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12.1 Periodic Table Table & Trends

The document discusses the periodic table and periodic trends. It provides learning objectives about key concepts like elements, groups, periods, and properties. It explains that the periodic table arranges elements from left to right by increasing atomic number and shows trends in physical and chemical properties down groups and across periods. Metals are generally solids located on the left of the table, while nonmetals span both sides and can be gases, liquids or solids. The number of electrons in the outer shell determines an element's group and properties.

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43 views

12.1 Periodic Table Table & Trends

The document discusses the periodic table and periodic trends. It provides learning objectives about key concepts like elements, groups, periods, and properties. It explains that the periodic table arranges elements from left to right by increasing atomic number and shows trends in physical and chemical properties down groups and across periods. Metals are generally solids located on the left of the table, while nonmetals span both sides and can be gases, liquids or solids. The number of electrons in the outer shell determines an element's group and properties.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
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12The Periodic Table:

Periodic Table & Trends


12.1 Objectives: Give the key points
about the periodic table; Understand
that it shows patterns and trends, and
can be used to predict the properties
of the elements.
Learning Objectives
Concepts:
– Element, group, period, atomic number, atomic mass, isotope,
– Physical properties, chemical properties, metal, non-metal
– Conductor, insulator, state, solid, liquid, gas
– Shell, outer (valence) shell, valence (valency) electrons,

Skills:
Core
– Describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character across a
period
– Describe the general physical and chemical properties of metals
Extension
– Describe the relationship between Group number, number of valency
electrons and metallic/non-metallic character
The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends
Slide 2 of 11
The elements
There are approximately 115 elements
Everything in the Universe is made of 1 or more elements. 
The elements are listed in Groups and Periods on the Periodic
Table.

period
G
ro
u
p

The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends


Slide 3 of 11
Arrangement of elements
The elements are listed in the periodic table from:
left to right across each period in increasing atomic (proton)
number
Not listed by atomic mass (bigger number) why ? – due to
isotopes.
Isotope (element that has 2 or more atoms with different numbers
of neutrons).
Some different elements have the same mass e.g.
Cobalt and Nickel
Polonium & Astatine
Tellurium and Iodine – what’s the problem???

The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends


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Classification
An element according to its physical properties, is classified as being a
Metal or a non-metal

What on Earth is a physical property?


Answer: How something behaves in a specific situation.
Example: I hit a piece of Iron metal with a BIG heavy hammer
  It does’t break – it has the physical property of being “STRONG”.

The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends


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Physical properties
Metal Non-metal
Dense
Malleable
Ductile
Conduct electricity do not conduct electricity
  Good heat conductors poor heat conductors (insulators)
  Shiny (when freshly cut)
  High melting point
  High boiling point
  SONOROUS
(ring when struck)

The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends


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The physical states
 Most of the metals are in the SOLID state of matter at
room temperature

Legend: Solid

Liquid
Gas

Liquids: Mercury and Bromine


Gases: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, fluorine, Chlorine & the
Noble gases
Solids: Every other element
The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends
Slide 7 of 11
Trends and patterns in the Periodic table

Down each group the number of electrons in the last / outer shell is the
SAME.
2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8

2, 1 2, 3
G G
R R
2, 8, 1 O 2, 8, 3 O
U U
P P
2, 8, 8, 1
2, 8, 8, 3
1 3
2, 8, 8, 18, 1

2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 1 2, 8, 8, 18, 3

2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 18, 1 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 3


ACROSS each period from the left to the right the number of electrons in
the SAME outer shell increases by 1 each time (until the shell is full).
The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends
Slide 8 of 11
Group and Period
The number of electrons in the outer-most shell is referred to as the
valence electrons.
In the periodic table, the number of valence electrons in the atom of an
element determines the group it belongs to.
Similarly, the period an element belongs to represents the number of
shells the atom of the element contains.

The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends


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Practice Questions
1) How many electrons in the outer shell of Magnesium (in group 2)?
 
2) Lithium is in period 2 – how many shells does it have in total ?
 
3) Potassium is in period 3 – how many shells does it have in total ?
 
4) What is the relationship between period and number of shells ?

The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends


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Practice Questions
5. J04/2/5. Look at the list of five elements below.
Argon, Bromine, Chlorine, Iodine,Potassium
(d) Which of the five elements in the list are in the same group of the
Periodic Table? [1]

(e) (i) From the list, choose one element which has one electron in its outer
shell. [1]

(ii) From the list, choose one element which has a full outer shell of electrons.
[1]

The Periodic Table: Periodic Table & Trends


Slide 11 of 11

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