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Introduction To Javascript: Unit-2 Syllabus

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196 views

Introduction To Javascript: Unit-2 Syllabus

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Suresh Subramanian

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INTRODUCTION TO JAVASCRIPT

Unit-2 syllabus
• PART-1
• Java Script: An introduction to JavaScript–JavaScript
• DOM Model-Date and Objects,- Regular Expressions- Exception
Handling-Validation-Built-in objects-Event Handling- DHTML with
JavaScript.
• Servlets: Java Servlet Architecture- Servlet Life Cycle- Form GET and
POST actions- Session Handling- Understanding Cookies.

• PART-2
• Installing and Configuring Apache Tomcat Web Server;- DATABASE
CONNECTIVITY: JDBC perspectives, JDBC program example
• JSP: Understanding Java Server Pages-JSP Standard Tag Library(JSTL)-
Creating HTML forms by embedding JSP code.
JAVA SCRIPT
Introduction

• JavaScript is a object-based scripting language and it

is light weighted.
• It is first implemented by Netscape (with help from
Sun Microsystems).
• JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich at Netscape
in 1995 for the purpose of allowing code in web-
pages (performing logical operation on client side).
• It is not compiled but translated. JavaScript
Translator is responsible to translate the JavaScript
code which is embedded in browser.
Where it is used?

• It is used to create interactive websites. It is mainly

used for:
• Client-side validation
• Dynamic drop-down menus
• Displaying date and time
• Build small but complete client side programs .
• Displaying popup windows and dialog boxes (like alert
dialog box, confirm dialog box and prompt dialog box)
• Displaying clocks etc.
Features of JavaScript
JavaScript is a client side technology, it is mainly used for gives client side validation, but it have lot of features which are given below;
Way of Using JavaScript

• There are three places to put the JavaScript

code.
• Between the <body> </body> tag of html
(Inline JavaScript)
• Between the <head> </head> tag of html
(Internal JavaScript)
• In .js file (External JavaScript)
How to Put a JavaScript Into an HTML Page?

<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>
</body>
</html>
• Inline JavaScript
• When java script was written within the html
element using attributes related to events of
the element then it is called as inline java
script.
• Example of Inline JavaScript
• Example How to use JavaScript
• <html> <form> <input type="button"
value="Click" onclick="alert('Button
Clicked')"/> </form> </html>
• Output:
Click
Internal JavaScript

• When java script was written within the section using element then it is
called as internal java script.
• Example of Internal JavaScript
• <html>
• <head>
• <script>
• function msg()
• { alert("Welcome in JavaScript"); }
• </script>
• </head>
• <form>
• <input type="button" value="Click" onclick="msg()"/>
• </form>
• </html>
• Output: click
External JavaScript

• Writing java script in a separate file with extension

.js is called as external java script. For adding the
reference of an external java script file to your
html page, use tag with src attribute as follows
• Example
• <script type="text/javascript" src="filename.js"/>
• Create a file with name functions.js and write the
following java script functions in it.
• message.js
• Example
• function msg() { alert("Welcome in JavaScript"); }
• Example
• <html>
• <head>
• <script type="text/javascript" src="message.js">
• </script>
• </head>
• <body>
• <form>
• <input type="button" value="click" onclick="msg()"/>
• </form>
• </body>
• </html>
• output: click
Hiding JavaScript from Incompatible Browsers

var answer = confirm("Are you sure?");

 Display a message in a dialog box with two buttons: "OK" or
"Cancel".
 confirm() returns true if the user click "OK". Otherwise it
returns false.
prompt()
prompt("What is your student id number?");
prompt("What is your name?”, "No name");

• Display a message and allow the user to enter a value

• The second argument is the "default value" to be displayed in
the input textfield.
• Without the default value, "undefined" is shown in the input
textfield.

• If the user click the "OK" button, prompt() returns the

value in the input textfield as a string.
• If the user click the "Cancel" button, prompt() returns null.
Identifier
• Same as Java/C++ except that it allows an
additional character – '$'.

• Contains only 'A' – 'Z', 'a' – 'z', '0' – '9', '_', '$'
• First character cannot be a digit
• Case-sensitive
• Cannot be reserved words or keywords
Variable and Variable Declaration
<head><script type="text/javascript">
// We are in the default scope – the "window" object.
x = 3; // same as "window.x = 3"
var y = 4; // same as "y = 4" or "window.y = 4"

{ // Introduce a block to creat a local scope

x = 0; // Same as "window.x = 0"
var y = 1; // This is a local variable y
}

alert("x=" + x + ", y=" + y); // Print x=0, y=4

</script></head>

• Local variable is declared using the keyword 'var'.

• Dynamic binding – a variable can hold any type of value
• If a variable is used without being declared, the variable is created
automatically.
– If you misspell a variable name, program will still run (but works incorrectly)
• Primitive data types
Data Types
– Number: integer & floating-point numbers
– Boolean: true or false
– String: a sequence of alphanumeric characters

• Composite data types (or Complex data types)

– Object: a named collection of data
– Array: a sequence of values (an array is actually a predefined object)

• Special data types

– Null: the only value is "null" – to represent nothing.
– Undefined: the only value is "undefined" – to represent the value of an
unintialized variable
•
Strings
A string variable can store a sequence of alphanumeric
characters, spaces and special characters.

• Each character is represented using 16 bit

– You can store Chinese characters in a string.

• A string can be enclosed by a pair of single quotes (') or double

quote (").

• Use escaped character sequence to represent special character

(e.g.: \", \n, \t)
typeof operator
var x = "hello", y;
alert("Variable x value is " + typeof x );
alert("Variable y value is " + typeof y );
alert("Variable x value is " + typeof z );

• An unary operator that tells the type of its

operand.
– Returns a string which can be "number", "string",
"boolean", "object", "function", "undefined", and
"null"

– An array is internally represented as an object.

Operators
• Arithmetic operators
– +, -, *, /, %

• Post/pre increment/decrement
– ++, --

• Comparison operators
– ==, !=, >, >=, <, <=
– ===, !== (Strictly equals and strictly not equals)
• i.e., Type and value of operand must match / must not
match
== vs ===
// Type conversion is performed before comparison
var v1 = ("5" == 5); // true

// No implicit type conversion.

// True if only if both types and values are equal
var v2 = ("5" === 5); // false

var v3 = (5 === 5.0); // true

var v4 = (true == 1); // true (true is converted to 1)

var v5 = (true == 2); // false (true is converted to 1)

var v6 = (true == "1") // true

Logical Operators
• ! – Logical NOT
• && – Logical AND
– OP1 && OP2
– If OP1 is true, expression evaluates to the value of OP2.
Otherwise the expression evaluates to the value of OP1.
– Results may not be a boolean value.

• || – Logical OR
– OP1 || OP2
– If OP1 is true, expression evaluates to the value of OP1.
Otherwise the expression evaluates to the value of OP2.
var tmp1 = null && 1000; // tmp1 is null

var tmp2 = 1000 && 500; // tmp2 is 500

var tmp3 = false || 500; // tmp3 is 500

var tmp4 = "" || null; // tmp4 is null

var tmp5 = 1000 || false; // tmp5 is 1000

// If foo is null, undefined, false, zero, NaN,

// or an empty string, then set foo to 100.
foo = foo || 100;
Operators (continue)
• String concatenation operator
–+
– If one of the operand is a string, the other operand is
automatically converted to its equivalent string value.

• Assignment operators
– =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

• Bitwise operators
– &, |, ^, >>, <<, >>>
Conditional Statements
• “if” statement
• “if … else” statement
• "? :" ternary conditional statement
• “switch” statement

• The syntax of these statements are similar to

those found in C and Java.
Conditional Statements

In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:

• if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if
a specified condition is true
• if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code
if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false
• if...else if....else statement - use this statement if you want to select one
of many blocks of code to be executed
• switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many
blocks of code to be executed
Conditional Statements - 2
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}

if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is not true
}
Conditional Statements Examples
<script>
x=3
if(x<0)
{
alert (“negatif”)
}
else
{
alert (“pozitif”)
}
</script>
Conditional Statements Examples - 2
<script>
c=confirm(“Kitap Okuyor musunuz?”)
if(c)
{
alert (“tebrikler walla”)
}
else
{
alert (“ayıp ettiniz ama”)
}
</script>
Conditional Statements Examples - 3
<script>
p=prompt("Ankara'nın plaka numarası nedir?", " ")
if(p=="06")
{
alert("Doğru")
}
else
{
alert("Yanlış")
}
</script>
Built-In Functions
• eval(expr)
– evaluates an expression or statement
• eval("3 + 4"); // Returns 7 (Number)
• eval("alert('Hello')"); // Calls the function alert('Hello')

• isFinite(x)
– Determines if a number is finite

• isNaN(x)
– Determines whether a value is “Not a Number”
Built-In Functions
• parseInt(s)
• parseInt(s, radix)
– Converts string literals to integers
– Parses up to any character that is not part of a valid integer
• parseInt("3 chances") // returns 3
• parseInt(" 5 alive") // returns 5
• parseInt("How are you") // returns NaN
• parseInt("17", 8) // returns 15

• parseFloat(s)
– Finds a floating-point value at the beginning of a string.
• parseFloat("3e-1 xyz") // returns 0.3
• parseFloat("13.5 abc") // returns 13.5
Events
• An event occurs as a result of some activity
– e.g.:
• A user clicks on a link in a page
• Page finished loaded
• Mouse cursor enter an area
• A preset amount of time elapses
• A form is being submitted
Event Handlers
• Event Handler – a segment of codes (usually a
function) to be executed when an event occurs

• We can specify event handlers as attributes in

the HTML tags.

• The attribute names typically take the form

"onXXX" where XXX is the event name.
– e.g.:
<a href="…" onClick="alert('Bye')">Other
Website</a>
Event Handlers
Event Handlers Triggered when
onChange The value of the text field, textarea, or a drop down list
is modified
onClick A link, an image or a form element is clicked once
onDblClick The element is double-clicked
onMouseDown The user presses the mouse button
onLoad A document or an image is loaded
onSubmit A user submits a form
onReset The form is reset
onUnLoad The user closes a document or a frame
onResize A form is resized by the user

For a complete list, see http://www.w3schools.com/htmldom/dom_obj_event.asp

onClick
<html>
Event Handler Example
<head>
<title>onClick Event Handler Example</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function warnUser() {
return confirm("Are you a student?”);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="ref.html" onClick="return warnUser()">

Students access only</a>
</body>
</html>
onLoad Event Handler Example
<html><head>
<title>onLoad and onUnload Event Handler Example</title>
</head>
<body
onLoad="alert('Welcome to this page')"
onUnload="alert('Thanks for visiting this page')"
>
Load and UnLoad event test.
</body>
</html>
onMouseOver & onMouseOut Event Handler
<html>
<head>
<title>onMouseOver / onMouseOut Event Handler Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://www.cuhk.edu.hk"
onMouseOver="window.status='CUHK Home'; return true;"
onMouseOut="status=''"
>CUHK</a>
</body>
</html>

• When the mouse cursor is over the link, the browser displays the text "CUHK
Home" instead of the URL.
• The "return true;" of onMouseOver forces browser not to display the URL.
• window.status and window.defaultStatus are disabled in Firefox.
onSubmit Event Handler Example
<html><head>
<title>onSubmit Event Handler Example</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function validate() {
// If everything is ok, return true
// Otherwise return false
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form action="MessageBoard" method="POST"
onSubmit="return validate();"
>
…
</form></body></html>

• If onSubmit event handler returns false, data is not submitted.

• If onReset event handler returns false, form is not reset
Build-In JavaScript Objects
Object Description
Array Creates new array objects
Boolean Creates new Boolean objects
Date Retrieves and manipulates dates and times
Error Returns run-time error information
Function Creates new function objects
Math Contains methods and properties for performing mathematical
calculations
Number Contains methods and properties for manipulating numbers.
String Contains methods and properties for manipulating text strings

• See online references for complete list of available methods in these objects:
http://javascript-reference.info/
String Object (Some useful methods)
• length
–A string property that tells the number of character in the string
• charAt(idx)
–Returns the character at location "idx"
• toUpperCase(), toLowerCase()
–Returns the same string with all uppercase/lowercase letters
• substring(beginIdx)
–Returns a substring started at location "beginIdx"
• substring(beginIdx, endIdx)
–Returns a substring started at "beginIdx" until "endIdx" (but
not including "endIdx"
• indexOf(str)
–Returns the position where "str" first occurs in the string
Error and Exception Handling in JavaScript
• Javascript makes no distinction between Error
and Exception (Unlike Java)
• Handling Exceptions
– The onError event handler
• A method associated with the window object.
• It is called whenever an exception occurs
– The try … catch … finally block
• Similar to Java try … catch … finally block
• For handling exceptions in a code segment
– Use throw statement to throw an exception
• You can throw value of any type
– The Error object
• Default object for representing an exception
• Each Error object has a name and message properties
How to use “onError” event handler?
<html>
<head>
<title>onerror event handler example</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function errorHandler(){
alert("Error Ourred!");
}
// JavaScript is casesensitive
// Don't write onerror!
window.onError = errorHandler;
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello there;
</script>
</body>
</html>
try … catch … finally
try {
// Contains normal codes that might throw an exception.

// If an exception is thrown, immediately go to

// catch block.

} catch ( errorVariable ) {
// Codes here get executed if an exception is thrown
// in the try block.

// The errorVariable is an Error object.

} finally {
// Executed after the catch or try block finish

// Codes in finally block are always executed

}
// One or both of catch and finally blocks must accompany the try
block.
try … catch … finally example
<script type="text/javascript">
try{
document.write("Try block begins<br>");
// create a syntax error
eval ("10 + * 5");

} catch( errVar ) {
document.write("Exception caught<br>");
// errVar is an Error object
// All Error objects have a name and message properties
document.write("Error name: " + errVar.name + "<br>");
document.write("Error message: " + errVar.message +
"<br>");
} finally {
document.write("Finally block reached!");
}
</script>
Throwing Exception
<script type="text/javascript">
try{
var num = prompt("Enter a number (1-2):", "1");
// You can throw exception of any type
if (num == "1")
throw "Some Error Message";
else
if (num == "2")
throw 123;
else
throw new Error ("Invalid input");
} catch( err ) {
alert(typeof(errMsg) + "\n" + err);
// instanceof operator checks if err is an Error object
if (err instanceof Error)
alert("Error Message: " + err.message);
}
</script>
Document Object Model (DOM)
• When a web page is loaded, the browser
creates a Document Object Model of the page.
• Representation of the current web page as a
tree of Javascript objects
• allows you to view/modify page elements in
script code after page has loaded
• client side = highly responsive interactions
• browser-independent
• allows progressive enhancement.
• With the object model, JavaScript gets all the power it
needs to create dynamic HTML:
• JavaScript can change all the HTML elements in the page
• JavaScript can change all the HTML attributes in the
page
• JavaScript can change all the CSS styles in the page
• JavaScript can remove existing HTML elements and
attributes
• JavaScript can add new HTML elements and attributes
• JavaScript can react to all existing HTML events in the
page
• JavaScript can create new HTML events in the page
What is the DOM?

• The DOM is a W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) standard.

• The DOM defines a standard for accessing documents:
• "The W3C Document Object Model (DOM) is a platform and
language-neutral interface that allows programs and scripts
to dynamically access and update the content, structure, and
style of a document."
• The W3C DOM standard is separated into 3 different parts:
• Core DOM - standard model for all document types
• XML DOM - standard model for XML documents
• HTML DOM - standard model for HTML documents
What is the HTML DOM?

