUING A CRIMINAL AND WHEN IT
APPEARS THAT THE PURSUIT IS NOT
POSSIBLE, WHAT SHOULD YOU NOT DO?

a. BETTER USE YOUR TIME AND EFFORTS TO

ALERT ANOTHER UNIT
b. FOREGO THE PURSUIT AND CONTINUE WHAT
YOU ARE PREVIOUSLY DOING
c. INFORM THE DISPATCHER OF THE UNIT
d. USE RADIO FOR POSSIBLE ACTIVE PURSUIT IN
COORDINATION WITH OTHER POLICE UNITS

ANS. B
54. THIS SITUATION TAKES PLACE WHEN A POLICE OFFICER INDUCE A
PERSON TO COMMIT A CRIME AND ARREST HIM AFTER THE
COMMISSION OF THE CRIME.

a. INSTIGATION
b. RECIDIVISM
c. VOLUNTARY SURRENDER
d. ENTRAPMENT

ANS. A
55. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION IS NOT A SCIENCE, IT
IS NOT GOVERNED BY RIGID RULES, OR LAWS,
BUT MOST OFTEN, IT IS GOVERNED BY –

a. INTUITION
b. TO A MINOR EXTENT BY CHANCE OR LUCK
c. FELICITY OR INSPIRATION
d. ALL OF THE FOREGOING

ANS. D
56. IN 1877, EVEN WITHOUT HIS FIELD POLICE
EXPERIENCE, HE BECOME THE HEAD OF THE
SCOTLAND YARD ORGANIZED INVESTIGATORS
KNOWN AS THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
DEPARTMENT.

a. CHARLES DICKENS
b. EDWARD RUCKER
c. HOWARD VINCENT
d. FRANCIS TURKEY

ANS. A
57. THE WORD INVESTIGATE WAS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD
______ MEANING TO TRACK OR TRACE, A DERIVATION EASILY
RELATED TO POLICE INVESTIGATION.

a. INVESTIGARE
b. VESTIGARE
c. TRACER
d. TRACKER

ANS. B
58. THE INVESTIGATOR WHO COLLECTS PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE SHOULD TAKE IT TO THE
LABORATORY BY HIMSELF WHENEVER THIS IS
POSSIBLE, OTHERWISE, HE SHOULD OBTAIN A
RECEIPT FROM EACH PERSON TO WHOM HE
GIVES OR RECEIVES EVIDENCE. THIS
STATEMENT IS APPLICABLE TO –

a. CHAIN OF CUSTODY OF EVIDENCE

b. CARDINAL RULES IN INVESTIGATION
c. THREE TOOLS IN INVESTIGATION
d. TO ESTABLISHED THE GUILT OF THE ACCUSED.

ANS. A
59. IT IS THE DUTY OF THE OFFICER WHO FIRST ARRIVE AT THE CRIME
SCENE.

a. LOCATE AND APPREHEND THE ACCUSED

b. PROTECTION OF THE CRIME SCENE
c. COLLECT EVIDENCE
d. PRESENT EVIDENCE OF GUILT

ANS. B
60. THE MOST LIKELY PLACE TO LOOK FOR FINGERPRINTS OF THE THIEF
IN AN AUTOMOBILE WHICH HAS BEEN STOLEN AND ABANDONED IS
ON –

a. DOOR HANDLES
b. STEERING WHEEL
c. REAR VIEW MIRROR
d. DASHBOARD

ANS. A
61. IT IS DEFINED AS MAYBE A SELF-INCRIMINATORY STATEMENT BY THE
SUBJECT FALLING SHORT OF AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GUILT.

a. CONFESSION
b. ADMISSION
c. DEPOSITION
d. INFORMATION

ANS. B
62. A FORMER CONVICT WHO BECAME A PARIS INVESTIGATOR AND
FOUNDER OF THE BRIGADE DE LA SURETE AND THE FORERUNNER
OF OUR CREDIT CARD SYSTEM.

a. HENRY FIELDING
b. JONATHAN WILD
c. EUGENE VIDOCQ
d. SIR ROBERT PEEL

ANS. C
63. IN POLICE STATIONS, IT IS THE RECORD
OF ALL CRIMES AND COMPLAINTS.

