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Systematic Approaches To Data Analysis

This document discusses systematic approaches to data analysis. It defines a systematic approach as a methodical and repeatable step-by-step process. Data analysis involves summarizing collected data and should be done both during and after data collection to identify emerging themes and avoid collecting irrelevant data. After collection, data analysis includes reading, memoing, describing, classifying, comparing groups, and calculating frequencies. The document outlines various stages and tactics for analyzing qualitative data, such as generating meanings, categorizing, interpreting, counting frequencies, and identifying patterns and themes. Content analysis specifically involves reading, sampling, associating, hypothesis testing, immersion, categorizing, incubation, synthesis, culling, interpretation, and writing.

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Humayun ShahNawaz
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44 views

Systematic Approaches To Data Analysis

This document discusses systematic approaches to data analysis. It defines a systematic approach as a methodical and repeatable step-by-step process. Data analysis involves summarizing collected data and should be done both during and after data collection to identify emerging themes and avoid collecting irrelevant data. After collection, data analysis includes reading, memoing, describing, classifying, comparing groups, and calculating frequencies. The document outlines various stages and tactics for analyzing qualitative data, such as generating meanings, categorizing, interpreting, counting frequencies, and identifying patterns and themes. Content analysis specifically involves reading, sampling, associating, hypothesis testing, immersion, categorizing, incubation, synthesis, culling, interpretation, and writing.

Uploaded by

Humayun ShahNawaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Systematic approaches to

data analysis
What is systematic approach and
Data analysis
 Definition of systematic approach: Methodical approach
repeatable and learnable through a step by step procedure
 Data analysis:
◦ An attempt by the researcher to summarize collected data.
 Data Analysis During Collection:
 Analysis not left until the end
 To avoid collecting data that are not important the
researcher must ask:
◦ How am I going to make sense of this data?
 As they collect data the researcher must ask
◦ Why do the participants act as they do?
◦ What does this focus mean?
◦ What else do I want to know?
◦ What new ideas have emerged?
◦ Is this new information
Data Analysis After Collection
Summarizing
 “the first time you sit down with your data is
the only time you come to that particular
set fresh”-Kratowohl.
◦ Reading and memoing
 Read write memos about field notes.
◦ Describing
 Develop comprehensive descriptions of setting,
participants, etc.
◦ Classifying
 Breaking data into analytic units.
 Categories
 Themes
Data analysis systematic approaches
 Comparing different groups simultaneously:
 Matching the responses given in the interview

to observe behaviour.
 Analyzing deviant and negative cases.
 Calculating frequencies of occurrences and

responses.
 assembling and providing sufficient data that

keeps separate raw data from analysis.


Data management
 Indeed reflexibility is an important feature of
qualitative data analysis.
 Researcher brings the data her own

preconceptions, interests, biases,


preferences, biography, background and
agenda.
 All research is researching is yourself.
 Researcher may be selective in her focus, or

research may be influenced by the subjective


features of the researchers.
cont
 Missing data
 Revision of hypothesis
 Confidence of judgment
 Co-occurance may be mistaken for

association.
 Inconsistency
Cont----
 The issue here is that great caution and self
awareness must be exercised by the
researcher in conducting qualitative data
analysis.
 The researcher who sets the codes and
categories for analysis decide in advance in
response to analyze the data.
 Choose and follow a clear file naming system
 Š Develop a data tracking system Š Establish
 and document transcription/translation
 procedures Š Establish quality control
 procedures Š Establish a Realistic Timeline
There is no single nature of format of
a memo
It include subjective thoughts about the data.
Ideas, theories, reflections, theories,
comments, opinion, personal responses,
suggestion for the future, and new lines of
research, reminder observations, evaluations,
Critiques judgments, conclusions,
explanations, considerations, implications,
predictions, theories, connections,
relationships between codes and categories,
insights and so on.
Stages in analysis data
 Generating natural units of meanings.
 Classifying, categorizing and ordering these

units of meanings.
 Structuring narratives to describe the content.
 Interpreting the data.
Comparatively generalized stages
 Miles and Huberman (1994) suggest 12
tactics for generating meaning from
transcribed data.
 Counting frequencies of occurrence(of ideas,

themes, pieces of data, words).


 Noting pattern and themes and causes or

explanations or constructs.
 Clustering: setting items into categories,

types, behaviors and classifications.


Cont----
 Seeing plausibility: trying to make good sense
of data, using informed intuition to reach
conclusion.
 Making metaphors: using figurative and
connotative language rather than literal ad
denotive language, bringing data to life,
thereby reducing data.
 Factoring: bringing a large number of variables.
 Identifying intervening variables: looking for
other variable.
Cont
 Finding intervening variables.
 Building a logical chain of evidence.
 Making conceptual/theoretical coherence.

Moving from metaphors to constructs.


Content analysis
It involves reading and writing:
Brenner et al(1985) set out several steps in
undertaking a content analysis of open ended
data.
1.Briefing (understanding the problem and its
context in detail).
2. Sampling (of people, including the types of
sample sought)
3. Associating (with other work that has been
done).
cont---
5. Hypothesis testing
6. Immersion (in data collected, to pick up all
the clues)
7. Categorizing (in which categories and their
labels must.
8. Incubation (reflecting on data and
developing interpretations and meanings).
9. Synthesis (involving a review of the rational
for coding and an identification of the
emerging patterns and themes).
Cont----
 Culling (condensing, excising and even
reinterpreting the data so that they can be
written up intelligibly).
 Interpretation (making meaning of the data).
 Writing (giving clear guidance on the

incidence of occurrence.
 Rethinking.

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