• The HTML DOM is a standard object model

and programming interface for HTML. It
defines:
• The HTML elements as objects
• The properties of all HTML elements
• The methods to access all HTML elements
• The events for all HTML elements
JavaScript - HTML DOM Methods

• HTML DOM methods are actions you can

perform (on HTML Elements).
• HTML DOM properties are values (of HTML
Elements) that you can set or change.
The DOM Programming Interface

• The HTML DOM can be accessed with JavaScript (and

with other programming languages).
• In the DOM, all HTML elements are defined as objects.
• The programming interface is the properties and
methods of each object.
• A property is a value that you can get or set (like
changing the content of an HTML element).
• A method is an action you can do (like add or deleting
an HTML element).
Example
• The following example changes the content (the
innerHTML) of the <p> element with id="demo":
• <html>
<body>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML
= "Hello World!";
</script>
</body>
</html>
The getElementById Method

• The most common way to access an HTML element is

to use the id of the element.
• In the example above the getElementById method
used id="demo" to find the element.
The innerHTML Property
• The easiest way to get the content of an element is
by using the innerHTML property.
• The innerHTML property is useful for getting or
replacing the content of HTML elements.
• The innerHTML property can be used to get or
change any HTML element, including <html> and
<body>.
The HTML DOM Document Object

• The document object represents your web

page.
• If you want to access any element in an HTML
page, you always start with accessing the
document object.
• Below are some examples of how you can use
the document object to access and
manipulate HTML.
JavaScript Objects

• Real Life Objects, Properties, and Methods

• In real life, a car is an object.
• A car has properties like weight and color,
and methods like start and stop:

• ObjectProperties
1.car.name = Fiat 2.car.model = 500
3.car.weight = 850kg 4.car.color = white

• Methods
1.car.start() 2.car.drive() 3.car.brake() 4.car.stop()
• All cars have the same properties, but the
property values differ from car to car.
• All cars have the same methods, but the
methods are performed at different times.
• JavaScript Objects
• You have already learned that JavaScript
variables are containers for data values.
• This code assigns a simple value (Fiat) to
a variable named car:
• <!DOCTYPE html>
• <html>
• <body>
• <p>Creating a JavaScript Variable.</p>
• <p id="demo"></p>
• <script>
• var car = "Fiat";
• document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =
car;
• </script>
• </body>
• </html>
• Objects are variables too. But objects can contain many values.
• This code assigns many values (Fiat, 500, white) to a variable named car:
• <!DOCTYPE html>
• <html>
• <body>
• <p>Creating a JavaScript Object.</p>
• <p id="demo"></p>
• <script>
• var car = {type:"Fiat", model:"500", color:"white"};
• document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = car.type;
• </script>
• </body>
• </html>

• The values are written as name:value pairs (name and value separated

by a colon).
Object Properties

• The name:values pairs (in JavaScript objects)

are called properties.
• var person = {firstName:"John",
lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue"};
• Object Methods:
• Methods are actions that can be performed on
objects.
• Methods are stored in properties as function
definitions.
Object Definition
• You define (and create) a JavaScript object with
an object literal:
• Example
• var person = {firstName:"John",
lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue"};
• var person = {
    firstName:"John",
    lastName:"Doe",
    age:50,
    eyeColor:"blue"
};
Accessing Object Properties

• You can access object properties in two ways:

• objectName.propertyName
Or
objectName["propertyName"]
• Example1
• person.lastName;
• Example2
• person["lastName"];
• <!DOCTYPE html>
• <html>
• <body>
• <p>
• There are two different ways to access an object property:
• </p>
• <p>You can use person.property or person["property"].</p>

• <p id="demo"></p>

• <script>
• var person = {
• firstName: "John",
• lastName : "Doe",
• id : 5566
• };
• document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =
• person.firstName + " " + person.lastName;
• </script>

• </body>
• </html>
• <!DOCTYPE html>
• <html>
• <body>

• <p>
• There are two different ways to access an object property:
• </p>
• <p>You can use person.property or person["property"].</p>

• <p id="demo"></p>

• <script>
• var person = {
• firstName: "John",
• lastName : "Doe",
• id : 5566
• };
• document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML =
• person["firstName"] + " " + person["lastName"];
• </script>

• </body>
• </html>
Accessing Object Methods

• You access an object method with the

following syntax:
• objectName.methodName()
• Example
• name = person.fullName();
• <!DOCTYPE html>
• <html>
• <body>

• <p>Creating and using an object method.</p>

• <p>An object method is a function definition, stored as a property value.</p>

• <p id="demo"></p>

• <script>
• var person = {
• firstName: "John",
• lastName : "Doe",
• id : 5566,
• fullName : function() {
• return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;
• }
• };

• document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = person.fullName();
• </script>
• </body>
• </html>
The Document Object

• A document is a web page that is being either displayed or created.

The document has a number of properties that can be accessed by
JavaScript programs and used to manipulate
• the content of the page.
• write or writeln
• Html pages can be created on the fly using JavaScript. This is done
by using the write or writeln methods of the document object.
• Syntax:document.write (“String”); document.writeln (“String”);
• In this document is object name and write () or writeln () are
methods. Symbol period is used as connector between object
name and method name. The difference between these two
methods is carriage form feed character that is new line character
automatically added into the document.
• Exmaple: document.write(“<body>”); document.write(“<h1>
Hello </h1>”);
• bgcolor and fgcolor
These are used to set background and foreground(text) color to webpage.
The methods accept either hexadecimal values or common names for
colors.
Syntax: document.bgcolor=”#1f9de1”; document.fgcolor=“silver”;
• anchors
The anchors property is an array of anchor names in the order in which they
appear in the HTML Document. Anchors can be accessed like this:
• Syntax:
• document.anchors[0];

• document.anchors[n-1];
• Links
Another array holding all links in the order in which they were appeared on
the Webpage
• Forms
Another array, this one contains all of the HTML forms. By combining this
array with the individual form objects each form item can be accessed.
The Window Object

• The window object is used to create a new window and to control

the properties of window.
• Methods:
– open(“URL”,”name”) : This method opens a new window which contains the document specified
by URL and the new window is identified by its name.
– close(): this shutdowns the current window.

• Properties:
• toolbar = [1|0] location= [1|0] menubar = [1|0] scrollbars = [1|0]
status = [1|0] resizable = [1|0]
• where as 1 means on and 0 means off
• height=pixels, width=pixels : These properties can be used to set
the window size.
• The following code shows how to open a new window
• newWin =
open(“first.html”,”newWin”,”status=0,toolbar=0,width=100,height=
100”);
• Window object supports three types of message
boxes.
• Alert box Confirm box Prompt box
• Alert box is used to display warning/error
messages to user. It displays a text string with OK
button.
• Syntax: window. Alert (“Message”);
• Confirm Box is useful when submitting form
data. This displays a window containing
message with two buttons: OK and Cancel.
Selecting Cancel will abort the any pending
action, while OK will let the action proceed.
• Syntax
• window.confirm(“String”);
• Prompt box used for accepting data from user
through keyboard. This displays simple window that
contains a prompt and a text field in which user can
enter data. This method has two parameters: a
text string to be used as a prompt and a string to
use as the default value. If you don‟t want to
display a default then simply use an empty string.
Syntax
• Variable=window.prompt(“string”,”default value”);
The Form Object

• Two aspects of the form can be manipulated through JavaScript.

First, most commonly and probably most usefully, the data that is
entered onto your form can be checked at submission. Second
you can actually build forms through JavaScript.
• Form object supports three events to validate the form
onClick = “method()”
• This can be applied to all form elements. This event is triggered
when the user clicks on the element.
onSubmit = “method()”
• This event can only be triggered by form itself and occurs when a
form is submitted.
onReset = “method()”
• This event can only be triggered by form itself and occurs when a
form is reset.
The browser Object
• The browser is JavaScript object that can be
used to know the details of browser. Some of
the properties of the browser object is as
follows:
Property Description
navigator.appCodeName It returns the internal name for the
browser. For major browsers it is Mozilla
navigator.appName It returns the public name of the browser –
navigator or
Internet Explorer
navigator.appVersion It returns the version number, platform
on which the browser is running.
navigator.userAgent The strings appCodeName and appVersion
concatenated
together
navigator.plugins An array containing details of all installed
plug-ins
Navigator.mimeTypes An array of all supported MIME Types
The Math Object

• The Math object holds all mathematical

functions and values. All the functions and
attributes used in complex mathematics must
be accessed via this object.
• Syntax:
• Math.methodname();
• Math.value;
Method Descri Example
ption
Math.abs(x) Returns the absolute value Math.abs(-20) is 20

Math.ceil(x) Returns the ceil value Math.ceil(5.8) is 6

Math.ceil(2.2) is 3
Math.floor(x) Returns the floor value Math.floor(5.8) is 5
Math.floor(2.2) is 2
Math.round(x) Returns the round value, Math.round(5.8) is 6
nearest integer value
Math.round(2.2) is 2
Math.trunc(x) Removes the decimal Math.trunc(5.8) is 5
places it returns only
integer value Math.trunc(2.2) is 2
Math.max(x,y) Returns the maximum Math.max(2,3) is 3
value
Math.max(5,2) is 5
Math.min(x,y) Returns the minimum Math.min(2,3) is 2
value
Math.min(5,2) is 2
Math.sqrt(x) Returns the square root of Math.sqrt(4) is 2
x
Math.pow(a,b) This method will compute the ab Math.pow(2,4) is 16
Math.sin(x) Returns the sine value of x Math.sin(0.0) is 0.0

Math.cos(x) Returns cosine value of x Math.cos(0.0) is 1.0

Math.tan(x) Returns tangent value of x Math.tan(0.0) is 0

Math.exp(x) Returns exponential value i.e ex Math.exp(0) is 1

Math.random(x) Generates a random number in between 0 Math.random()

and 1
Math.log(x) Display logarithmic value Math.log(2.7) is 1

Math.PI Returns a ∏ value a = Math.PI;

a = 3.141592653589793
The Date Object

• This object is used for obtaining the date and time. In JavaScript,
dates and times represent in milliseconds since 1st January 1970
UTC. JavaScript supports two time zones: UTC and local. UTC is
Universal Time, also known as Greenwich Mean Time(GMT),
which is standard time throughout the world. Local time is the
time on your System. A JavaScript Date represents date from
-1,000,000,000 to -1,000,000,000 days relative to 01/01/1970.
• Date Object Constructors:
• new Date(); Constructs an empty date object.
• new Date(“String”); Creates a Date object based upon the
contents of a text string.
• new Date(year, month, day[,hour, minute, second] ); Creates a
Date object based upon the numerical values for the year, month
and day.

• var dt=new Date();

• document.write(dt); // Tue Dec 23 11:23:45 UTC+0530 2015
• <!DOCTYPE html>
• <html>
• <body>
• <p id="demo"></p>
• <script>
• document.getElementById("demo").innerHTM
L = Date();
• </script>
• </body>
• </html>
output:
Mon Jan 29 2018 09:20:16 GMT+0530 (India
Standard Time)
JavaScript Date Methods

• Date methods let you get and set date values

(years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds,
milliseconds)
Method Description

getDate() Get the day as a number (1-31)

getDay() Get the weekday as a number (0-6)

getFullYear() Get the four digit year (yyyy)

getHours() Get the hour (0-23)

getMilliseconds() Get the milliseconds (0-999)

getMinutes() Get the minutes (0-59)

getMonth() Get the month (0-11)

JavaScript Arrays
JavaScript arrays are used to store multiple values in a single
variable.

Displaying Arrays

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

</body>
</html> 85
Creating an Array Cont..
Using an array literal is the easiest way to create a JavaScript Array.
Syntax:
var array-name = [item1, item2, ...];
Using the JavaScript Keyword new
The following example also creates an Array, and assigns values to it:
var cars = new Array("Saab", "Volvo", "BMW");
Access the Elements of an Array
You refer to an array element by referring to the index number.
var name = cars[0];
This statement modifies the first element in cars:
cars[0] = "Opel";
Can Have Different Objects in One Array
• JavaScript variables can be objects. Arrays are special kinds
of objects.
• Because of this, you can have variables of different types in
the same Array.
Example:
myArray[0] = Date.now;
myArray[1] = myFunction;
myArray[2] = myCars; 86
Cont..
Arrays are Objects
• Arrays are a special type of objects. The typeof operator in
JavaScript returns "object" for arrays.
• But, JavaScript arrays are best described as arrays.
Arrays use numbers to access its "elements". In this example,
person[0] returns John:
Array: var person = ["John", "Doe", 46];
Objects use names to access its "members". In this example,
person.firstName returns John:
Object: var person = {firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe“,
age:46};
Array Properties and Methods
The real strength of JavaScript arrays are the built-in array
properties and methods:
Examples
var x = cars.length;     // The length property returns the number
of elements in cars
var y = cars.sort();     // The sort() method sort cars in
alphabetical order
87
Cont..

Note:
 var points = new Array(); // Bad
 var points = []; // Good

When to Use Arrays? When to use Objects?

• JavaScript does not support associative arrays.
• You should use objects when you want the element names to
be strings.
• You should use arrays when you want the element names to be
sequential numbers.

88
Array Object Methods Cont..
Method Description

concat() Joins two or more arrays, and returns a copy of the joined arrays

indexOf() Search the array for an element and returns its position
join() Joins all elements of an array into a string
Search the array for an element, starting at the end, and returns
lastIndexOf()
its position

pop() Removes the last element of an array, and returns that element

Adds new elements to the end of an array, and returns the new
push()
length
reverse() Reverses the order of the elements in an array

shift() Removes the first element of an array, and returns that element

slice() Selects a part of an array, and returns the new array

sort() Sorts the elements of an array
splice() Adds/Removes elements from an array
toString() Converts an array to a string, and returns the result
Adds new elements to the beginning of an array, and returns the
unshift()
new length
valueOf() Returns the primitive value of an array 89
Cont..
Concat():Joins two or more arrays, and returns a copy of the
joined arrays.
Syntax: array.concat(array1,array2…..);
Ex:
var hege = ["Cecilie", "Lone"];
var stale = ["Emil", "Tobias", "Linus"];
var kai = ["Robin"];
var children = hege.concat(stale,kai);
indexOf():this method searches the array for the specified item, and
returns its position.
• The search will start at the specified position, or at the beginning if
no start position is specified, and end the search at the end of the
array.
Returns -1 if the item is not found.
If the item is present more than once, the indexOf method returns the
position of the first occurrence.
Syntax: array.indexOf(item);
Ex: var fruits=[“Banana”,Orange”,”Apple”,”Mango”];
var x=fruits.indexOf(“Apple”);
Here the value of x is:2 i.e. Apple is at position 2. 90
Cont..
Join():The join() method joins the elements of an array into a string, and
returns the string.
The elements will be separated by a specified separator. The default
separator is comma (,).
Syntax: array.join();
Ex: var fruits=[“Banana” Orange”,”Apple”,”Mango”];
var x=fruits.join();
the result of x will be Banana,Orange,Apple,Mango.
Slice(): The slice() method returns the selected elements in an array, as
a new array object.
The slice() method selects the elements starting at the given start
argument, and ends at, but does not include, the given end argument.
Syntax: array.slice (start, end);
Ex: var fruits=[“Banana”,Orange”,”Apple”,”Mango”];
var x=fruits.slice(1,3);
the result of x will be [Orange,Apple];
Splice(): The splice() method adds/removes items to/from an array, and
returns the removed item(s).
Syntax: array.splice(index,howmany,item1,item2….);
Ex: var fruits=[“Banana”,Orange”,”Apple”,”Mango”];
fruits.splice(2,1,”Lemon”,”Kiwi”);
the result of fruits will be [Banana,Orange,Lemon,Kiwi,Mango]
91
Cont..
Arrays Operations and Properties

• Declaring new empty array:

var arr = new Array();

• Declaring an array holding few elements:

var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
• Appending an element / getting the last element:
arr.push(3);
var element = arr.pop();
• Reading the number of elements (array length):

arr.length;
• Finding element's index in the array:

arr.indexOf(1);

92
JavaScript Regular Expressions
• A regular expression is a sequence of characters that forms
a search pattern.
• The search pattern can be used for text search and text
replace operations.
Syntax
/pattern/modifiers;

Example:
var patt = /w3schools/I

 /w3schools/i is a regular expression.

 w3schools is a pattern (to be used in a search).
 i is a modifier (modifies the search to be case-insensitive)

93
Cont..
Using String Methods
In JavaScript, regular expressions are often used with the
two string methods: search() and replace().