a. POLICE BLOTTER
b. POLICE ARREST
c. BOOKING REPORT
d. NONE OF THE FOREGOING

ANS. A
64. EXCELLENT WAY OF FILLING ACCIDENTS REPORT FOR URBAN AREAS
IS –

a. STREET DESIGNATION
b. NUMERICAL ROUTE
c. ROAD SAFETY
d. NONE OF THE FOREGOING

ANS. A
65. IT IS THE CORRECT OR PROPER CHOICE OF WORDS TO CONVEY A
MEANING.

a. VOCABULARY
b. DICTION
c. WORDS
d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

ANS. B
66. THESE ARE PERSONALITIES THAT DO NOT
EXIST IN REALITY BECAUSE THEY ARE ONLY
CREATIONS OF WRITERS WHO FOCUS
INVENTING DETECTIVES STORIES THAT MAY
HELP ENTERTAIN AND/OR EDUCATE READERS.

a. PRIVATE DETECTIVES
b. GOVERNMENT INVESTIGATORS
c. FICTITIOUS INVESTIGATORS
d. NONE OF THE FOREGOING

ANS. C
67. FOR COMPETENT INVESTIGATOR, IT IS THE KEY TO FREEDOM FROM
BONDAGE OF IGNORANCE.

a. TRAINING
b. TOOLS
c. TECHNIQUE
d. PRINCIPLE

ANS. A
68. IN CONDUCTING AN INTERVIEW TO A SUBJECT, THE INTERVIEWER
ALWAYS ASK THE SUBJECT WITH A QUESTION ANSWERABLE BY YES
OR NO, THIS STATEMENT IS –

a. ABSOLUTELY TRUE
b. ABSOLUTELY FALSE
c. PARTLY TRUE
d. PARTLY FALSE

ANS. B
69. THIS INVOLVES THE PROCESS OF ALLOWING A WITNESS TO SELECT
THE PRIMARY SUSPECT FROM A GROUP OF CHOSEN PERSONS
( SUSPECTS AND INNOCENT PERSONS).

a. CARTOGRAPHY
b. PORTRAIT PARLE
c. ROGUES GALLERY
d. POLICE LINE-UP

ANS. D
70. AN APPROACH IN RECONSTRUCTING THE CRIME WHICH REQUIRES
THE PROCESS OF COLLECTING INFORMATION FIRST, ANALYZE AND
EVALUATE IT BEFORE A THEORY IS DEVELOPED.

a. DEDUCTIVE APPROACH
b. INDUCTIVE APPROACH
c. ANALYTICAL APPROACH
d. NONE OF THE FOREGOING

ANS. B
71. WHAT IS KNOWN AS AN “UNIMPEACHABLE WITNESS” BECAUSE IT IS
NOT CLOUDED BY FAULTY MEMORY, PREJUDICE, POOR EYESIGHT
AND DESIRE?

a. ORDINARY WITNESS
b. EXPERT WITNESS
c. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
d. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE

ANS. C
72. A KIND OF CRIME SCENE SKETCH WHICH PICTURE THE IMMEDIATE
SCENE ONLY.

a. SKETCH OF LOCALITY
b. SKETCH OF GROUND
c. SKETCH OF DETAILS
d. CROSS PROJECTION SKETCH

ANS. C
73. IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING, THE SOCO IS COMPOSED OF HOW MANY
MEMBERS?

a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 10

ANS. B
74. ________ IS THE SKILLFUL QUESTIONING OF A PERSON WHO IS
RELUCTANT TO DIVULGE INFORMATION CONCERNING THE
OFFENSE UNDER INVESTIGATION.

a. INSTRUMENTATION
b. INFORMATION
c. INTERVIEW
d. INTERROGATION

ANS. D
75. AN EVIDENCE WHICH LINKS THE SUSPECTS TO THE CRIME SCENE OR
OFFENSE.

a. CORPUS DELICTI
b. ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
c. TRACING EVIDENCE
d. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

ANS. B
76. AS THE FIRST OFFICER TO ARRIVE AT THE
CRIME SCENE, YOU MUST RETAIN AND
IDENTIFY FOR INTERVIEW THE PERSON WHO
FIRST NOTIFY THE POLICE, BECAUSE YOU CAN
GATHER INVESTIGATIVE?

