Essentials in

Studying Culture,
Society, And
Politics
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SOCIETY

✢ Came from the French word “societas”

which means companionship.
✢ It is a highly structured system of
human organization that also follows
common laws, traditions, values and
customs.

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Sociology
✢ came from the Latin word socius – means
companion and Greek word logos – means to
study. It is a systematic study of human
relationship along with human society and
interaction.

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SOCIAL SCIENCE

✢ “it is a branch of discipline or branch of

science that deals with human behavior
in its social and cultural aspects”
✢ It includes anthropology, sociology,
political science, economics, psychology,
and geography as its branches.

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NATURAL SCIENCE
✢ It is a branch of science that deals with
the natural world: its processes,
elements, and composition.
✢ studies natural events whereas social
science studies the human society.

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Culture

✢It is defined as the custom

beliefs, social forms, and traits
that defines a specific racial,
religious or social group

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Material Culture – it is a type of culture that
are created by human person or is tangible.
Examples are food, clothing and technology
Non-Material Culture – it is a type of culture
that are being learned or observed by human.
Examples are religions, folk behavior, gestures
and customs

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Politics

•Comes from the Greek word

“Politika” which means affairs of the
cities.
•Refers to achieving and exercising
positions of governance over a human
community.
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Auguste François Xavier Comte

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■ Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte was a
French philosopher and writer who formulated the
doctrine of positivism. He is often regarded as the first
philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.
■ Born: 19 January 1798, Montpellier, France
■ Died: 5 September 1857, Paris, France
■ Full name: Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte
■ Nationality: French
■ Influenced by: Henri de Saint-Simon, John Stuart Mill,

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■ Comte initially explained epistemological perspective of
the positivism in a number of texts that were published
between 1830 and 1842. The texts were known as The
Course in Positive Philosophy and were later followed by A
General View of Positivism, which was published in
English in 1865.
■ The first three courses basically dealt with the general
physical sciences in existence, such as mathematics,
physics, astronomy, chemistry and biology. The other two
had a focus on the inevitable emergence of social science.

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Karl Marx

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■ Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist,
historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist
revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and
philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in
1843.
■ Born: 5 May 1818, Trier, Germany
■ Died: 14 March 1883, London, United Kingdom
■ Notable ideas: Marxism, Class conflict, Surplus value,
Historical materialism, Marx's theory of alienation, Labor
theory of value
■ Children: Eleanor Marx, Henry Edward Guy Marx, Laura
Marx, Jenny Marx Longuet, Edgar Marx, Jenny Eveline
Frances Marx
■ Nationality: German, Prussian
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■ According to Marx's theory of historical materialism,
societies pass through six stages.

1. primitive communism
2. slave society
3. feudalism
4. capitalism
5. socialism
6. global, stateless communism

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✢“Catch a man a fish, and you can
sell it to him. Teach a man to fish,
and you ruin a wonderful business
opportunity.”

✢KARL MARX
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It is science, and not religion, which
has taught men that things are
complex and difficult to understand.

Emile Durkheim

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