 The search(pattern) method uses an expression to search for a

match, and returns the position of the match.
 The replace(pattern1, pattern2) method returns a modified
string where the pattern is replaced.
 The split(pattern) method
 The match(pattern) method searches for a matching pattern.
Returns an array holding the results, or null if no match is found.
Example
var str = "Visit W3Schools";
var n = str.search(/w3schools/i);
The result in n will be: 6
Example
var str = "Visit Microsoft!";
var res = str.replace(/microsoft/i, "W3Schools");
The result in res will be: Visit W3Schools! 94
Cont..
Regular Expression Modifiers

Modifiers can be used to perform case-insensitive more global

searches:
Modifier Description
i Perform case-insensitive matching
g Perform a global match (find all matches
rather than stopping after the first match)
m Perform multiline matching

Regular Expression Patterns

Brackets are used to find a range of characters:

Expression Description
[abc] Find any of the characters between the
brackets
[0-9] Find any of the digits between the
brackets
(x|y) Find any of the alternatives separated
with |
95
Metacharacters are characters with a special meaning: Cont..

Metacharacter / Token Description

\d Find a digit
\s Find a whitespace character
\b Find a match at the beginning or at the end
of a word
\uxxxx Find the Unicode character specified by the
hexadecimal number xxxx
^ Match at the start of the input string
$ Match at the end of the input string
* Match 0 or more times
+ Match 0 or more times
? Match 0 or 1 times

{n} Match the string n times

\D Match anything except for digits 96
Metacharacter / Token Description

\w Match any alphanumeric character or the underscore

\W Match anything except alphanumeric characters or
underscore
\S Match anything except for whitespace characters
[…] Creates a set of characters, one of which must match
if the operation is to be successful. If you need a
range of characters then separate the first and last
with a hypen: [0-9] or [D-G]
[^…] Creates a set of characters which doesnot match. If
any character in the set matches then the operation
has failed. This fails if any lowercase letter from d to q
is matched: [^d-q].

Quantifiers define quantities:
Quantifier Description
n+ Matches any string that contains at least one n
n* Matches any string that contains zero or more
occurrences of n
n? Matches any string that contains zero or one Cont..
occurrences of n 97
Cont..
Using the RegExp Object
• In JavaScript, the RegExp object is a regular expression object
with predefined properties and methods.

Using test() / using exec()

• The test() method is a RegExp expression method.
• It searches a string for a pattern, and returns true or false,
depending on the result.
The following example searches a string for the character "e":

Example
var patt = /e/;
patt.test("The best things in life are free!");
(or)
/e/.test("The best things in life are free!")
Since there is an "e" in the string, the output of the code above will
be: true

98
constructor

• It returns a reference to the array function that

created the instance's prototype.
• Syntax
• Its syntax is as follows:
RegExp.constructor
• Return Value
• Returns the function that created this object's
instance.
• Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp constructor Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var re = new RegExp( "string" );
document.write("re.constructor is:" + re.constructor);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
• re.constructor is:function RegExp() { [native code]
global

global is a read-only boolean property of RegExp

objects. It specifies whether a particular regular
expression performs global matching, i.e.,
whether it was created with the "g" attribute.
Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.global
Return Value
Returns "TRUE" if the "g" modifier is set, "FALSE"
otherwise.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp global Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var re = new RegExp( "string" );
if ( re.global ){
document.write("Test1 - Global property is set");
}else{
document.write("Test1 - Global property is not set");
}
re = new RegExp( "string", "g" );
if ( re.global ){
document.write("<br />Test2 - Global property is set");
}else{
document.write("<br />Test2 - Global property is not set");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Test1 - Global property is not set
Test2 - Global property is set
ignoreCase

ignoreCase is a read-only boolean property of

RegExp objects. It specifies whether a
particular regular expression performs case-
insensitive matching, i.e., whether it was
created with the "i" attribute.
• Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
• RegExpObject.ignoreCase
• Return Value
Returns "TRUE" if the "i" modifier is set,
"FALSE" otherwise.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp ignoreCase Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var re = new RegExp( "string" );
if ( re.ignoreCase ){
document.write("Test1 - ignoreCase property is set");
}else{
document.write("Test1 - ignoreCase property is not set");
}
re = new RegExp( "string", "i" );
if ( re.ignoreCase ){
document.write("<br />Test2 - ignoreCase property is set");
}else{
document.write("<br />Test2 - ignoreCase property is not set");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Test1 - ignoreCase property is not set
Test2 - ignoreCase property is set
lastIndex
lastIndex is a read/write property of RegExp
objects. For regular expressions with the "g"
attribute set, it contains an integer that specifies
the character position immediately following the
last match found by the RegExp.exec() and
RegExp.test() methods. These methods use this
property as the starting point for the next search
they conduct.
This property is read/write, so you can set it at
any time to specify where in the target string,
the next search should begin. exec() and test()
automatically reset the lastIndex to 0 when
they fail to find a match (or another match).
Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.lastIndex
Return Value
Returns an integer that specifies the character
position immediately following the last match.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp lastIndex Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Javascript is an interesting scripting language";
var re = new RegExp( "script", "g" );
re.test(str);
document.write("Test 1 - Current Index: " + re.lastIndex);
re.test(str);
document.write("<br />Test 2 - Current Index: " + re.lastIndex);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Test 1 - Current Index: 10
Test 2 - Current Index: 35
multiline
multiline is a read-only boolean property of
RegExp objects. It specifies whether a particular
regular expression performs multiline matching,
i.e., whether it was created with the "m"
attribute.
Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.multiline
Return Value
Returns "TRUE" if the "m" modifier is set, "FALSE"
otherwise.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp multiline Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var re = new RegExp( "string" );
if ( re.multiline ){
document.write("Test1-multiline property is set");
}else{
document.write("Test1-multiline property is not set");
}
re = new RegExp( "string", "m" );
if ( re.multiline ){
document.write("<br/>Test2-multiline property is set");
}else{
document.write("<br/>Test2-multiline property is not set");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Test1-multiline property is not set
Test2-multiline property is set
source
source is a read-only string property of RegExp
objects. It contains the text of the RegExp
pattern. This text does not include the delimiting
slashes used in regular-expression literals, and it
does not include the "g", "i", and "m“ attributes.
Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.source
Return Value
Returns the text used for pattern matching.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp source Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Javascript is an interesting scripting language";
var re = new RegExp( "script", "g" );
re.test(str);
document.write("The regular expression is : " + re.source);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
The regular expression is : script
Exception Handling
Try… Catch and Throw statements

Catching errors in JavaScript:

It is very important that the errors thrown must be catched or
trapped so that they can be handled more efficiently and
conveniently and the users can move better through the web
page.
Using try…catch statement:
The try..catch statement has two blocks in it:
· try block
· catch block
In the try block, the code contains a block of code that is to be
tested for errors.
The catch block contains the code that is to be executed if an error
occurs. The general syntax of try..catch statement is as follows:
Exception Handling
throw
Example:
do something
if an error happens
{
create a new exception object
throw the exception
}

try……..
Example: try
{
statement one
statement two
statement three
}
catch
Example:
catch exception
{
handle the exception }
115
The concept of try…catch statement

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
try
{
document.write(junkVariable)
}
catch(err)
{
document.write(err.message + "<br/>")
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
• The output of the above program is
‘junkVariable’ is undefined
• In the above program, the variable
junkVariableis undefined and the usage of this
in try block gives an error. The control is
transferred to the catch block with this error
and this error message is printed in the catch
block.
throw in JavaScript:

There is another statement called throw available

in JavaScript that can be used along
with try…catch statements to throw exceptions
and thereby helps in generating. General
• syntax of this throw statement is as follows:
throw(exception)
• exception can be any variable of type integer or
boolean or string.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
try
{
varexfor=10
if(exfor!=20)
{
throw "PlaceError"
}
}
catch(err)
{
if(err == "PlaceError")
document.write ("Example to illustrate Throw
Statement: Variable exfor not equal to 20.
<br/>")
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
The output of the above program is:
Example to illustrate Throw Statement: Variable exfor not equal to 20.
In the above example program, the try block has
the variable exfor initialized to 10. Using the if
statement, the variable value is checked to see
whether it is equal to 20. Since exfor is not
equal to 20, the exception is thrown using the
throw statement. This is named Place Error and
the control transfers to the catch block. The
error catched is checked and since this is equal
to the PlaceError, the statement placed inside
the error message is displayed and the output
is displayed as above.
Example: <!DOCTYPE html> Cont..
<html>
<body>
<p>Please input a number between 5 and 10:</p>
<input id="demo" type="text">
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Test Input</button>
<p id="message"></p>
<script>
function myFunction() {
var message, x;
message = document.getElementById("message");
message.innerHTML = "";
x = document.getElementById("demo").value;
try {
if(x == "") throw "is Empty";
if(isNaN(x)) throw "not a number";
if(x > 10) throw "too high";
if(x < 5) throw "too low";
}
catch(err) {
message.innerHTML = "Input " + err;
}
}
</script></body></html> 121
Form validation program example
<html>
<head>
<script language="javascript">
function validate()
{

var x=f1.t1.value;
var y=f1.t2.value;
var re=/\d|\W|_/g;

if(x==''||y=='')
window.alert("Enter both user id and password");
else if(x.length<6||y.length<6)
window.alert("both user id and password should greater than or equal to 6");
else if((re.test(x)))
window.alert("user name show3uld be alphabets");
else
window.alert("welcome"+" Mr."+x);
}
</script>
</head>
<body bgcolor="green">
<form name="f1">
<center>
User Name<input type="text" name="t1"><br><br>
Password <input type="password" name="t2"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="submit" onClick=validate()>
<input type="reset" value="reset">
</center>
</form>
</body>

</html>
DYNAMIC HTML
• DHTML is combination of HTML, CSS and
JavaScript. It gives pleasant appearance to web
page.
• Difference between HTML and DHTML
HTML DHTML
HTML is used to create static web pages. DHTML is used to create dynamic web pages.

HTML is consists of simple html tags. DHTML is made up of HTML tags+cascading

style sheets+javascript.

Creation of html web pages is simplest but less Creation of DHTML is complex but more
interactive. interactive.
Dynamic HTML, or DHTML, is for a collection of
technologies used together to create
interactive and animated by using a combination of a
static markup language (such as HTML), a client-
side scripting language (such as JavaScript), a
presentation definition language (such as CSS),
and the Document Object Model.
• Uses
• DHTML allows authors to add effects to their
pages that are otherwise difficult to achieve.
• For example, DHTML allows the page author to:
• Animate text and images in their document,
independently moving each element from any
starting point to any ending point, following a
predetermined path or one chosen by the user.
• · Embed a ticker that automatically refreshes its
content with the latest news, stock quotes, or
other data.
• · Use a form to capture user input, and then
process and respond to that data without having
to send data back to the server.
• · Include rollover buttons or drop-down menus.
• DHTML FORMS
• Forms are key components of all Web-based
applications. But important as they are, Web
developers often present users with forms that are
difficult to use.
• There are three common problems:
• Forms can be too long. A seemingly endless list of
questions is to make sure the user click the back
button or jump to another site.
• In many situations a specific user will need to fill out
only some of the form elements. If you present
needless questions to a user, you’ll add clutter to your
page and encourage the user to go elsewhere.
• Form entries often need to conform to certain formats
and instructions. Adding this information to a Web
page can make for a cluttered and unappealing screen.
Summary of the unit:
1.DOM
2.Ojects in java script
3.Arrays concept
4.RegEx
5.Exception Handling-try,catch and throw
6.DHTML-HTML+CSS+JAVASCRIPT
Servlet
Servlet technology is used to create web
application (resides at server side and
generates dynamic web page).
• Servlet is a java based server side web technology
allows us to develop dynamic web component having
ability to develop dynamic web pages.
• Servlet is a JEE module based technology executes at
server side having capabilty to extend functionality to
web server,application server.
• Servlet is a JEE module web technology(server side)
that allows to develop single instance multiple thread
based server based technology web component.
• Servlet is JEE module web technology given set of
rules and guidelines for vendor companies to develop
servlet container & given application for programmers
to develop server side web components.
• Servlet technology is robust and scalable
because of java language. Before Servlet, CGI
(Common Gateway Interface) scripting language
was popular as a server-side programming
language. But there was many disadvantages of
this technology. We have discussed these
disadvantages below.
• There are many interfaces and classes in the
servlet API such as Servlet, GenericServlet,
HttpServlet, ServletRequest, ServletResponse
etc.
What is a Servlet?

1. Servlet can be described in many ways, depending on

the context.
2. Servlet is a technology i.e. used to create web
application.
3. Servlet is an API that provides many interfaces and
classes including documentations.
4. Servlet is an interface that must be implemented for
creating any servlet.
5. Servlet is a class that extend the capabilities of the
servers and respond to the incoming request. It can
respond to any type of requests.
6. Servlet is a web component that is deployed on the
server to create dynamic web page.
What is web application?

• A web application is an application accessible

from the web.
• A web application is composed of web
components like Servlet, JSP, Filter etc. and
other components such as HTML.
• The web components typically execute in Web
Server and respond to HTTP request.
CGI(Commmon Gateway Interface)
CGI technology enables the web server to call an external program
and pass HTTP request information to the external program to
process the request. For each request, it starts a new process.
Disadvantages of CGI

• There are many problems in CGI technology:

• If number of clients increases, it takes more
time for sending response.
• For each request, it starts a process and Web
server is limited to start processes.
• It uses platform dependent language e.g. C, C+
+, perl.
Advantage of Servlet
• There are many advantages of servlet over CGI. The
web container creates threads for handling the
multiple requests to the servlet.
• Threads have a lot of benefits over the Processes such
as they share a common memory area, lightweight,
cost of communication between the threads are low.
The basic benefits of servlet are as follows:
• better performance: because it creates a thread for
each request not process.
• Portability: because it uses java language.
• Robust: Servlets are managed by JVM so we don't
need to worry about memory leak, garbage collection
etc.
• Secure: because it uses java language..
Web Terminology
Servlet Terminology Description
Website: static vs dynamic It is a collection of related web pages that may
contain text, images, audio and video.
HTTP It is the data communication protocol used to
establish communication between client and server.
HTTP Requests It is the request send by the computer to a web
server that contains all sorts of potentially
interesting information.
Get vs Post It give the difference between GET and POST
request.
Container It is used in java for dynamically generate the web
pages on the server side.
Server: Web vs Application It is used to manage the network resources and for
running the program or software that provides
services.
Content Type It is HTTP header that provides the description about
what are you sending to the browser.
Website

• Website is a collection of related web pages that

may contain text, images, audio and video.
• The first page of a website is called home page.
Each website has specific internet address (URL)
that you need to enter in your browser to access a
website.
• Website is hosted on one or more servers and can
be accessed by visiting its homepage using a
computer network.
• A website is managed by its owner that can be an
individual, company or an organization.
A website can be of two types:
1.Static Website
Static website is the basic type of website that is easy
to create.
You don't need web programming and database
design to create a static website. Its web pages are
coded in HTML.
2.Dynamic Website
• Dynamic website is a collection of dynamic web pages
whose content changes dynamically. It accesses
content from a database or Content Management
System (CMS). Therefore, when you alter or update
the content of the database, the content of the
website is also altered or updated.
• Dynamic website uses client-side scripting or server-
side scripting, or both to generate dynamic content.
Static Website Dynamic Website

Prebuilt content is same every Content is generated quickly and

time the page is loaded. changes regularly.