a. INVESTIGATION
b. LEADS
c. BREAKTHROUGH
d. MODUS OPERANDI

ANS. B
77. THE FIRST TO ARRIVE AT THE CRIME SCENE AND HAS THE AUTHORITY
TO PRESERVE THE CRIME SCENE IS THE?

a. BEAT PATROL
b. SOCO
c. NBI
d. CHIEF PNP

ANS. A
78. INSTEAD OF USING “PROCEED AND UTILIZE”, USE THE WORD/S?

a. PROCEED AND GO
b. GO AND USE
c. GO AND EXPLOIT
d. PROCEED AND USE

ANS. B
79. THE MOST ADVANCE IN SENDING A REPORT.

a. FAX
b. COURIER
c. TEXT
d. AIR MAIL

ANS. A
80. THESE ARE ARTICLES WHICH ASSIST THE
INVESTIGATOR IN LOCATING THE SUSPECT.

a. TRACING EVIDENCE
b. ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
c. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
d. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE

ANS. A
81. IS A PHRASE CONSIDERED AS A COMPLETE SENTENCE?

a. YES
b. NO
c. SOMETIMES
d. MAYBE

ANS. B
82. A METHOD OF SAFE BREAKING BY BATTERING
OF THE TOP, BOTTOM OR SIDES OF A SAFE
WITH A CHISEL OR OTHER METAL CUTTER.

a. BURNING
b. BURSTING
c. RIPPING
d. CARRYING AWAY

ANS. C
• 83. THE FOUNDER AND CHIEF ORGANIZER
OF THE LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE,
    THE SCOTLAND YARD, WHICH BECAME
FAMOUS POLICE ORGANIZATION
    IN THE WORLD.
      A. HENRY FIELDING
      B. JOHN FIELDING
      C. JOHN HOWARD
      D. ROBERT PEEL

D.
• 84. AS A RULE, DO NOT TOUCH, ALTER OR
REMOVE ANYTHING AT THE CRIME 
    SCENE UNTIL THE EVIDENCE HAS BEEN
PROCESSED THROUGH NOTES, 
    SKETCHES AND PHOTOGRAPHS, WITH
PROPER MEASUREMENTS. THIS REFERS TO
      A. THE GOLDEN RULE IN INVESTIGATION
      B. THE NUMBER ONE SOP IN INVESTIGATION
      C. THE ACT OF NOTE TAKING
      D. THE ACT OF CRIME SCENE PRESERVATION

ANS: A
• 85. AN ENGLISHMAN WHO PUBLISHED A
HANDBOOK FOR EXAMINING
MAGISTRATES
    IN MUNICH, GERMANY AND ADVOCATED
THE USE OF SCIENTIFIC METHODS 
    IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION PROCESS.
      A. HANS GROSS
      B. THOMAS BYRNES
      C. ALPHONSE BERTILLON
      D. FRANCIS GALTON
ANS: A
86.THE SC RULED THE ILLEGALLY
OBTAINED EVIDENCE IS
INADMISSIBLE IN
    STATE CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS IN
THE FAMOUS CASE OF
      A. MIRANDA V.S ARIZONA
      B. OTIT V.S JEFF
      C. MAPP V.S OHIO
      D. MILKEY V.S WETT

ANS: C
87. THE CONTINUES ACCOUNTABILITY OF
PERSONS HANDLING EVIDENCES, AND
    HAVING RESPONSIBILITY OF TAKING CARE
AND PRESERVING THE EVIDENCES
    FROM THE TIME IT WAS FOUND UNTIL
BROUGHT TO COURT FOR PRESENTATION 
    IS CALLED
      A. CHAIN OF EVENTS
      B. KEY EVENTS
      C. CHAIN OF CUSTODY OF EVIDENCE
      D. CHAIN OF COMMAND

