Chapter 9 Introduction of Object

Oriented Programming

Lecturer: Mrs Rohani Hassan

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Objectives
 To understand objects and classes, and use classes to model objects (§9.2).
 To use UML graphical notations to describe classes and objects (§9.2).
 To understand the role of constructors when creating objects (§9.3).
 To learn how to declare a class and how to create an object of a class (§9.4).
 To know how to separate a class declaration from a class implementation (§9.5).
 To access object members using pointers (§9.6).
 To create objects using the new operator on the heap (§9.7).
 To declare private data fields with appropriate get and set functions for data field
encapsulation to make classes easy to maintain (§9.9).
 To understand the scope of data fields (§9.10).
 To reference hidden data field using the this pointer (§9.11).
 To develop functions with object arguments (§9.12).
 To store and process objects in arrays (§9.13).
 To apply class abstraction to develop software (§§9.14-9.15).
 To initialize data fields with a constructor initializer (§9.16).

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OO Programming Concepts
Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves
programming using objects.
An object represents an entity in the real world that can be
distinctly identified. For example, a student, a desk, a
circle, a button, and even a loan can all be viewed as
objects.
An object has a unique identity, state, and behaviors.
• The state of an object consists of a set of data fields (also
known as properties) with their current values.
• The behavior of an object is defined by a set of functions.

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Objects
Class Name: Circle A class template

Data Fields:
radius is _______

Functions:
getArea

Circle Object 1 Circle Object 2 Circle Object 3 Three objects of

the Circle class
Data Fields: Data Fields: Data Fields:
radius is 10 radius is 25 radius is 125

An object has both a state and behavior. The state defines

the object, and the behavior defines what the object does.

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Classes
Classes are constructs that define objects of the same type.
A class uses variables to define data fields and functions to
define behaviors.

Additionally, a class provides a special type of functions,

known as constructors, which are invoked to construct
objects from the class.

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Classes
class Circle
{
public:
// The radius of this circle
double radius; Data field
// Construct a circle object
Circle()
{
radius = 1;
} Constructors

// Construct a circle object

Circle(double newRadius)
{
radius = newRadius;
}

// Return the area of this circle

double getArea() Function
{
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
};

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UML Class Diagram
UML Class Diagram Circle Class name

radius: double Data fields

Circle() Constructors and

Circle(newRadius: double) Functions
getArea(): double

circle2: Circle circle3: Circle UML notation

circle1: Circle
for objects
radius: 10 radius: 25 radius: 125

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Constructors
The constructor has exactly the same name as the defining class. Like
regular functions, constructors can be overloaded (i.e., multiple
constructors with the same name but different signatures), making it
easy to construct objects with different initial data values.
A class normally provides a constructor without arguments (e.g.,
Circle()). Such constructor is called a no-arg or no-argument
constructor.
A class may be declared without constructors. In this case, a no-arg
constructor with an empty body is implicitly declared in the class.
This constructor, called a default constructor, is provided
automatically only if no constructors are explicitly declared in the
class.

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Constructors, cont.
A constructor with no parameters is referred to as
a no-arg constructor.
• Constructors must have the same name as the
class itself.
• Constructors do not have a return type—not
even void.
• Constructors play the role of initializing
objects.

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Object Names
In C++, you can assign a name when creating an
object. A constructor is invoked when an object is
created. The syntax to create an object using the
no-arg constructor is:
ClassName objectName;

For example, Circle circle1;

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Constructing with Arguments
The syntax to declare an object using a constructor with
arguments is

ClassName objectName(arguments);

For example, the following declaration creates an object

named circle2 by invoking the Circle class’s constructor
with a specified radius 5.5.

Circle circle2(5.5);

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Access Operator
After an object is created, its data can be accessed
and its functions invoked using the dot operator (.),
also known as the object member access operator:

objectName.dataField references a data field in the

object.

objectName.function(arguments) invokes a function

on the object.

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A Simple Circle Class

 Objective: Demonstrate creating objects,

accessing data, and using functions.