It uses the HTML code for It uses the server side languages

developing a website. such as PHP,SERVLET, JSP, and
ASP.NET etc. for developing a
website.

It sends exactly the same It may generate different HTML for

response for every request. each of the request.

The content is only changes when The page contains "server-side"

someone publishes and updates code it allows the server to
the file (sends it to the web generate the unique content when
server). the page is loaded.

Flexibility is the main advantage of Content Management System

static website. (CMS) is the main advantage of
dynamic website.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is

application-level protocol for collaborative,
distributed, hypermedia information systems.
• It is the data communication protocol used to
establish communication between client and server.
• HTTP is TCP/IP based communication protocol,
which is used to deliver the data like image files,
query results, HTML files etc on the World Wide
Web (WWW) with the default port is TCP 80.
• It provides the standardized way for computers to
communicate with each other.
• The Basic Characteristics of HTTP (Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol):
• It is the protocol that allows web servers and
browsers to exchange data over the web.
• It is a request response protocol.
• It uses the reliable TCP connections by default
on TCP port 80.
• It is stateless means each request is considered
as the new request. In other words, server
doesn't recognize the user by default.
• The Basic Features of HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):
• There are three fundamental features that make the HTTP
a simple and powerful protocol used for communication:
• HTTP is media independent: It refers to any type of media
content can be sent by HTTP as long as both the server and
the client can handle the data content.
• HTTP is connectionless: It is a connectionless approach in
which HTTP client i.e., a browser initiates the HTTP request
and after the request is sends the client disconnects from
server and waits for the response.
• HTTP is stateless: The client and server are aware of each
other during a current request only. Afterwards, both of
them forget each other. Due to the stateless nature of
protocol, neither the client nor the server can retain the
information about different request across the web pages.
HTTP Requests
HTTP Request Description

GET Asks to get the resource at the requested URL.

POST Asks the server to accept the body info attached. It
is like GET request with extra info sent with the
request.
HEAD Asks for only the header part of whatever a GET
would return. Just like GET but with no body.
TRACE Asks for the loopback of the request message, for
testing or troubleshooting.
PUT Says to put the enclosed info (the body) at the
requested URL.
DELETE Says to delete the resource at the requested URL.
OPTIONS Asks for a list of the HTTP methods to which the
thing at the request URL can respond
GET and POST

• Two common methods for the request-

response between a server and client are:
• GET- It requests the data from a specified
resource
• POST- It submits the processed data to a
specified resource
Get vs. Post
GET POST

1) In case of Get request, only limited In case of post request, large amount

amount of data can be sent because of data can be sent because data is
data is sent in header. sent in body.

2) Get request is not secured because Post request is secured because data is

data is exposed in URL bar. not exposed in URL bar.

3) Get request can be bookmarked. Post request cannot be bookmarked.

4) Get request is idempotent . It Post request is non-idempotent.

means second request will be ignored
until response of first request is
delivered

5) Get request is more efficient and Post request is less efficient and used

used more than Post. less than get.
Anatomy of Get Request

• The query string (name/value pairs) is sent inside

the URL of a GET request:
• GET /RegisterDao.jsp?
name1=value1&name2=value2
Anatomy of Post Request
• The query string (name/value pairs) is sent in
HTTP message body for a POST request:
• POST/RegisterDao.jsp HTTP/1.1
• Host: www. javatpoint.com
• name1=value1&name2=value2
Servlet Container

• It provides the runtime environment for JavaEE

(j2ee) applications. The client/user can request
only a static WebPages from the server. If the
user wants to read the web pages as per input
then the servlet container is used in java.
• The servlet container is used in java for
dynamically generate the web pages on the
server side. Therefore the servlet container is
the part of a web server that interacts with the
servlet for handling the dynamic web pages
from the client.
Servlet Container States
The servlet container is the part of web server which can be run in a separate
process. We can classify the servlet container states in three types:
Standalone: It is typical Java-based servers in which the servlet container and the
web servers are the integral part of a single program. For example:- Tomcat running
by itself
In-process: It is separated from the web server, because a different program is runs
within the address space of the main server as a plug-in. For example:- Tomcat
running inside the JBoss.
Out-of-process: The web server and servlet container are different programs which
are run in a different process. For performing the communications between them,
web server uses the plug-in provided by the servlet container.
Servlet API

• The javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http packages

represent interfaces and classes for servlet api.
• The javax.servlet package contains many
interfaces and classes that are used by the
servlet or web container. These are not specific
to any protocol.
• The javax.servlet.http package contains
interfaces and classes that are responsible for
http requests only.
Interfaces in javax.servlet package
• There are many interfaces in javax.servlet package. They are as follows:
1. Servlet
2. ServletRequest
3. ServletResponse
4. RequestDispatcher
5. ServletConfig
6. ServletContext
7. SingleThreadModel
8. Filter
9. FilterConfig
10.FilterChain
11.ServletRequestListener
12.ServletRequestAttributeListener
13.ServletContextListener
14.ServletContextAttributeListener
Classes in javax.servlet package

• There are many classes in javax.servlet package. They are as follows:

• GenericServlet
• ServletInputStream
• ServletOutputStream
• ServletRequestWrapper
• ServletResponseWrapper
• ServletRequestEvent
• ServletContextEvent
• ServletRequestAttributeEvent
• ServletContextAttributeEvent
• ServletException
• UnavailableException
Interfaces in javax.servlet.http package

• There are many interfaces in javax.servlet.http package.

They are as follows:
• HttpServletRequest
• HttpServletResponse
• HttpSession
• HttpSessionListener
• HttpSessionAttributeListener
• HttpSessionBindingListener
• HttpSessionActivationListener
• HttpSessionContext (deprecated now)
Classes in javax.servlet.http package

• There are many classes in javax.servlet.http package.

They are as follows:
• HttpServlet
• Cookie
• HttpServletRequestWrapper
• HttpServletResponseWrapper
• HttpSessionEvent
• HttpSessionBindingEvent
• HttpUtils (deprecated now)
Servlets Architecture:
Servlets Tasks:

Servlets perform the following major tasks:

1. Read the explicit data sent by the clients (browsers).
This includes an HTML form on a Web page or it could
also come from an applet or a custom HTTP client
program.
2. Read the implicit HTTP request data sent by the clients
(browsers). This includes cookies, media types and
compression schemes the browser understands, and
so forth.
3. Process the data and generate the results.
4. This process may require talking to a database,
executing an RMI or CORBA call, invoking a Web
service, or computing the response directly.
• Send the explicit data (i.e., the document) to
the clients (browsers).
• This document can be sent in a variety of
formats, including text (HTML or XML), binary
(GIF images), Excel, etc.
• Send the implicit HTTP response to the clients
(browsers). This includes telling the browsers or
other clients what type of document is being
returned (e.g., HTML), setting cookies and
caching parameters, and other such tasks.
Servlet Interface

• Servlet interface provides common behaviour to

all the servlets.
• Servlet interface needs to be implemented for
creating any servlet (either directly or indirectly).
• It provides 3 life cycle methods that are used
1.to initialize the servlet,
2. to service the requests, and
3.to destroy the servlet and 2 non-life cycle
methods.
Methods of Servlet interface
• There are 5 methods in Servlet interface. The init,
service and destroy are the life cycle methods of
servlet. These are invoked by the web container.
Method Description

public void init(ServletConfig initializes the servlet. It is the life cycle method of servlet
config) and invoked by the web container only once.

public void provides response for the incoming request. It is invoked

service(ServletRequest at each request by the web container.
request,ServletResponse
response)

public void destroy() It is invoked only once and indicates that servlet is being
destroyed.

public ServletConfig returns the object of ServletConfig.

getServletConfig()

public String getServletInfo() returns information about servlet such as writer,

copyright, version etc.
Servlet Example by implementing Servlet interface
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
public class First implements Servlet{
ServletConfig config=null;
public void init(ServletConfig config){
this.config=config;
System.out.println("servlet is initialized");
}
public void service(ServletRequest req,ServletResponse res)
throws IOException,ServletException{
  res.setContentType("text/html");
  PrintWriter out=res.getWriter();
out.print("<html><body>");
out.print("<b>hello simple servlet</b>");
out.print("</body></html>");
}
public void destroy(){System.out.println("servlet is destroyed");}
public ServletConfig getServletConfig(){return config;}
public String getServletInfo(){return "copyright 2007-1010";}
}
GenericServlet class
• GenericServlet class
implements Servlet, ServletConfig and Serializable
interfaces. It provides the implementation of all the
methods of these interfaces except the service
method.
• GenericServlet class can handle any type of request
so it is protocol-independent.
Methods of GenericServlet class

• There are many methods in GenericServlet class. They are as

follows:
• public void init(ServletConfig config) is used to initialize the servlet.
• public abstract void service(ServletRequest request,
ServletResponse response) provides service for the incoming
request. It is invoked at each time when user requests for a servlet.
• public void destroy() is invoked only once throughout the life cycle
and indicates that servlet is being destroyed.
• public ServletConfig getServletConfig() returns the object of
ServletConfig.
• public String getServletInfo() returns information about servlet
such as writer, copyright, version etc.
• public void init() it is a convenient method for the servlet
programmers, now there is no need to call super.init(config)
HttpServlet class
• The HttpServlet class extends the GenericServlet
class and implements Serializable interface. It
provides http specific methods such as doGet,
doPost, doHead, doTrace etc.
Methods of HttpServlet class
• There are many methods in HttpServlet class. They are as follows:
• public void service(ServletRequest req,ServletResponse res) dispatches
the request to the protected service method by converting the request
and response object into http type.
• protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse
res) receives the request from the service method, and dispatches the
request to the doXXX() method depending on the incoming http request
type.
• protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse
res) handles the GET request. It is invoked by the web container.
• protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse
res) handles the POST request. It is invoked by the web container.
• protected void doHead(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse
res) handles the HEAD request. It is invoked by the web container.
• protected void doOptions(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse
res) handles the OPTIONS request. It is invoked by the web container.
Life Cycle of a Servlet (Servlet Life Cycle)

1. Servlet class is loaded.

2. Servlet instance is created.
3. init method is invoked.
4. service method is invoked.
5. destroy method is invoked.
1) Servlet class is loaded
The classloader is responsible to load the servlet class. The
servlet class is loaded when the first request for the servlet is
received by the web container.
2) Servlet instance is created
The web container creates the instance of a servlet after loading
the servlet class. The servlet instance is created only once in the
servlet life cycle.
3) init method is invoked
The web container calls the init method only once after creating
the servlet instance. The init method is used to initialize the
servlet. It is the life cycle method of the javax.servlet.Servlet
interface. Syntax of the init method is given below:
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException
• 4) service method is invoked
The web container calls the service method each time when
request for the servlet is received. If servlet is not initialized, it
follows the first three steps as described above then calls the
service method. If servlet is initialized, it calls the service method.
Notice that servlet is initialized only once. The syntax of the service
method of the Servlet interface is given below:
• public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse respo
nse) throws ServletException, IOException
5) destroy method is invoked
The web container calls the destroy method before removing the
servlet instance from the service. It gives the servlet an
opportunity to clean up any resource for example memory, thread
etc. The syntax of the destroy method of the Servlet interface is
given below:
• public void destroy()
GET Method and POST Method.
• when you need to pass some information from
your browser to web server and ultimately to
your backend program.
• The browser uses two methods to pass this
information to web server. These methods are
GET Method and POST Method.
• GET
• The GET type request is normally used for simple
HTML page requests. It has this syntax:
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws
IOException, ServletException { //your code here}
• POST
• The POST type request is most often used by
HTML forms. It has this syntax:
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws
IOException, ServletException { //your code here}
Form-Data Submission Methods: GET|POST

• Two request methods, GET and POST, are

available for submitting form data, to be
specified in the <form>'s attribute
"method=GET|POST".
• GET and POST performs the same basic
function.
• However, in a GET request, the query string is
appended behind the URL, separated by a '?'.
Whereas in a POST request, the query string is
kept in the request body (and not shown in the
URL).
• The length of query string in a GET request is
limited by the maximum length of URL
permitted, whereas it is unlimited in a POST
request.
• I recommend POST request for production.
• To try out the POST request, modify the
"form_input.html":
• <form method="post" action="echo">
• ......
• </form>
public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
// doGet() handles GET request
@Override public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws IOException, ServletException
{
......
......
}
// doPost() handles POST request
@Override public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws IOException, ServletException
{
doGet(request, response);
// call doGet()
}
}
Request Header and Response Header

• HTTP is a request-response protocol.

• The client sends a request message to the server.
• The server, in turn, returns a response message.
• The request and response messages consists of
two parts: header (information about the message)
and body (contents).
• Header provides information about the messages.
The data in header is organized in name-value
pairs.
• Read "HTTP Request and Response Messages" for
the format, syntax of request and response
messages.
HttpServletRequest
• The request message is encapsulated in
an HttpServletRequest object, which is passed into
the doGet() methods.
• HttpServletRequest provides many methods for you to
retrieve the headers:
General methods:
• getHeader(name), getHeaders(name), getHeaderNames().
Specific methods:
• getContentLength(), getContentType(), getCookies(), getAu
thType(), etc.
URL related:
• getRequestURI(), getQueryString(), getProtocol(), getMetho
d().
HttpServletResponse

• The response message is encapsulated in

the HttpServletResponse, which is passed
into doGet() by reference for receiving the
servlet output.
• setStatusCode(int statuscode), sendError(int
code, String message), sendRedirect(url).
• response.setHeader(String headerName, String
headerValue).
• setContentType(String
mimeType), setContentLength(int length), etc.
Session Tracking

• HTTP is a stateless protocol.
• In other words, the current request does not know what
has been done in the previous requests.
• This creates a problem for applications that runs over
many requests, such as online shopping (or shopping cart).
You need to maintain a so-called session to pass data
among the multiple requests.
• You can maintain a session via one of these three
approaches:
• Cookie: A cookie is a small text file that is stored in the
client's machine, which will be send to the server on each
request. You can put your session data inside the cookie.
The biggest problem in using cookie is clients may disable
the cookie.
• URL Rewriting: Passes data by appending a
short text string at the end of every URL,
e.g., http://host/path/file.html;jsessionid=123
456. You need to rewrite all the URLs (e.g., the
"action" attribute of <form>) to include the
session data.
• Hidden field in an HTML form: pass data by
using hidden field tag (<input type="hidden"
name="session" value="...." />). Again, you
need to include the hidden field in all the
pages.
Session Tracking in Servlets

• Session simply means a particular interval of

time.
• Session Tracking is a way to maintain state
(data) of an user. It is also known as session
management in servlet.
• Http protocol is a stateless so we need to
maintain state using session tracking
techniques. Each time user requests to the
server, server treats the request as the new
request. So we need to maintain the state of an
user to recognize to particular user.
Why use Session Tracking?
To recognize the user It is used to recognize the particular
user.
Session Tracking Techniques

• There are four techniques used in Session

tracking:
• Cookies
• Hidden Form Field
• URL Rewriting
• HttpSession
Cookies in Servlet

• A cookie is a small piece of information that is

persisted between the multiple client requests.
• A cookie has a name, a single value, and
optional attributes such as a comment, path
and domain qualifiers, a maximum age, and a
version number.
How Cookie works

• By default, each request is considered as a new

request.
• In cookies technique, we add cookie with
response from the servlet. So cookie is stored
in the cache of the browser. After that if
request is sent by the user, cookie is added
with request by default. Thus, we recognize the
user as the old user.
Types of Cookie

• There are 2 types of cookies in servlets.

1.Non-persistent cookie
2.Persistent cookie
• Non-persistent cookie
• It is valid for single session only. It is removed
each time when user closes the browser.
• Persistent cookie
• It is valid for multiple session . It is not
removed each time when user closes the
browser. It is removed only if user logout or
signout.
Advantage of Cookies
• Simplest technique of maintaining the state.
• Cookies are maintained at client side.
Disadvantage of Cookies
• It will not work if cookie is disabled from the
browser.
• Only textual information can be set in Cookie
object.
Cookie class
javax.servlet.http.Cookie class provides the functionality of using cookies.
It provides a lot of useful methods for cookies .