ANS: C.
88.  IN ENGLAND, HE WAS A BUCKLE
MAKER THEN A BROTHEL OPERATOR; A 
     MASTER CRIMINAL WHO BECAME
LONDON'S MOST EFFECTIVE CRIMINAL
     INVESTIGATOR. HE WAS THE MOST
FAMOUS THIEF-CATCHER IN 1720S.
      A. ALEXANDER MACANOCHIE
      B. JONATHAN WILD
      C. BILLY COOK
      D. JOHN HOWARD
ANS: B
89. WHAT IS THE LATIN TERM
FOR CRIMINAL INTENT?
      A. MENS REA
      B. MAGNA CULPA
      C. INFLAGRANTE DELICTO
      D. MALA VISE

ANS: A
90. A FORM OF INVESTIGATION IN WHICH
THE INVESTIGATOR ASSUME A 
   DIFFERENT AND UNOFFICIAL IDENTITY.
        A.   TAILING
        B.   CASING
        C.   ESPIONAGE
        D. UNDERCOVER WORK

ANS: D                          
91. A TYPE OF SURVEILLANCE IN WHICH
EXTREME PRECAUTIONS AND ACTIONS
   ARE TAKEN IN NOT LOSING THE
SUBJECT.
        A.    LOOSE TAIL
        B.    CASING
        C.    PONY TAIL
        D.    CLOSE TAIL     

ANS: D                                 
92. A TYPE OF SHADOWING EMPLOYED
WHEN A GENERAL IMPRESSION OF THE
   SUBJECT’S HABITS AND ASSOCIATES IS
REQUIRED.
        A.   LOOSE TAIL
        B.   CASING
        C.   PONY TAIL
        D. CLOSE TAIL       

ANS: A                               
93. A SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITY FOR THE
PURPOSE OF WAITING THE ANTICIPATED 
   ARRIVAL OF A SUSPECT OR OBSERVING
HIS ACTIONS FROM A FIXED LOCATION.
        A.   CASING
        B.   TAILING
        C.   STAKE OUT
        D.   ESPIONAGE   

ANS: C                                

94. AN EXAMINATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S
PERSON, HOUSES, OR EFFECTS OR A
  BUILDING, OR PREMISES WITH THE
PURPOSE OF DISCOVERING CONTRABAND'S
  OR PERSONAL PROPERTIES CONNECTED IN
A CRIME.
        A.   SEARCH
        B.   RAID
        C.   INVESTIGATION
        D.   SEIZURE    

ANS: A                                   
95. A SPECIAL QUALIFICATION FOR AN
UNDERCOVER AGENT.
        A.    EXCELLENT BUILT
        B.    EXCELLENT EYESIGHT
        C.    EXCELLENT LOOKS
        D.    EXCELLENT MEMORY           

ANS: D         
96. THE DISCREET OBSERVATION OF
PLACES, PERSONS AND VEHICLES FOR
THE 
   PURPOSE OF OBTAINING INFORMATION
CONCERNING THE IDENTITIES OR 
   ACTIVITIES OF SUSPECTS.
        A.    CLOSE OBSERVATION
        B.    ESPIONAGE
        C.    TAILING
        D.    SURVEILLANCE

ANS: D                              
97. THE QUESTIONING OF A PERSON BY
LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS
AFTER   
      THAT PERSON HAS BEEN TAKEN
INTO CUSTODY.
        A.    PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
        B.    INTERROGATION
        C.    CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION
        D.   CROSS EXAMINATION     

ANS: B                
99. AS A GENERAL RULE, A WARRANT OF
ARREST CAN BE SERVED AT
        A.   DAY TIME                
        B.   NIGHT TIME
        C.   ANY DAY AND AT ANY TIME OF THE
DAY OR NIGHT
        D.   WEEKDAYS   

ANS: C                                 

100. A POLICE ACTIVITY DIRECTED
TOWARD THE IDENTIFICATION AND
    APPREHENSION OF ALLEGED
CRIMINALS AND THE ACCUMULATION, 
    PRESERVATION, AND PRESENTATION
OF EVIDENCE REGARDING THEIR 
    ALLEGED CRIMES.
        A. POLICE PATROL
        B. POLICE INTELLIGENCE
        C. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
        D. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION          

ANS: D      
101. AN EXTENSION OR CONTINUATION OF
THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION. 
         A. INITIAL INVESTIGATION    
        B.CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION
        C.SECONDARY INVESTIGATION
        D.FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION      