• Constructor of Cookie class

Constructor Description

Cookie() constructs a cookie.

Cookie(String name, String value) constructs a cookie with a

specified name and value.
Useful Methods of Cookie class

Method Description

public void setMaxAge(int expiry) Sets the maximum age of the

cookie in seconds.
public String getName() Returns the name of the cookie.
The name cannot be changed
after creation.
public String getValue() Returns the value of the cookie.

public void setName(String name) changes the name of the cookie.

public void setValue(String value) changes the value of the cookie.

• How to create Cookie?
Let's see the simple code to create cookie.
Cookie ck=new Cookie("user","sonoo jaiswal");//creating cookie obj
ect
response.addCookie(ck);//adding cookie in the response

• How to delete Cookie?

Let's see the simple code to delete cookie. It is mainly used
to logout or signout the user.
Cookie ck=new Cookie("user","");//deleting value of cookie

ck.setMaxAge(0);//changing the maximum age to 0 seconds

response.addCookie(ck);//adding cookie in the response
How to get Cookies?

Let's see the simple code to get all the cookies.

Cookie ck[]=request.getCookies();
for(int i=0;i<ck.length;i++){
out.print("<br>"+ck[i].getName()+" "+ck[i].getValue
());//printing name and value of cookie
}
2) Hidden Form Field

• In case of Hidden Form Field a hidden (invisible)

textfield is used for maintaining the state of an
user.
• In such case, we store the information in the
hidden field and get it from another servlet. This
approach is better if we have to submit form in
all the pages and we don't want to depend on
the browser.
• <input type="hidden" name="uname" value="Vi
mal Jaiswal">
• Here, uname is the hidden field name and Vimal
Jaiswal is the hidden field value.
• Advantage of Hidden Form Field
• It will always work whether cookie is disabled
or not.
• Disadvantage of Hidden Form Field:
• It is maintained at server side.
• Extra form submission is required on each
pages.
• Only textual information can be used.
Example of using Hidden Form Field
In this example, we are storing the name of the user in a
hidden textfield and getting that value from another servlet.

<form action="servlet1">
Name:<input type="text" name="userName"/><br/>
<input type="submit" value="go"/>
</form>
3)URL Rewriting

• In URL rewriting, we append a token or identifier to

the URL of the next Servlet or the next resource. We
can send parameter name/value pairs using the
following format:
• url?name1=value1&name2=value2&??
• A name and a value is separated using an equal =
sign, a parameter name/value pair is separated from
another parameter using the ampersand(&). When
the user clicks the hyperlink, the parameter
name/value pairs will be passed to the server.
• From a Servlet, we can use getParameter() method
to obtain a parameter value.
Advantage of URL Rewriting
It will always work whether cookie is disabled or not (browser
independent).
Extra form submission is not required on each pages.
Disadvantage of URL Rewriting
It will work only with links.
It can send Only textual information.
4) HttpSession interface
• In such case, container creates a session id for
each user.The container uses this id to identify
the particular user.An object of HttpSession can
be used to perform two tasks:
1.bind objects
2.view and manipulate information about a
session, such as the session identifier, creation
time, and last accessed time.
How to get the HttpSession object ?

• The HttpServletRequest interface provides

two methods to get the object of HttpSession:
• public HttpSession getSession():Returns the
current session associated with this request,
or if the request does not have a session,
creates one.
• public HttpSession getSession(boolean
create):Returns the current HttpSession
associated with this request or, if there is no
current session and create is true, returns a
new session.
• Commonly used methods of HttpSession interface
• public String getId():Returns a string containing the
unique identifier value.
• public long getCreationTime():Returns the time
when this session was created, measured in
milliseconds since midnight January 1, 1970 GMT.
• public long getLastAccessedTime():Returns the last
time the client sent a request associated with this
session, as the number of milliseconds since
midnight January 1, 1970 GMT.
• public void invalidate():Invalidates this session then
unbinds any objects bound to it.
JDBC
• JAVA DATABASE CONNECTIVITY
1. IMPORT THE PACAKAGE(JAVA.SQL.*)
2. LOAD & REGISTER THE DRIVER
3. ESTABLISH THE CONNECTION---CREATE AN OBJECT
4. CREATE THE STATEMENT
-STATEMENT
-PREPARED STATEMENT
-CALLABLE STATEMENT
5.EXECUTE THE QUERY
6.PROCESS THE RESULT
7.CLOSE DATABASE
EXAMPLE
Import java.sql.*;
Public static void main()
{ class.forName(“con.mysql.jdbc.driver”);
Connection con=Driver
manager.getConnection(“url”,”uid”,”pwd”);
Statement st= con.create Statement();
ResultSet=st.executeQuery(“Select * from student”);
while(rs.next())
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+” “+rs.Student(2)}
St.close();con.close();
Java JDBC

• Java JDBC is a java API to connect and execute query with the
database. JDBC API uses jdbc drivers to connect with the
database.
• Why use JDBC?
• What is API ?
• API (Application programming interface) is a document that
contains description of all the features of a product or software.
It represents classes and interfaces that software programs can
follow to communicate with each other. An API can be created
for applications, libraries, operating systems, etc
Introduction
JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard
Java API for database-independent connectivity between the Java
programming language and a wide range of databases.
The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks commonly
associated with database usage:
• Making a connection to a database
• Creating SQL or MySQL statements
• Executing that SQL or MySQL queries in the database
• Viewing & Modifying the resulting records
Fundamentally, JDBC is a specification that provides a complete
set of interfaces that allows for portable access to an underlying
database. Java can be used to write different types of
executables, such as: Java Applications
Java Applets
Java Servlets
Java Server Pages (JSPs)
Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) 207
• All of these different executables are able to use a JDBC driver
to access a database and take advantage of the stored data.

• JDBC provides the same capabilities as ODBC, allowing Java

programs to contain database-independent code.
Cont..

JDBC Architecture

The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing

models for database access but in general JDBC Architecture
consists of two layers:

• JDBC API: This provides the application-to-JDBC Manager

connection. (java.sql / javax.sql)

• JDBC Driver API: This supports the JDBC Manager-to-Driver

Connection.

208
Cont..
Following is the architectural diagram, which shows the location
of the driver manager with respect to the JDBC drivers and the
Java application:

209
Cont..

Common JDBC Components:

The JDBC API provides the following interfaces and classes:
1. DriverManager: This class manages a list of database drivers.
Matches connection requests from the java application with the
proper database driver using communication sub protocol. The
first driver that recognizes a certain sub protocol under JDBC
will be used to establish a database Connection.
2. Driver: This interface handles the communications with the
database server. You will interact directly with Driver objects
very rarely. Instead, you use DriverManager objects, which
manage objects of this type. It also abstracts the details
associated with working with Driver objects.

3. Connection: This interface provides all methods for contacting

a database. The connection object represents communication
context, i.e., all communication with database is through
connection object only.
210
Cont..

4. Statement: You use objects created from this interface to

submit the SQL statements to the database.

5. ResultSet: These objects hold data retrieved from a database

after you execute an SQL query using Statement objects. It
acts as an iterator to allow you to move through its data.

6. SQLException: This class handles any errors that occur in a

database application.

211
5 Steps to connect to the database in java

• There are 5 steps to connect any java application

with the database in java using JDBC. They are as
follows:
• Register the driver class
• Creating connection
• Creating statement
• Executing queries
• Closing connection
1) Register the driver class
The forName() method of Class class is used to
register the driver class. This method is used to
dynamically load the driver class.
Syntax of forName() method
public static void forName(String className)throws
ClassNotFoundException
Example to register the OracleDriver class
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
2) Create the connection object
The getConnection() method of DriverManager class is
used to establish connection with the database.
Syntax of getConnection() method
1) public static Connection getConnection(String url)
throws SQLException
2) public static Connection getConnection(String url,
String name,String password)throws SQLException
Example to establish connection with the Oracle
database
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","passw
ord");
3) Create the Statement object
The createStatement() method of Connection
interface is used to create statement. The object
of statement is responsible to execute queries
with the database.
Syntax of createStatement() method
public Statement createStatement()throws SQLExce
ption
Example to create the statement object
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
4) Execute the query
The executeQuery() method of Statement interface is used to
execute queries to the database. This method returns the
object of ResultSet that can be used to get all the records
of a table.
Syntax of executeQuery() method
public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)throws
SQLException
Example to execute query
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");    whil
e(rs.next())
{
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
}
5) Close the connection object
By closing connection object statement and
ResultSet will be closed automatically. The
close() method of Connection interface is used
to close the connection.
Syntax of close() method
public void close()throws SQLException
Example to close connection
con.close();
Example to connect to the Oracle database in java

1.Driver class: The driver class for the oracle database

is oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver.
2.Connection URL: The connection URL for the oracle10G database
is jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe where jdbc is the API, oracle is
the database, thin is the driver, localhost is the server name on which
oracle is running, we may also use IP address, 1521 is the port number
and XE is the Oracle service name. You may get all these information
from the tnsnames.ora file.
3.Username: The default username for the oracle database is system.
4.Password: Password is given by the user at the time of installing the
oracle database.
Let's first create a table in oracle database.
• create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(40),age number(3));
Example to Connect Java Application with Oracle database
In this example, system is the username and oracle is the
password of the Oracle database.
import java.sql.*;
class OracleCon{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
1.//step1 load the driver class
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

2.//step2 create  the connection object
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
3.//step3 create the statement object
Statement stmt=con.createStatement();

4.//step4 execute query
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next())
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+"  "+rs.getString(2)+"  "+rs.getString(3));


5.//step5 close the connection object
con.close();
}
catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}

}
}
• Example to connect to the mysql database in java
1.Driver class: The driver class for the mysql database is com.mysql.jdbc.Driver.

2.Connection URL: The connection URL for the mysql database

is jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo where jdbc is the API, mysql is the
database, localhost is the server name on which mysql is running, we may also
use IP address, 3306 is the port number and sonoo is the database name. We
may use any database, in such case, you need to replace the sonoo with your
database name.

3.Username: The default username for the mysql database is root.

4.Password: Password is given by the user at the time of installing the mysql

database. In this example, we are going to use root as the password.
Let's first create a table in the mysql database, but before creating table, we
need to create database first.
create database sonoo;
use sonoo;
create table emp(id int(10),name varchar(40),age int(3));
import java.sql.*;
class MysqlCon{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
1.Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
2.Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo","root","root");
//here sonoo is database name, root is username and password
3.Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
4.ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
while(rs.next())
System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+"  "+rs.getString(2)+"  "+rs.getString(3));
5.con.close();
}catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
}
}
Database Drivers

• JDBC drivers implement the defined interfaces in the JDBC API

for interacting with your database server.
• For example, using JDBC drivers enable you to open database
connections and to interact with it by sending SQL or database
commands then receiving results with Java.
• The Java.sql package that ships with JDK contains various
classes with their behaviors defined and their actual
implementations are done in third-party drivers. Third party
vendors implement the java.sql.Driver interface in their
database driver.

223
Cont..
JDBC Drivers Types

JDBC driver implementations vary because of the wide variety of

operating systems and hardware platforms in which Java operates.
Sun has divided the implementation types into four categories,
Types 1, 2, 3, and 4, which is explained below:

Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver:

• In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access ODBC

drivers installed on each client machine. Using ODBC requires
configuring on your system a Data Source Name (DSN) that
represents the target database.

• When Java first came out, this was a useful driver because
most databases only supported ODBC access but now this type
of driver is recommended only for experimental use or when no
other alternative is available.

• The JDBC-ODBC bridge that comes with JDK 1.2 is a good

example of this kind of driver. 224
Cont..

Figure Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

225
Java Data
Application Source

JDBC JDBC
ODBC ODBC ODBC
API API
Bridge Layer

Figure Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

226
Cont..
Type 2: JDBC-Native API

• In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native

C/C++ API calls which are unique to the database. These
drivers typically provided by the database vendors and used in
the same manner as the JDBC-ODBC Bridge, the vendor-
specific driver must be installed on each client machine.

• If we change the Database we have to change the native API

as it is specific to a database and they are mostly obsolete
now but you may realize some speed increase with a Type 2
driver, because it eliminates ODBC's overhead.

• The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) diver is an example of a Type 2

driver.

227
Cont..

Figure Type 2: JDBC-Native API

228
Java Data
Application Source

JDBC Vendor
JDBC
API Specific
Driver
API

Figure Type 2: JDBC-Native API

229
Cont..
Type 3: JDBC-Part Java
• In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to accessing
databases. The JDBC clients use standard network sockets to
communicate with a middleware application server. The socket
information is then translated by the middleware application
server into the call format required by the DBMS, and
forwarded to the database server.

• This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no

code installed on the client and a single driver can actually
provide access to multiple databases.

• You can think of the application server as a JDBC "proxy,"

meaning that it makes calls for the client application. As a
result, you need some knowledge of the application server's
configuration in order to effectively use this driver type.

• Your application server might use a Type 1, 2, or 4 driver to

communicate with the database, understanding the nuances
will prove helpful.
230
Cont..

Figure Type 3: JDBC-Part Java

231
Java Data
Application Source

JDBC JDBC JDBC

Driver Native
API Driver
Server Driver

Figure Type 3: JDBC-Part Java

232
• What does IDS Server do?
• IDS Server is an internet database access server (or
middleware) that allows you to create Web applications that
can interact with your backend DBMS. IDS Server offers two
ways of doing this:

(a) You can embed special tags in a normal HTML document

which the IDS Server will recognize and process, then return
database query results in a Web page that can be view by
your browser. We call this technology IDS HTML Extensions.

(b) IDS Server includes IDS JDBC Driver, a Type-3 JDBC driver
that will enable you to write and deploy Java applets and
programs using the JDBC API to perform database operations.
Cont..
Type 4: 100% pure Java

• In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver that

communicates directly with vendor's database through
socket connection. This is the highest performance driver
available for the database and is usually provided by the
vendor itself.

• This kind of driver is extremely flexible, you don't need to

install special software on the client or server. Further,
these drivers can be downloaded dynamically.

• MySQL's Connector/J driver is a Type 4 driver. Because of

the proprietary nature of their network protocols, database
vendors usually supply type 4 drivers.

234
Cont..

Figure Type 4: 100% pure Java

235
Java Data
Application Source

JDBC JDBC
API Driver

Figure Type 4: 100% pure Java

236
Cont..
Which Driver should be used?
• If you are accessing one type of database, such as Oracle,
Sybase, or IBM, the preferred driver type is 4.

• If your Java application is accessing multiple types of

databases at the same time, type 3 is the preferred driver.

• Type 2 drivers are useful in situations where a type 3 or type 4

driver is not available yet for your database.

• The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment-level driver

and is typically used for development and testing purposes
only.