ANS: D              
102. TO OBTAIN ADMISSION AND
CONFESSION OF GUILT IS THE
PRIMARY PURPOSE
     OF
        A. INTERVIEW
        B. SURVEILLANCE
        C. INVESTIGATION
        D. INTERROGATION         

ANS: D                          

103. SUCH FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES
THAT WOULD LEAD A REASONABLY
    DISCREET AND PRUDENT MAN TO
BELIEVE THAT AN OFFENSE HAS BEEN 
    COMMITTED AND THAT THE OBJECT
SOUGHT IN CONNECTION WITH THE  
    OFFENSE ARE IN THE PLACE SOUGHT
TO BE SEARCHED.
        A. PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE
        B. PROBABLE CAUSE
        C. PREJUDICIAL QUESTION
        D.RES IPSA LOQUITUR            

ANS: B                   

104. A SEARCH WARRANT SHALL BE
VALID FOR _____ DAYS FROM ITS
DATE. 
    THEREAFTER, IT SHALL BE VOID.
        A.    10
        B.    15
        C.    30
        D.    45            

ANS: A                                 

105. IT MEANS THAT A SPECIFIC CRIME
WAS COMMITTED AT A SPECIFIED
TIME,
    DATE AND PLACE, AND THAT THE
PERSON NAMED IN HIS REPORT 
    COMMITTED THE CRIME.
        A.    CORPUS DELICTI
        B.    SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE
        C.    STARE DECISIS 
        D.    PARENS PATRIAE        

ANS: A                  
106. POLICE SEEK TO PREVENT CRIME BY
BEING PRESENT IN PLACES WHERE
    CRIMES MIGHT BE COMMITTED AND BY
ALERTING CITIZENS TO REFRAIN FROM
    PRACTICES THAT MAKE THEM OR
THEIR PROPERTY VULNERABLE.
        A.    OPPORTUNITY DENIAL
        B.    ORDER MAINTENANCE
        C.    CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
        D.    POLICE INTELLIGENCE           

ANS: A             
107. A STATEMENT OF THE SUSPECT
DIRECTLY ACKNOWLEDGING HIS GUILT.
        A.    ADMISSION
        B.    CONFESSION
        C.    DEPOSITION
        D.    ACCUSATION          

ANS: B                        
108. IT MAY BE
A DIRECT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF
THE TRUTH OF THE GUILTY 
    FACT AS CHARGE OR OF SOME
ESSENTIAL PART OF THE
COMMISSION OF THE 
    CRIMINAL ACT ITSELF.  
        A.    ADMISSION
        B.    CONFESSION
        C.    DEPOSITION
        D.    ACCUSATION             

ANS: B                     

109. IT MAY BE A SELF-
INCRIMINATORY STATEMENT BY
THE SUBJECT FALLING 
    SHORT OF AN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GUILT.
        A.    ADMISSION
        B.    CONFESSION
        C.    DEPOSITION
        D.    ACCUSATION              

ANS: A                     
110. THE SIMPLEST TYPE OF INTERVIEW
WHICH CONCERNS WITH THE GATHERING 
     OF INFORMATION REGARDING THE
PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF A 
     PERSON WHO IS THE SUBJECT OF
INVESTIGATION. 
        A.    BACKGROUND INTERVIEW
        B.    PERSONAL INTERVIEW
        C.    INTIMATE INTERVIEW
        D.    PRE-GAME INTERVIEW          

ANS: A        
111. IT MEANS METHOD OF OPERATION.
        A.    CORPUS DELICTI
        B.    PARENS PATRIAE
        C.    STARE DECISIS 
        D.    MODUS OPERANDI     

ANS: D                   
112. IT IS ONE WHICH INDUCES THE
CRIMINAL TO ACT AND NEED NOT
BE
    SHOWN IN ORDER TO OBTAIN
CONVICTION.
        A.    INTENT
        B.    MOTIVE
        C.    OPPORTUNITY
        D.    INDUCEMENT        