237
Connection:
• The connection to the database is established by using one of three
getConnection()methods of the DriverManager object. The getConnection()
method requests access to the database from the DBMS. It is up to the DBMS
to grant or reject access. Aconnection object is returned by the getConnection()
method if access is granted, otherwise the getConnection() method throws an
SQLException.
• Sometimes the DBMS grants access to a database to anyone. In this case, the
J2ME application uses the getConnection(String url) method. One parameter is
passed to the method because the DBMS only needs the database identified.
This is shown in Listing 10-5.
• String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";
• Statement DataRequest;
• Connection Db;
• try {
• Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
• Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
• }
• catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
• System.err.println("Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC
bridge." +
• error);
• System.exit(1);
• }
• catch (SQLException error) {
• System.err.println("Cannot connect to the database." +
error);
• System.exit(2);
• }
• Sometimes the DBMS grants access to a database to anyone. In this case, the
J2ME application uses the getConnection(String url) method. One parameter is
passed to the method because the DBMS only needs the database identified. This
is shown in Listing 10-5.
• String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";
• Statement DataRequest;
• Connection Db;
• try {
• Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
• Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
• }
• catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
• System.err.println("Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC bridge." +
• error);
• System.exit(1);
• }
• catch (SQLException error) {
• System.err.println("Cannot connect to the database." + error);
• System.exit(2);
• }
• TIME OUT
• multiple applications might attempt to access a database simultaneously. The
DBMS may not respond quickly for a number of reasons, one of which might
be that database connections are not available. Rather than wait for a delayed
response from the DBMS, the J2ME application can set a timeout period after
which the Driver Manager will cease trying to connect to the database.
• The public static void DriverManager.setLoginTimeout(int seconds) method
can be used by the J2ME application to establish the maximum time the
DriverManager waits for a response from a DBMS before timing out. Likewise,
the public static int DriverManager.getLoginTimeout() method is used to
retrieve from the DriverManager the maximum time the DriverManager is set
to wait until it times out. The DriverManager.getLoginTimeout() returns an int
that represents seconds.
Connection Pool
• A connection pool is a collection of database connections that are
opened once and loaded into memory so these connections can be
reused without having to reconnect to the DBMS.
• Clients use the Data Source interface to interact with the
• connection pool.
• The connection pool itself is implemented by the application server
and other J2EE-specific technologies, which hide details on how the
connection pool
• . There are two types of connections made to the database. The first
is the physical connection, which is made by the application server
using Pooled Connection objects.
• Pooled Connection objects are cached and reused. The other type of
connection is the logical connection.
• Context ctext = new InitialContext();
• DataSource pool = (DataSource)
ctext.lookup("java:comp/env/jdbc/pool");
• Connection db = pool.getConnection();
• // Place code to interact with the database
here
• db.close();
• Statement Objects
• Once a connection to the database is opened, the J2ME
application creates and sends a
• query to access data contained in the database. The
query is written using SQL.
• One of three types of Statement objects is used to
execute the query.
• These objects are Statement, which executes a query
immediately;
• Prepared Statement, which is used to execute a
compiled query; and Callable Statement, which is used
to execute store procedures.
The Statement Object

• The Statement object is used whenever a J2ME application needs to execute a

query immediately without first having the query compiled. The Statement
object contains the executeQuery() method, which is passed the query as an
argument. The query is then transmitted to the DBMS for processing. The
executeQuery() method returns one ResultSet object that contains rows,
columns, and metadata that represent data requested by the query. The Result
Set object also contains methods that are used to manipulate data in the
ResultSet.
• The execute() method of the Statement object is used when multiple results
may be returned. A third commonly used method of the Statement object is the
executeUpdate() method. The executeUpdate() method is used to execute
queries that contain UPDATE and DELETE SQL statements, which change
values in a row and remove a row, respectively. The executeUpdate() method
returns an integer indicating the number of rows that were
• updated by the query. ExecuteUpdate() is used to INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE, and DDL statements.
• String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";
• String userID = "jim";
• String password = "keogh";
• Statement DataRequest;
• ResultSet Results;
• Connection Db;
• try {
• Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
• Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url,userID,password);
• }
• catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
• System.err.println("Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC bridge." +
• error);
• System.exit(1);
• }
• catch (SQLException error) {
• System.err.println("Cannot connect to the database." + error);
• System.exit(2);
• }
• try {
• String query = "SELECT * FROM Customers";
• DataRequest = Db.createStatement();
• Results = DataRequest.executeQuery (query);
• //Place code here to interact with the ResultSet
• DataRequest.close();
• }
• catch ( SQLException error ){
• System.err.println("SQL error." + error);
• System.exit(3);
• }
• Db.close();
Example for executeupdate() method
• String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";
• String userID = "jim";
• String password = "keogh";
• Statement DataRequest;
• Connection Db;
• int rowsUpdated;
• try {
• Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
• Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url,userID,password);
• }
• catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
• System.err.println("Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC bridge." +
• error);
• System.exit(1);
• }
• }
• catch (SQLException error) {
• System.err.println("Cannot connect to the database." + error);
• System.exit(2);
• }
• try {
• String query = "UPDATE Customers SET PAID='Y' WHERE BALANCE = '0';
• DataRequest = Db.createStatement();
• rowsUpdated = DataRequest.executeUpdate (query);
• DataRequest.close();
• }
• catch ( SQLException error ){
• System.err.println("SQL error." + error);
• System.exit(3);
• }
• Db.close();
PreparedStatement Object

• An SQL query must be compiled before the DBMS processes the query.
Compiling occurs after one of the Statement object’s execution methods is
called. Compiling a query is an overhead that is acceptable if the query is called
once. However, the compiling process can become an expensive overhead if the
query is executed several times by the same instance of the J2ME application
during the same session.
• An SQL query can be precompiled and executed by using the
PreparedStatement object. The preparedStatement() method of the Connection
object is called to return the PreparedStatement object. The
preparedStatement() method is passed the query that is then precompiled. The
setXXX() method of the PreparedStatement object is used to replace the
question mark with the value passed to the setXXX() method. There are a
• number of setXXX() methods available in the PreparedStatement object, each
of which specifies the data type of the value that is being passed to the setXXX()
method
• String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";
• String userID = "jim";
• String password = "keogh";
• ResultSet Results;
• Connection Db;
• try {
• Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
• Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url,userID,password);
• }
• catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
• System.err.println(
• "Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC bridge." + error);
• System.exit(1);
• }
catch (SQLException error) {
System.err.println("Cannot connect to the
database." + error);
System.exit(2);
}
try {
String query = "SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE
CustNumber = ?";
PreparedStatement pstatement =
Db.preparedStatement(query);
pstatement.setString(1, "123");
Results = pstatement.executeQuery ();
//Place code here to interact with the ResultSet
• pstatement.close();
• }
• catch ( SQLException error ){
• System.err.println("SQL error." + error);
• System.exit(3);
• }
• Db.close();
Callable Statement
• The Callable Statement is used to call a stored
procedure from within a J2ME object. A
• stored procedure is a block of code and is
identified by a unique name.
• The Callable Statement object uses three
types of parameters when calling a stored
procedure.
• These parameters are IN, OUT, and INOUT.
• The IN parameter contains any data that needs to be
passed to the stored procedure and whose value is
assigned using the setXXX() method.
• The OUT parameter contains the value returned by
the stored procedures, if any. The OUT parameter
must be registered using the registerOutParameter()
method .
• J2ME application using the getXXX() method. The
INOUT parameter is a single parameter used for
both passing information to the stored procedure
and retrieving information from a stored procedure
using the techniques described in the previous two
paragraphs.
ResultSet
• A query is used to update,delete, and retrieve information stored in
a database.
• The executeQuery() method is used to send the query to the DBMS
for processing and returns a ResultSet object that
• contains data requested by the query.
• The ResultSet object contains methods that are used to copy data
from the ResultSet into a Java collection of objects or variable(s) for
further processing.
• Data in a ResultSet object is logically organized into a virtual table
consisting of rows and columns.
• In addition to data, the ResultSet object also contains metadata,
such as column names, column size, and column data type.
The ResultSet uses a virtual cursor to point to a row of the virtual table.

A J2ME application must move the virtual cursor to each row, then use other methods of the
ResultSet object to interact with the data stored in columns of that row.

The virtual cursor is positioned above the first row of data when the ResultSet is returned by
the executeQuery() method.

This means that the virtual cursor must be moved to the first row using the next() method.

The next() method returns a boolean true if the row contains data, otherwise a boolean false
is returned, indicating that no more rows exist in the ResultSet.

Columns appear in the ResultSet in the order in which column names appeared in
the SELECT statement in the query.

Let’s say a query contained the following SELECT statement:

SELECT CustomerFirstName, CustomerLastName FROM Customer
READING A RESULT SET

• Once a successful connection is made to the database, a query is defined in

the second try {} block to retrieve the first name and last name of
customers from the Customers table of the CustomerInformation
database.
• The next() method of the ResultSet is called to move the virtual pointer to
the first row in the ResultSet. If there is data in that row, the next()
returns a true, which is assigned the boolean variable Records. If there
isn’t any data in that row, Records is assigned a false value.
• A false value is trapped by the if statement, where the “End of data.”
message is displayed and the program terminates. A true value causes the
program to enter the do…while in the third try {} block, where the
getString() method is called to retrieve values in the first and second
columns of the ResultSet. The values correspond to the first name and last
name. These values are assigned to their corresponding String object,
which is then concatenated and assigned the printrow String object and
printed on the screen.
boolean Records = Results.next();
if (!Records ) {
System.out.println("No data returned");
System.exit(4);
}
try {
do {
FirstName = Results.getString ( 1 ) ;
LastName = Results.getString ( 2 ) ;
printrow = FirstName + " " + LastName;
System.out.println(printrow);
} while (Results.next() );
DataRequest.close();
String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";
String userID = "jim";
String password = "keogh";
String printrow;
String FirstName;
String LastName;
Statement DataRequest;
ResultSet Results;
Connection Db;
try {
Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url,userID,password);
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
System.err.println("Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC bridge." +
error);
System.exit(1);
} catch (SQLException error) {
System.err.println("Cannot connect to the database." + error);
System.exit(2);
} try {
String query = "SELECT FirstName,LastName FROM Customers";
DataRequest = Db.createStatement();
Results = DataRequest.executeQuery (query);
}
catch ( SQLException error ){
System.err.println("SQL error." + error);
System.exit(3);
} boolean Records = Results.next();
if (!Records ) {
System.out.println("No data returned");
System.exit(4);
} try { do {
FirstName = Results.getString ( 1 ) ;
LastName = Results.getString ( 2 ) ;
printrow = FirstName + " " + LastName;
System.out.println(printrow);
} while (Results.next() );
DataRequest.close();
} catch (SQLException error ) {
System.err.println("Data display error." + error);
System.exit(5); }
Scrollable ResultSet
Until the release of JDBC 2.1 API, the virtual cursor could only be moved down the
ResultSet object.
But today the virtual cursor can be moved backwards or even positioned
at a specific row.
The JDBC 2.1 API also enables a J2ME application to specify the number
of rows to return from the DBMS.

Six methods of the ResultSet object are used to position the virtual cursor, in addition to the
next() method discussed in the previous section.

These are first(), last(), previous(), absolute(), relative(), and getRow().

The first() method moves the virtual cursor to the first row in the ResultSet. Likewise, the last()
method positions the virtual cursor at the last row in the ResultSet.
The previous() method moves the virtual cursor to the previous row.

The absolute() method positions the virtual cursor at the row number specified by the integer
passed as a parameter to the absolute() method.
The relative() method moves the virtual cursor the specified number of rows
contained in the parameter.

The parameter is a positive or negative integer, where the sign represents

the direction the virtual cursor is moved.

For example, a –4 moves the virtual cursor back four rows from the current row.
Likewise, a 5 moves the virtual cursor forward five rows from the current row.

And the getRow() method returns an integer that represents the number of the
current row in the ResultSet.

The Statement object that is created using the createStatement() of the Connection
object must be set up to handle a scrollable ResultSet by passing the
createStatement() method one of three constants.

These constants are TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY, TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE, and

TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE.
The TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY constant restricts the virtual cursor to downward
movement, which is the default setting. TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE and TYPE_
SCROLL_SENSITIVE constants permit the virtual cursor to move in both directions.
TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE makes the ResultSet insensitive to data changes made by
another J2ME application in the table whose rows are reflected in the ResultSet. The
TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE constant makes the ResultSet sensitive to those changes.

String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";

String userID = "jim";
String password = "keogh";
String printrow;
String FirstName;
String LastName;
Statement DataRequest;
ResultSet Results;
Connection Db;
try {
Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url,userID,password);
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
System.err.println("Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC bridge." +
error);
System.exit(1);
}
catch (SQLException error) {
System.err.println("Cannot connect to the database." + error);
System.exit(2);
}
try {
String query = "SELECT FirstName,LastName FROM Customers";
DataRequest = Db.createStatement(TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE);
Results = DataRequest.executeQuery (query);
}
catch ( SQLException error ){
System.err.println("SQL error." + error);
System.exit(3);
}
boolean Records = Results.next();
if (!Records ) {
System.out.println("No data returned");
System.exit(4);
}
try {
do {
Results.first();
Results.last();
Results.previous();
Results.absolute(10);
Results.relative(-2);
Results.relative(2);
FirstName = Results.getString ( 1 ) ;
LastName = Results.getString ( 2 ) ;
printrow = FirstName + " " + LastName;
System.out.println(printrow);
} while (Results.next() );
DataRequest.close();
}
catch (SQLException error ) {
System.err.println("Data display error." + error);
System.exit(5);
}
Not All JDBC Drivers Are Scrollable
Although the JDBC API contains methods to scroll a ResultSet, some
JDBC drivers may not support some or all of these features, and
therefore they will not be able to return a
scrollable ResultSet.
Listing 10-15 can be used to test whether or not the JDBC driver in use
supports a scrollable ResultSet.
boolean forward, insensitive, sensitive;
DataBaseMetaData meta = Db.getMetaData();
forward =
meta.supportsResultsSetType(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY);
insensitive = meta.supportsResultsSetType(
ResultSet. TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE);
sensitive = meta.supportsResultsSetType(
ResultSet. TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE);
System.out.println("forward: " + answer);
System.out.println("insensitive: " + insensitive);
System.out.println("sensitive: " + sensitive);
Updatable ResultSet
• Rows contained in the ResultSet can be updated similar to how rows in a table
can be updated. This is made possible by passing the createStatement() method
of the Connection object the CONCUR_UPDATABLE. Alternatively, the
CONCUR_READ_ONLY constant can be passed to the createStatement()
method to prevent the ResultSet from being updated.
• There are three ways to update a ResultSet. These are updating values in a row,
deleting a row, and inserting a new row. All of these changes are accomplished
by using methods of the Statement object.
• The updateRow() method is called after all the updateXXX() methods are
called. The updateRow() method changes values in columns of the current row
of the ResultSet based on the values of the updateXXX() methods.
• The updateString() method is used to change the value of the last name
• column of the ResultSet to ‘Smith’. The change takes effect once the
updateRow() method is called, but this change only occurs in the ResultSet
• String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";
• String userID = "jim";
• String password = "keogh";
• String printrow;
• String FirstName;
• String LastName;
• Statement DataRequest;
• ResultSet Results;
• Connection Db;
• try {
• Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
• Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url,userID,password);
• }
• catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
• System.err.println("Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC bridge." +
• error);
• System.exit(1);
• }
• catch (SQLException error) {
• System.err.println("Cannot connect to the database." + error);
• System.exit(2);
• }
• try {
• String query = "SELECT FirstName,LastName FROM Customers";
• DataRequest = Db.createStatement();
• Results = DataRequest.executeQuery (query);
• }
• catch ( SQLException error ){
• System.err.println("SQL error." + error);
• System.exit(3);
• }
• boolean Records = Results.next();
• if (!Records ) {
• System.out.println("No data returned");
• System.exit(4);
• }
• try {
• do {
• FirstName = Results.getString ( 1 ) ;
• LastName = Results.getString ( 2 ) ;
• printrow = FirstName + " " + LastName;
• System.out.println(printrow);
• } while (Results.next() );
• DataRequest.close();
• }
• catch (SQLException error ) {
• System.err.println("Data display error." + error);
• System.exit(5);
• }
Delete a Row in the ResultSet
• The deleteRow() method is used to remove a row from
a ResultSet. Sometimes this is advantageous when
processing the ResultSet because this is a way to
eliminate rows from future processing.