ANS: B                        
113. THE THREE TOOLS IN CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION, WHEREBY THEIR
    APPLICATION VARIES IN PROPORTION
ON THEIR NECESSITY TO ESTABLISH 
    THE GUILT OF THE ACCUSED IN A
CRIMINAL CASE.
        A.    INFORMATION, INTERROGATION,
INSTRUMENTATION
        B.    DETECTION, APPREHENSION,
CONVICTION    ‘
        C.    INQUIRY, OBSERVATION,
CONCLUSION
        D.    MAGNIFYING GLASS, PENCIL,
TAPE MEASURE     
114. THE SIMPLE QUESTIONING OF A
PERSON WHO IS COOPERATING IN
THE
    INVESTIGATION.
        A.    INTERVIEW
        B.    INQUIRY
        C.    INTERROGATION
        D.    INSTRUMENTATION

ANS: A                         
115. IT INVOLVES A NUMBER OF
PERSONS WHO MIGHT HAVE
HANDLED  
    EVIDENCE     BETWEEN THE TIME OF
THE COMMISSION OF THE ALLEGED 
    OFFENSE AND THE DISPOSITION OF
THE CASE, SHOULD BE KEPT TO
    A MINIMUM.
        A.CHAIN OF COMMAND
        B.CHAIN OF CUSTODY
        C.EVIDENCE TRACKING
        D.TRACING EVIDENCE               

ANS: B           
116. A KIND OF EVIDENCE WHICH MAY
LINK THE SUSPECT TO THE CRIME
SCENE 
    OR OFFENSE. EXAMPLES ARE
FINGERPRINTS, IMPRESSIONS, BLOOD
ETC.
        A.   PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
        B.   ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE 
        C.   TRACING EVIDENCE
        D.   FACTUAL E

ANS: B
117. ARTICLES AND MATERIALS WHICH ARE
FOUND IN CONNECTION WITH AN 
    INVESTIGATION AND WHICH HELP IN
ESTABLISHING THE IDENTITY OF THE 
    PERPETRATOR OR THE
CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE
CRIME WAS  
    COMMITTED OR WHICH IN GENERAL,
ASSIST IN THE PROSECUTION OF THE
     CRIMINAL.
        A.   PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
        B.   DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
        C.   TRACING EVIDENCE
        D.   TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE        
ANS: A           
• 118. THE FOLLOWING ARE
DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN
INTERROGATION EXCEPT  
      ONE:
        A.   SYMPATHETIC APPROACH
        B.   EMOTIONAL APPEAL
        C.   FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
        D.   FRIENDLINESS           

• ANS: C                       
• 119. THIS MAY BE APPLICABLE TO A CRIME
SCENE WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY 
    CIRCULAR OR OVAL.  THE SEARCHERS
GATHER AT THE CENTER AND PROCEED 
    OUTWARD ALONG RADII OR SPOKES.
        A.   STRIP METHOD
        B.   WHEEL METHOD
        C.   SPIRAL METHOD
        D.   ZONE METHOD       

• ANS: B                      
• 120. THE AREA TO BE SEARCHED IS
DIVIDED INTO QUADRANTS AND
EACH 
    SEARCHER IS ASSIGNED TO ONE
QUADRANT.
        A.   STRIP METHOD
        B.   WHEEL METHOD
        C.   SPIRAL METHOD
        D.   ZONE METHOD     

• ANS: D                       
• 122. THE SEARCHERS FOLLOW EACH
OTHER IN THE PATH OF A CRIME SCENE
    BEGINNING IN THE OUTSIDE AND
CIRCLING AROUND A CENTRAL POINT.
        A. STRIP METHOD
        B. WHEEL METHOD
        C.SPIRAL METHOD
        D.ZONE METHOD     

• ANS: C                                 
• 123. A KIND OF GATHERING
INFORMATION WHEREBY A
SUBJECT IS BEING 
     FOLLOWED.
        A.    CONVOY
        B.    CARAVAN
        C.    TAILING
        D.    SURVEILLANCE         

• ANS : C                  
• 124. ANOTHER TERM FOR TAILING.
        A.IMPERSONATING
        B.BACKING
        C.SUPPORTING
        D.SHADOWING          