• The deleteRow() method is passed an integer that

contains the number of the row to be deleted. The
deleteRow() method is passed an integer that contains
the number of the row to be deleted.
•
• Results.deleteRow(0);
Insert a Row in the ResultSet
• Inserting a row into the ResultSet is accomplished using
basically the same technique used to update the ResultSet.
That is, the updateXXX() method is used to specify the column
and value that will be placed into the column of the ResultSet.
• The updateXXX() method requires two parameters.
• The first parameter is either the name of the column or the
number of the column of the ResultSet.
• The second parameter is the new value that will be placed in
the column of the ResultSet..
• String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";
• String userID = "jim";
• String password = "keogh";
• Statement DataRequest;
• ResultSet Results;
• Connection Db;
• try {
• Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
• Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url,userID,password);
• }
• catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
• System.err.println("Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC bridge." +
• error);
• System.exit(1);
• }
• catch (SQLException error) {
• System.err.println("Cannot connect to the database." + error);
• System.exit(2);
• }
• try {
• String query = "SELECT FirstName,LastName FROM Customers";
• DataRequest = Db.createStatement(CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
• Results = DataRequest.executeQuery (query);
• }
• catch ( SQLException error ){
• System.err.println("SQL error." + error);
• System.exit(3);
• }
• boolean Records = Results.next();
• if (!Records ) {
• System.out.println("No data returned");
• String url = "jdbc:odbc:CustomerInformation";
• String userID = "jim";
• String password = "keogh";
• Statement DataRequest;
• ResultSet Results;
• Connection Db;
• try {
• Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
• Db = DriverManager.getConnection(url,userID,password);
• }
• catch (ClassNotFoundException error) {
• System.err.println("Unable to load the JDBC/ODBC bridge." +
• error);
• System.exit(1);
• );
• }
• catch (SQLException error) {
• System.err.println("Cannot connect to the database." + error);
• System.exit(2
• }
• try {
• String query = "SELECT FirstName,LastName FROM Customers";
• DataRequest = Db.createStatement(CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
• Results = DataRequest.executeQuery (query);
• }
• catch ( SQLException error ){
• System.err.println("SQL error." + error);
• System.exit(3);
• }
• boolean Records = Results.next();
• if (!Records ) {
• System.out.println("No data returned");
• System.exit(4);
• }
• try {
• Results.updateString (1, "Tom");
• Results.updateString (2, "Smith");
• Results.insertRow();
• DataRequest.close();
• }
• catch (SQLException error ) {
• System.err.println("Data display error." + error);
• System.exit(5);
• }
• System.exit(4);
• }
• try {
• Results.updateString (1, "Tom");
• Results.updateString (2, "Smith");
• Results.insertRow();
• DataRequest.close();
• }
• catch (SQLException error ) {
• System.err.println("Data display error." + error);
• System.exit(5);
• }
JSP-JAVA SERVER PAGE

JSP: Understanding Java Server Pages-

JSP Standard Tag Library(JSTL)-Creating
HTML forms by embedding JSP code.
• Java Server Page (JSP) is a server-side
technology.
• Java Server Pages are an extension to the Java
servlet technology that was developed by Sun.
• JavaServer Pages (JSP) is a technology that
helps software developers create dynamically
generated web pages based on HTML, XML, or
other document types. Released in 1999 by Sun
Microsystems.
• JSP is similar to PHP and ASP, but it uses the
Java programming language.
• A JSP page consists of HTML tags and JSP tags. The jsp pages
are easier to maintain than servlet because we can separate
designing and development. It provides some additional
features such as Expression Language, Custom Tag etc.
Advantage of JSP over Servlet
• There are many advantages of JSP over servlet. They are as
follows:
1) Extension to Servlet
• We can use all the features of servlet in JSP. In addition to, we
can use implicit objects, predefined tags, expression language
and Custom tags in JSP, that makes JSP development easy.
2) Easy to maintain
• JSP can be easily managed because we can easily separate our
business logic with presentation logic. In servlet technology,
we mix our business logic with the presentation logic.
3) Fast Development: No need to recompile and
redeploy
• If JSP page is modified, we don't need to
recompile and redeploy the project. The servlet
code needs to be updated and recompiled if
we have to change the look and feel of the
application.
4) Less code than Servlet
• In JSP, we can use a lot of tags such as action
tags, jstl, custom tags etc. that reduces the
code. Moreover, we can use EL, implicit objects
etc.
Life cycle of a JSP Page

• The JSP pages follows these phases:

• Translation of JSP Page
• Compilation of JSP Page
• Classloading (class file is loaded by the classloader)
• Instantiation (Object of the Generated Servlet is
created).
• Initialization ( jspInit() method is invoked by the
container).
• Request processing ( _jspService() method is invoked by
the container).
• Destroy ( jspDestroy() method is invoked by the
container).
• As depicted in the above diagram, JSP page is
translated into servlet by the help of JSP translator.
• The JSP translator is a part of webserver that is
responsible to translate the JSP page into servlet.
• After that Servlet page is compiled by the compiler
and gets converted into the class file.
• Moreover, all the processes that happens in servlet
is performed on JSP later like initialization,
committing response to the browser and destroy.
• Creating a simple JSP Page
• To create the first jsp page, write some html code as given
below, and save it by .jsp extension. We have save this file
as index.jsp. Put it in a folder and paste the folder in the
web-apps directory in apache tomcat to run the jsp page.
• index.jspLet's see the simple example of JSP, here we are
using the scriptlet tag to put java code in the JSP page.
We will learn scriptlet tag later.
• <html>
• <body>
• <% out.print(2*5); %>
• </body>
• </html>
• It will print 10 on the browser.
How to run a simple JSP Page ?

• Follow the following steps to execute this JSP

page:
• Start the server
• put the jsp file in a folder and deploy on the
server
• visit the browser by the url
http://localhost:portno/contextRoot/jspfile e.g.
http://localhost:8888/myapplication/index.jsp
Directory structure of JSP

• The directory structure of JSP page is same as

servlet. We contains the jsp page outside the
WEB-INF folder or in any directory.
The JSP API

• The JSP API consists of two packages:

1.javax.servlet.jsp
2.javax.servlet.jsp.tagext
3.javax.servlet.jsp.el
javax.servlet.jsp package
• The javax.servlet.jsp package has two interfaces and classes.
• The two interfaces are as follows:
JspPage
HttpJspPage
• The classes are as follows:
JspWriter
PageContext
JspFactory
JspEngineInfo
JspException
JspError
• Exception classes:jsp,jsptag,skippage exception classes
The JspPage interface
• According to the JSP specification, all the
generated servlet classes must implement the
JspPage interface. It extends the Servlet
interface. It provides two life cycle methods.
Methods of JspPage interface

• public void jspInit(): It is invoked only once

during the life cycle of the JSP when JSP page is
requested firstly. It is used to perform
initialization. It is same as the init() method of
Servlet interface.
• public void jspDestroy(): It is invoked only
once during the life cycle of the JSP before the
JSP page is destroyed. It can be used to
perform some clean up operation.
The HttpJspPage interface

• The HttpJspPage interface provides the one life

cycle method of JSP. It extends the JspPage
interface.
• Method of HttpJspPage interface:
• public void _jspService(): It is invoked each
time when request for the JSP page comes to
the container. It is used to process the request.
The underscore _ signifies that you cannot
override this method.
JSP Scriptlet tag (Scripting elements)
• In JSP, java code can be written inside the jsp
page using the scriptlet tag. Let's see what are
the scripting elements first.
• JSP Scripting elements
• The scripting elements provides the ability to
insert java code inside the jsp. There are three
types of scripting elements:
• scriptlet tag
• expression tag
• declaration tag
• JSP scriptlet tag
• A scriptlet tag is used to execute java source code
in JSP. Syntax is as follows:
• <%  java source code %>
• Example of JSP scriptlet tag
• In this example, we are displaying a welcome
message.
• <html>
• <body>
• <% out.print("welcome to jsp"); %>
• </body>
• </html>
Example of JSP scriptlet tag that prints the user name

File: index.html
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.jsp">
<input type="text" name="uname">
<input type="submit" value="go"><br/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
File: welcome.jsp
<html>
<body>
<%
String name=request.getParameter("uname");
out.print("welcome "+name);
%>
</form>
</body>
</html>
JSP expression tag

The code placed within JSP expression tag is written to the output

stream of the response. So you need not write out.print() to
write data. It is mainly used to print the values of variable or
method.
Syntax of JSP expression tag
<%=  statement %>
Example of JSP expression tag
In this example of jsp expression tag, we are simply displaying a
welcome message.
<html>
<body>
<%= "welcome to jsp" %>
</body>
</html>
Example of JSP expression tag that prints current time

To display the current time, we have used the getTime()

method of Calendar class. The getTime() is an instance
method of Calendar class, so we have called it after
getting the instance of Calendar class by the
getInstance() method.
index.jsp
<html>
<body>
Current Time: <%= java.util.Calendar.getInstance().getTime() %>
</body>
</html>
JSP Declaration Tag

The JSP declaration tag is used to declare fields and

methods.
The code written inside the jsp declaration tag is
placed outside the service() method of auto
generated servlet.
So it doesn't get memory at each request.
Syntax of JSP declaration tag
The syntax of the declaration tag is as follows:
<%! field or method declaration %>
Difference between JSP Scriptlet tag and Declaration tag

Jsp Scriptlet Tag Jsp Declaration Tag

The jsp scriptlet tag can only The jsp declaration tag can declare
declare variables not methods. variables as well as methods.

The declaration of scriptlet tag is The declaration of jsp declaration

placed inside the _jspService() tag is placed outside the
method. _jspService() method.
Example of JSP declaration tag that declares field
In this example of JSP declaration tag, we are
declaring the field and printing the value of the
declared field using the jsp expression tag.
index.jsp
<html>
<body>
<%! int data=50; %>
<%= "Value of the variable is:"+data %>
</body>
</html>
Topics
• JSP Fundamentals
• JSP Scripting Elements
• JSP Implicit Objects
• JSP Directives
• JSP Actions
• JSP Example (Loan Calculator)
• Servlets & JSPs together
• Tag Libraries
• Deploying and Running a JSP Application
Java Server Pages (JSP)
Fundamentals

• Java Server Pages are HTML pages embedded with

snippets of Java code.
– It is an inverse of a Java Servlet
• Four different elements are used in constructing
JSPs
– Scripting Elements
– Implicit Objects
– Directives
– Actions
Java Server Pages (JSP)
Architecture

• JSPs run in two phases Receive

Request
HTTP Server

– Translation Phase JSP Container

– Execution Phase Page Compiler Servlet

JSP Servlet No
• In translation phase JSP Current?
Parse JSP

Yes
page is compiled into a JSP Servlet Generate JSP
Loaded?
servlet Yes No
Servlet Source

– called JSP Page Load Servlet

Compile JSP
Servlet
Implementation class
• In execution phase the Generate
JSP Page Servlet

compliled JSP is Response

processed
Send
Response
Scripting Elements
Types

• There are three kinds of scripting elements

– Declarations
– Scriptlets
– Expressions
Declarations
Basics

• Declarations are used to define methods & instance

variables
– Do not produce any output that is sent to client
– Embedded in <%! and %> delimiters
Example:
<%!
Public void jspDestroy() {
System.out.println(“JSP Destroyed”);
}
Public void jspInit() {
System.out.println(“JSP Loaded”);
}
int myVar = 123;
%>
– The functions and variables defined are available to the
JSP Page as well as to the servlet in which it is compiled
Scriptlets
Basics

• Used to embed java code in JSP pages.

– Contents of JSP go into _JSPpageservice() method
– Code should comply with syntactical and semantic
constuct of java
– Embedded in <% and %> delimiters
Example:
<%
int x = 5;
int y = 7;
int z = x + y;
%>
Expressions
Basics

• Used to write dynamic content back to the browser.

– If the output of expression is Java primitive the value is
printed back to the browser
– If the output is an object then the result of calling
toString on the object is output to the browser
– Embedded in <%= and %> delimiters
Example:
– <%=“Fred”+ “ “ + “Flintstone %>
prints “Fred Flintstone” to the browser
– <%=Math.sqrt(100)%>
prints 10 to the browser
Java Implicit Objects
Scope
• Implicit objects provide access to server side
objects
– e.g. request, response, session etc.
• There are four scopes of the objects
– Page: Objects can only be accessed in the page where
they are referenced
– Request: Objects can be accessed within all pages that
serve the current request.
(Including the pages that are forwarded to and included
in the original jsp page)
– Session: Objects can be accessed within the JSP pages
for which the objects are defined
– Application: Objects can be accessed by all JSP pages in
a given context
Java Implicit Objects
List

• request: Reference to the current request

• response: Response to the request
• session: session associated woth current request
• application: Servlet context to which a page belongs
• pageContext: Object to access request, response,
session and application associated with a page
• config: Servlet configuration for the page
• out: Object that writes to the response output stream
• page: instance of the page implementation class
(this)
• exception: Available with JSP pages which are error
pages
Java Implicit Objects
Example
<html> <p>
<head> Storing a string to the application...<br>
<title>Implicit Objects</title> <% application.setAttribute("name", "Meeraj"); %>
</head> Retrieving the string from application...<br>
<body style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt"> <b>Name:</b>
<p> <%= application.getAttribute("name") %>
Using Request parameters...<br> </p>
<b>Name:</b> <%= request.getParameter("name") %> <p>
</p> Storing a string to the page context...<br>
<p> <% pageContext.setAttribute("name", "Meeraj"); %>
<% out.println("This is printed using the out implicit Retrieving the string from page context...</br>
variable"); %>
<b>Name:</b>
</p> <%= pageContext.getAttribute("name") %>
<p> </p>
Storing a string to the session...<br>
</body>
<% session.setAttribute("name", "Meeraj"); %> </html>
Retrieving the string from session...<br>
<b>Name:</b> <%= session.getAttribute("name") %>
</p>
Example Implicit Objects
Deploy & Run
• Save file:
– $TOMCAT_HOME/webapps/jsp/Implicit.jsp
• Access file
– http://localhost:8080/jsp/Implicit.jsp?name=Sanjay
• Results of the execution

Using Request parameters...

Name: sanjay
This is printed using the out implicit variable
Storing a string to the session...
Retrieving the string from session...
Name: Meeraj
Storing a string to the application...
Retrieving the string from application...
Name: Meeraj
Storing a string to the page context...
Retrieving the string from page context...
Name: Meeraj
Directives
Basics & Types
• Messages sent to the JSP container
– Aids the container in page translation
• Used for
– Importing tag libraries
– Import required classes
– Set output buffering options
– Include content from external files
• The jsp specification defines three directives
– Page: provder information about page, such as scripting language
that is used, content type, or buffer size
– Include – used to include the content of external files
– Taglib – used to import custom actions defined in tag libraries
Page Directives
Basics & Types
• Page directive sets page properties used during translation
– JSP Page can have any number of directives
– Import directive can only occur once
– Embedded in <%@ and %> delimiters
• Different directives are
– Language: (Default Java) Defines server side scripting language (e.g. java)
– Extends: Declares the class which the servlet compiled from JSP needs to
extend
– Import: Declares the packages and classes that need to be imported for
using in the java code (comma separated list)
– Session: (Default true) Boolean which says if the session implicit variable
is allowed or not
– Buffer: defines buffer size of the jsp in kilobytes (if set to none no
buffering is done)
Page Directives
Types con’t.

• Different directives are (cont’d.)