• ANS: D                       
• 125. A PERSON WHO GIVES
NECESSARY INFORMATION TO THE
INVESTIGATOR. 
    HE MAY GIVE THE INFORMATION
OPENLY AND EVEN OFFER TO BE A 
    WITNESS OR HE MAY INFORM
THE INVESTIGATOR
SURREPTITIOUSLY AND 
    REQUEST TO REMAIN
ANONYMOUS.
        A.   WITNESS
        B.   EXPERT WITNESS
        C.   HOSTILE WITNESS
        D.   INFORMANT    

• D.                            
• 126. THE USE OF AN EQUIPMENT
OR TOOL TO LISTEN AND RECORD
DISCREETLY
    CONVERSATIONS OF OTHER
PEOPLE.
        A.   BUGGING
        B.   DUBBING
        C.   MIMICKING
        D. TAPPING      

• A.                                 
• 127. THE QUESTIONING OF PERSONS NOT
SUSPECTED OF BEING INVOLVED IN A
    CRIME, BUT WHO KNOWS ABOUT THE
CRIME OR INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN
IT.
        A.   INTERROGATION
        B.   RUMOR MONGERING
        C.   INTERVIEW
        D. INQUIRY                       

• C.                  
• 128. AN OBJECTIVE OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION.
        A.    DETERMINE THE MOTIVE
        B.    IDENTIFY CRIMINALS
        C.    REHABILITATE CRIMINALS
        D.    PREVENT CRIMES     

• B.                     
129. THIS SITUATION TAKES PLACE WHEN A POLICE OFFICER INDUCE A
PERSON TO COMMIT A CRIME AND ARREST HIM AFTER THE
COMMISSION OF THE CRIME.

a. INSTIGATION
b. RECIDIVISM
c. VOLUNTARY SURRENDER
d. ENTRAPMENT

ANS. A
130. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION IS NOT A SCIENCE, IT
IS NOT GOVERNED BY RIGID RULES, OR LAWS,
BUT MOST OFTEN, IT IS GOVERNED BY –

a. INTUITION
b. TO A MINOR EXTENT BY CHANCE OR LUCK
c. FELICITY OR INSPIRATION
d. ALL OF THE FOREGOING

ANS. D
131. IN 1877, EVEN WITHOUT HIS FIELD POLICE
EXPERIENCE, HE BECOME THE HEAD OF THE
SCOTLAND YARD ORGANIZED INVESTIGATORS
KNOWN AS THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
DEPARTMENT.

a. CHARLES DICKENS
b. EDWARD RUCKER
c. HOWARD VINCENT
d. FRANCIS TURKEY

ANS. A
132. THE WORD INVESTIGATE WAS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD
______ MEANING TO TRACK OR TRACE, A DERIVATION EASILY
RELATED TO POLICE INVESTIGATION.

a. INVESTIGARE
b. VESTIGARE
c. TRACER
d. TRACKER

ANS. B
133. THE MOST LIKELY PLACE TO LOOK FOR FINGERPRINTS OF THE THIEF
IN AN AUTOMOBILE WHICH HAS BEEN STOLEN AND ABANDONED IS
ON –

a. DOOR HANDLES
b. STEERING WHEEL
c. REAR VIEW MIRROR
d. DASHBOARD

ANS. A
134. IT IS DEFINED AS MAYBE A SELF-INCRIMINATORY STATEMENT BY
THE SUBJECT FALLING SHORT OF AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF
GUILT.

a. CONFESSION
b. ADMISSION
c. DEPOSITION
d. INFORMATION

ANS. B
135. A FORMER CONVICT WHO BECAME A PARIS INVESTIGATOR AND
FOUNDER OF THE BRIGADE DE LA SURETE AND THE FORERUNNER
OF OUR CREDIT CARD SYSTEM.

a. HENRY FIELDING
b. JONATHAN WILD
c. EUGENE VIDOCQ
d. SIR ROBERT PEEL

ANS. C
136. IT IS THE CORRECT OR PROPER CHOICE OF WORDS TO CONVEY A
MEANING.

a. VOCABULARY
b. DICTION
c. WORDS
d. NONE OF THE ABOVE

ANS. B
137. THESE ARE PERSONALITIES THAT DO NOT
EXIST IN REALITY BECAUSE THEY ARE ONLY
CREATIONS OF WRITERS WHO FOCUS
INVENTING DETECTIVES STORIES THAT MAY
HELP ENTERTAIN AND/OR EDUCATE READERS.