– autoFlush:When true the buffer is flushed when max buffer size is
reached (if set to false an exception is thrown when buffer exceeds
the limit)
– isThreadSafe: (default true) If false the compiled servlet
implements SingleThreadModel interface
– Info: String returned by the getServletInfo() of the compiled servlet
– errorPage: Defines the relative URI of web resource to which the
response should be forwarded in case of an exception
– contentType: (Default text/html) Defines MIME type for the output
response
– isErrorPage: True for JSP pages that are defined as error pages
– pageEncoding: Defines the character encoding for the jsp page
Page Directives
Example

<%@
page language=“java”
buffer=“10kb”
autoflush=“true”
errorPage=“/error.jsp”
import=“java.util.*, javax.sql.RowSet”
%>
Include Directive
Basics

• Used to insert template text and JSP code during the

translation phase.
– The content of the included file specified by the directive is
included in the including JSP page
• Example
– <%@ include file=“included.jsp” %>
JSP Actions
Basics & Types
• Processed during the request processing phase.
– As opposed to JSP directives which are processed during translation
• Standard actions should be supported by J2EE compliant web servers
• Custom actions can be created using tag libraries
• The different actions are
– Include action
– Forward action
– Param action
– useBean action
– getProperty action
– setProperty action
– plugIn action
JSP Actions
Include

• Include action used for including resources in a JSP page

– Include directive includes resources in a JSP page at translation
time
– Include action includes response of a resource into the response of
the JSP page
– Same as including resources using RequestDispatcher interface
– Changes in the included resource reflected while accessing the
page.
– Normally used for including dynamic resources
• Example
– <jsp:include page=“inlcudedPage.jsp”>
– Includes the the output of includedPage.jsp into the page where this
is included.
JSP Actions
Forward

• Forwards the response to other web specification resources

– Same as forwarding to resources using RequestDispatcher interface
• Forwarded only when content is not committed to other web
application resources
– Otherwise an IllegalStateException is thrown
– Can be avoided by setting a high buffer size for the forwarding jsp
page
• Example
– <jsp:forward page=“Forwarded.html”>
– Forwards the request to Forwarded.html
JSP Actions
Param

• Used in conjunction with Include & Forward actions to

include additional request parameters to the included or
forwarded resource
• Example
<jsp:forward page=“Param2.jsp”>
<jsp:param name=“FirstName” value=“Sanjay”>
</jsp:forward>
– This will result in the forwarded resource having an additional
parameter FirstName with a value of Sanjay
JSP Actions
useBean
• Creates or finds a Java object with the defined scope.
– Object is also available in the current JSP as a scripting variable

• Syntax:
<jsp:useBean id=“name”
scope=“page | request | session | application”
class=“className” type=“typeName” |
bean=“beanName” type=“typeName” |
type=“typeName” />
– At least one of the type and class attributes must be present
– We can’t specify values for bith the class and bean name.

• Example
<jsp:useBean id=“myName” scope=“request” class=“java.lang.String”>
<% firstName=“Sanjay”; %>
</jsp:useBean>
JSP Actions
get/setProperty
• getProperty is used in conjunction with useBean to get property values
of the bean defined by the useBean action
• Example (getProperty)
– <jsp:getProperty name=“myBean” property=“firstName” />
– Name corresponds to the id value in the useBean
– Property refers to the name of the bean property

• setProperty is used to set bean properties

• Example (setProperty)
– <jsp:setProperty name=“myBean” property=“firstName” value=“Sanjay”/>
– Sets the name property of myBean to SanjayExample (setProperty)
– <jsp:setProperty name=“myBean” property=“firstName” param=“fname”/>
– Sets the name property of myBean to the request parameter fname
– <jsp:setProperty name=“myBean” property=“*”>
– Sets property to the corresponding value in request
JSP Actions
plugIn
• Enables the JSP container to render appropriate HTML (based on the
browser type) to:
– Initiate the download of the Java plugin
– Execution of the specified applet or bean
• plugIn standard action allows the applet to be embedded in a browser
neutral fashion
• Example
<jsp: plugin type=“applet” code=“MyApplet.class” codebase=“/”>
<jsp:params>
<jsp:param name=“myParam” value=“122”/>
</jsp:params>
<jsp:fallback><b>Unable to load applet</b></jsp:fallback>
</jsp:plugin>
Example
Loan Calculator

Header.jsp
Gets input to compute loan from user  index.jsp Footer.jsp

Selects the right jsp for calculating loan  controller.jsp

Computes loan based on Header.jsp Computes loan based on

simple interest simple.jsp Footer.jsp compound.jsp simple interest

error.jsp Calculate loan error.jsp Calculate loan

Handles error if Handles error if
exception is thrown exception is thrown
Loan Calculator
index.jsp
<html> <tr>
<head> <td>Simple:</td>
<title>Include</title> <td><input type="radio" name="type" value="S" /></td>
</head> </tr>
<body style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;"> <tr>
<%@ include file="header.html" %> <td>Period:</td>
<form action="controller.jsp"> <td><input type="text" name="period"/></td>
<table border="0" style="font-family:verdana;font- </tr>
size:10pt;">
</table>
<tr>
<input type="submit" value="Calculate"/>
<td>Amount:</td>
</form>
<td><input type="text" name="amount" />
<jsp:include page="footer.jsp"/>
</tr>
</body>
<tr>
</html>
<td>Interest in %:</td>
<td><input type="text" name="interest"/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Compound:</td>
<td><input type="radio" name="type" value="C"
checked/></td>
</tr>
Loan Calculator
Miscelaneous
controller.jsp error.jsp
<% <%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>
String type = request.getParameter("type"); <html>
<head>
if(type.equals("S")) {
<title>Simple</title>
%>
</head>
<jsp:forward page="/simple.jsp"/>
<body style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;">
<%
<%@ include file="header.html" %>
} else {
<p style="color=#FF0000"><b><%=
%> exception.getMessage() %></b></p>
<jsp:forward page="/compound.jsp"/> <jsp:include page="footer.jsp"/>
<% </body>
} </html>
header.jsp
%>
<h3>Loan Calculator</h3>
footer.jsp
<%= new java.util.Date() %>
Loan Calculator
simple.jsp
<%@ page errorPage="error.jsp" %> <html>
<%! <head>
public double calculate(double amount, double <title>Simple</title>
interest, int period) { </head>
if(amount <= 0) { <body style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;">
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Amount <%@ include file="header.html" %>
should be greater than 0: " + amount); <%
} double amount =
Double.parseDouble(request.getParameter("amount"));
if(interest <= 0) {
double interest =
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Interest Double.parseDouble(request.getParameter("interest"));
should be greater than 0: " + interest);
int period = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("period"));
}
%>
if(period <= 0) { <b>Pincipal using simple interest:</b>
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Period should <%= calculate(amount, interest, period) %>
be greater than 0: " + period);
<br/><br/>
}
<jsp:include page="footer.jsp"/>
return amount*(1 + period*interest/100); </body>
} </html>
%>
Loan Calculator
compound.jsp
<%@ page errorPage="error.jsp" %> <html>
<%! <head>
public double calculate(double amount, double <title>Compound</title>
interest, int period) { </head>
if(amount <= 0) { <body style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;">
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Amount <%@ include file="header.html" %>
should be greater than 0: " + amount); <%
} double amount =
Double.parseDouble(request.getParameter("amount"));
if(interest <= 0) {
double interest =
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Interest Double.parseDouble(request.getParameter("interest"));
should be greater than 0: " + interest);
int period = Integer.parseInt(request.getParameter("period"));
}
%>
if(period <= 0) { <b>Pincipal using compound interest:</b>
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Period should <%= calculate(amount, interest, period) %>
be greater than 0: " + period);
<br/><br/>
}
<jsp:include page="footer.jsp"/>
return amount*Math.pow(1 + interest/100, period); </body>
} </html>
%>
Example
Inventory

Runs the SQL query for

listing inventory ListServlet

Takes the RowSet in the context

and renders it List.jsp

Renders form for new item

Runs SQL query to get a record Deletes a record from
from item the item table
EditServlet New.html DeleteServlet

Takes a RowSet and renders a

form for editing
Edit.jsp CreateServlet
Runs SQL query to create
Runs SQL query to update new record
the data in the item table
after editing UpdateServlet
Inventory
ListServlet
package edu.albany.mis.goel.servlets; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse
res)
throws ServletException {
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
try {
import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
// Load the driver class
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
// Define the data source for the driver
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
String sourceURL = "jdbc:odbc:inventoryDB";
import javax.sql.DataSource;
RowSet rs = new CachedRowSet();
import javax.sql.RowSet;
rs.setUrl(sourceURL);
import sun.jdbc.rowset.CachedRowSet;
rs.setCommand("select * from item");
public class ListServlet extends HttpServlet {
rs.execute();
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws
ServletException { req.setAttribute("rs", rs);
super.init(config); getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/List.jsp").
} forward(req, res);
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, } catch(Exception ex) {
HttpServletResponse res) throw new ServletException(ex);
throws ServletException {
}
doGet(req, res); }
} }
Inventory
EditServlet
package edu.albany.mis.goel.servlets; public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse
res)

import javax.servlet.ServletException; throws ServletException {

import javax.servlet.ServletConfig; try {

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; // Load the driver class
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; // Define the data source for the driver
import java.sql.DriverManager; String sourceURL = "jdbc:odbc:inventoryDB";
import javax.sql.DataSource; RowSet rs = new CachedRowSet();
import javax.sql.RowSet; rs.setUrl(sourceURL);
import sun.jdbc.rowset.CachedRowSet; rs.setCommand("select * from item where id = ?");
rs.setInt(1, Integer.parseInt(req.getParameter("id")));
public class EditServlet extends HttpServlet { rs.execute();
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException req.setAttribute("rs", rs);
{
super.init(config); getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/Edit.jsp").for
ward(req, res);
}
} catch(Exception ex) {
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req,
HttpServletResponse res) throw new ServletException(ex);
throws ServletException { }
doGet(req, res); }
} }
Inventory
UpdateServlet
package edu.albany.mis.goel.servlets; // Create a connection through the DriverManager class
con = DriverManager.getConnection(sourceURL);
import javax.servlet.ServletException; System.out.println("Connected Connection");
import javax.servlet.ServletConfig; PreparedStatement stmt= con.prepareStatement
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; ("update item " + "set name = ?, " + "description = ?, " + "price = ?, "
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; + "stock = ? " + "where id = ?");
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; stmt.setString(1, req.getParameter("name"));
import javax.sql.DataSource; stmt.setString(2, req.getParameter("description"));
import javax.naming.InitialContext; stmt.setDouble(3, Double.parseDouble(req.getParameter("price")));
import java.sql.DriverManager; stmt.setInt(4, Integer.parseInt(req.getParameter("stock")));
import java.sql.Connection; stmt.setInt(5, Integer.parseInt(req.getParameter("id")));
import java.sql.PreparedStatement; stmt.executeUpdate();
import java.sql.ResultSet; stmt.close();
public class UpdateServlet extends HttpServlet { getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/List").
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { forward(req, res);
super.init(config); } catch(Exception ex) {
} throw new ServletException(ex);
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) } finally {
throws ServletException { try {
doGet(req, res); if(con != null) {
} con.close();
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) }
throws ServletException { } catch(Exception ex) {
Connection con = null; throw new ServletException(ex);
try { }
// Load the driver class }
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); }
// Define the data source for the driver }
String sourceURL = "jdbc:odbc:inventoryDB";
Inventory
DeleteServlet
package edu.albany.mis.goel.servlets; try {
// Load the driver class
import javax.servlet.ServletException; Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
import javax.servlet.ServletConfig; // Define the data source for the driver
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; String sourceURL = "jdbc:odbc:inventoryDB";
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; // Create a connection through the DriverManager class
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; con = DriverManager.getConnection(sourceURL);
import javax.sql.DataSource; System.out.println("Connected Connection");
import javax.naming.InitialContext; // Create Statement
import java.sql.Connection; PreparedStatement stmt =
import java.sql.DriverManager; con.prepareStatement("delete from item where id = ?");
import java.sql.PreparedStatement; stmt.setInt(1, Integer.parseInt(req.getParameter("id")));
import java.sql.ResultSet; stmt.executeUpdate();
public class DeleteServlet extends HttpServlet { stmt.close();
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/List").
super.init(config); forward(req, res);
} } catch(Exception ex) {
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throw new ServletException(ex);
throws ServletException { } finally {
doGet(req, res); try {
} if(con != null) con.close();
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) } catch(Exception ex) {
throws ServletException { throw new ServletException(ex);
Connection con = null; }
}
}
}
Inventory
CreateServlet
package edu.albany.mis.goel.servlets; // Define the data source for the driver
String sourceURL = "jdbc:odbc:inventoryDB";
import javax.servlet.ServletException; // Create a connection through the DriverManager class
import javax.servlet.ServletConfig; con = DriverManager.getConnection(sourceURL);
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; System.out.println("Connected Connection");
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; PreparedStatement stmt = con.prepareStatement
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; ("insert into item " + "(name,description,price,stock) " +
import javax.sql.DataSource; "values (?, ?, ?, ?)");
import javax.naming.InitialContext; stmt.setString(1, req.getParameter("name"));
import java.sql.DriverManager; stmt.setString(2, req.getParameter("description"));
import java.sql.Connection; stmt.setDouble(3, Double.parseDouble(req.getParameter("price")));
import java.sql.PreparedStatement; stmt.setInt(4, Integer.parseInt(req.getParameter("stock")));
import java.sql.ResultSet; stmt.executeUpdate();
public class CreateServlet extends HttpServlet { stmt.close();
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException { getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/List").forward(req, res);
super.init(config); } catch(Exception ex) {
} throw new ServletException(ex);
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) } finally {
throws ServletException { try {
doGet(req, res); if(con != null) con.close();
} } catch(Exception ex) {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throw new ServletException(ex);
throws ServletException { }
Connection con = null; }
try { // Load the driver class }
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver"); }
Inventory
Edit.jsp
<%@page contentType="text/html"%> <tr>
<jsp:useBean id="rs" scope="request" type="javax.sql.RowSet" /> <td><b>Price:</b></td>
<html> <td>
<head> <input name="price" type="text" value="<%= rs.getString(4) %>"/>
<title>Inventory - Edit</title> </td>
</head> </tr>
<body style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;"> <tr>
<% <td><b>Stock:</b></td>
if(rs.next()) { <td>
%> <input name="stock" type="text" value="<%= rs.getString(5) %>"/>
<form action="Update"> </td>
<input name="id" type="hidden" value="<%= rs.getString(1) %>"/> </tr>
<table cellpadding="5" style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;"> <tr>
<tr> <td></td>
<td><b>Name:</b></td> <td>
<td> <input type="submit" value="Update"/>
<input name="name" type="text" value="<%= rs.getString(2) %>"/> </td>
</td> </tr>
</tr> </table>
<tr> <%
<td><b>Description:</b></td> }
<td> %>
<input name="description" type="text" value="<%= rs.getString(3) </body>
%>"/>
</html>
</td>
</tr>
Inventory
Edit.jsp
<%@page contentType="text/html"%> <tr>
<jsp:useBean id="rs" scope="request" type="javax.sql.RowSet" /> <td><%= rs.getString(2) %></td>
<td><%= rs.getString(3) %></td>
<td><%= rs.getString(4) %></td>
<html>
<td><%= rs.getString(5) %></td>
<head>
<td>
<title>Inventory - List</title>
<a href="Delete?id=<%= rs.getString(1) %>">
</head>
Delete
<body style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;">
</a>
<table cellpadding="5" style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;"> </td>
<tr> <td>
<th>Name</th> <a href="Edit?id=<%= rs.getString(1) %>">
<th>Description</th> Edit
<th>Price</th> </a>
<th>Stock</th> </td>
<th></th> </tr>
<th></th> <%
}
</tr>
%>
<%
</table>
while(rs.next()) {
<a href="New.html">New Item</a>
%>
</body>
</html>
Inventory
New.html
<html> <tr>
<head> <td></td>
<title>Inventory - Add New Item</title> <td><input type="submit" value="Create"/></td>
</head> </tr>
<body style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;">
</table>
<form action="Create">
<table cellpadding="5" style="font-family:verdana;font-size:10pt;"> </body>
<tr> </html>
<td><b>Name:</b></td>
<td><input name="name" type="text"/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Description:</b></td>
<td><input name="description" type="text"/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Price:</b></td>
<td><input name="price" type="text"/></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Stock:</b></td>
<td><input name="stock" type="text"/></td>
</tr>

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