a. PRIVATE DETECTIVES
b. GOVERNMENT INVESTIGATORS
c. FICTITIOUS INVESTIGATORS
d. NONE OF THE FOREGOING

ANS. C
138. FOR COMPETENT INVESTIGATOR, IT IS THE KEY TO FREEDOM FROM
BONDAGE OF IGNORANCE.

a. TRAINING
b. TOOLS
c. TECHNIQUE
d. PRINCIPLE

ANS. A
139. IN CONDUCTING AN INTERVIEW TO A SUBJECT, THE INTERVIEWER
ALWAYS ASK THE SUBJECT WITH A QUESTION ANSWERABLE BY YES
OR NO, THIS STATEMENT IS –

a. ABSOLUTELY TRUE
b. ABSOLUTELY FALSE
c. PARTLY TRUE
d. PARTLY FALSE

ANS. B
140. THIS INVOLVES THE PROCESS OF ALLOWING A WITNESS TO SELECT
THE PRIMARY SUSPECT FROM A GROUP OF CHOSEN PERSONS
( SUSPECTS AND INNOCENT PERSONS).

a. CARTOGRAPHY
b. PORTRAIT PARLE
c. ROGUES GALLERY
d. POLICE LINE-UP

ANS. D
141. AN APPROACH IN RECONSTRUCTING THE CRIME WHICH REQUIRES
THE PROCESS OF COLLECTING INFORMATION FIRST, ANALYZE AND
EVALUATE IT BEFORE A THEORY IS DEVELOPED.

a. DEDUCTIVE APPROACH
b. INDUCTIVE APPROACH
c. ANALYTICAL APPROACH
d. NONE OF THE FOREGOING

ANS. B
142. WHAT IS KNOWN AS AN “UNIMPEACHABLE WITNESS” BECAUSE IT IS
NOT CLOUDED BY FAULTY MEMORY, PREJUDICE, POOR EYESIGHT
AND DESIRE?

a. ORDINARY WITNESS
b. EXPERT WITNESS
c. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
d. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE

ANS. C
143. A KIND OF CRIME SCENE SKETCH WHICH PICTURE THE IMMEDIATE
SCENE ONLY.

a. SKETCH OF LOCALITY
b. SKETCH OF GROUND
c. SKETCH OF DETAILS
d. CROSS PROJECTION SKETCH

ANS. C
144. IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING, THE SOCO IS COMPOSED OF HOW MANY
MEMBERS?

a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 10

ANS. B
145. ________ IS THE SKILLFUL QUESTIONING OF A PERSON WHO IS
RELUCTANT TO DIVULGE INFORMATION CONCERNING THE
OFFENSE UNDER INVESTIGATION.

a. INSTRUMENTATION
b. INFORMATION
c. INTERVIEW
d. INTERROGATION

ANS. D
146. AN EVIDENCE WHICH LINKS THE SUSPECTS TO THE CRIME SCENE OR
OFFENSE.

a. CORPUS DELICTI
b. ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
c. TRACING EVIDENCE
d. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

ANS. B
147. AS THE FIRST OFFICER TO ARRIVE AT THE
CRIME SCENE, YOU MUST RETAIN AND
IDENTIFY FOR INTERVIEW THE PERSON WHO
FIRST NOTIFY THE POLICE, BECAUSE YOU CAN
GATHER INVESTIGATIVE?

a. INVESTIGATION
b. LEADS
c. BREAKTHROUGH
d. MODUS OPERANDI

ANS. B
148. THE FIRST TO ARRIVE AT THE CRIME SCENE AND HAS THE
AUTHORITY TO PRESERVE THE CRIME SCENE IS THE?

a. BEAT PATROL
b. SOCO
c. NBI
d. CHIEF PNP

ANS. A
149. INSTEAD OF USING “PROCEED AND UTILIZE”, USE THE WORD/S?

a. PROCEED AND GO
b. GO AND USE
c. GO AND EXPLOIT
d. PROCEED AND USE

ANS. B
150. THE MOST ADVANCE IN SENDING A REPORT.

a. FAX
b. COURIER
c. TEXT
d. AIR MAIL

ANS. A
THANK YOU!! 