TestCircle Run

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Program Name: TestCircle.cpp
#include <iostream> int main()
class Circle {
{ Circle circle1(1.0);
public: Circle circle2(25.0);
double radius; // The radius of this circle
Circle() //Construct a circle object cout << "The area of the circle of radius "
{ << circle1.radius << " is " << circle1.getArea()
radius = 1; << endl;
} cout << "The area of the circle of radius "
Circle(double newRadius) //Construct object << circle2.radius << " is " << circle2.getArea()
<< endl;
{
radius = newRadius;
// Modify circle radius
}
circle2.radius = 100;
// Return the area of this circle
cout << "The area of the circle of radius "
double getArea()
<< circle2.radius << " is " << circle2.getArea()
{ << endl;
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
} return 0;
}; }

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Naming Objects and Classes
When you declare a custom class, capitalize the first
letter of each word in a class name;.
For example,
The class names Circle, Rectangle, and Desk.

The class names in the C++ library are named in

lowercase. The objects are named like variables.

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Class is a DataType
You can use primitive data types to define variables.
You can also use class names to declare object
names. In this sense, a class is also a data type.

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Memberwise Copy
In C++, you can also use the assignment operator = to
copy the contents from one object to the other. By default,
each data field of one object is copied to its counterpart in
the other object.
For example: circle2 = circle1;

copies the radius in circle1 to circle2. After the copy,

circle1 and circle2 are still two different objects, but with
the same radius.

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Constant Object Name
Object names are like array names. Once an object name
is declared, it references to an object. It cannot be
reassigned to reference another object.

In this sense, an object name is a constant, though the

contents of the object may change.

Memberwise copy can change an object’s contents but not

its name.

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Anonymous Object
Most of the time, you create a named object and later access the
members of the object through its name. Occasionally, you may
create an object and use it only once. In this case, you don’t have to
name the object. Such objects are called anonymous objects.

The syntax to create an anonymous object using the no-arg

constructor is
ClassName()
The syntax to create an anonymous object using the constructor
with arguments is
ClassName(arguements)

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Class Replaces struct
The C language has the struct type for representing
records. For example, you may define a struct type for
representing students as shown in (a).

struct Student class Student

{ {
int id; public:
char firstName[30]; int id;
char mi; char firstName[30];
char lastName[30]; char mi;
}; char lastName[30];
};
(a) (b)

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Separating Declaration from
Implementation
C++ allows you to separate class declaration from implementation.

The class declaration describes the contract of the class and the class
implementation implements the contract. The class declaration
simply lists all the data fields, constructor prototypes, and the
function prototypes. The class implementation implements the
constructors and functions. The class declaration and
implementation are in two separate files. Both files should have the
same name, but with different extension names. The class
declaration file has an extension name .h and the class
implementation file has an extension name .cpp.

Circle.h Circle.cpp Run

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Inline Declaration
§5.16, “Inline Functions,” introduced how to improve
function efficiency using inline functions.

Inline functions play an important role in class

declarations. When a function is implemented inside a
class declaration, it automatically becomes an inline
function. This is also known as inline declaration.

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Inline Declaration class A
Example {
public:
A()
For example, in the
{
following declaration for
// do something;
class A, the constructor and
}
function f1 are automatically
double f1()
inline functions, but
function f2 is a regular {
function. // return a number
}

double f2();
};
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Inline Functions in Implementation File
There is another way to declare inline functions for
classes. You may declare inline functions in the class’s
implementation file. For example, to declare function f2
as an inline function, precede the inline keyword in the
function header as follows:

// Implement function as inline

inline double A::f2()
{
// return a number
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Inline Declarations?
As noted in §5.16, short functions are good
candidates for inline functions, but long
functions are not.

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Accessing Object Members via Pointers
Object names cannot be changed once they are declared.
However, you can create pointers for object names and
assign new object names to pointers whenever necessary.
For example,

Circle circle1;
Circle *pCircle = &circle1;
cout << "The radius is " << (*pCircle).radius << endl;
cout << "The area is " << (*pCircle).getArea() << endl;
(*pCircle).radius = 5.5;
cout << "The radius is " << (*pCircle).radius << endl;
cout << "The area is " << (*pCircle).getArea() << endl;

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Creating Dynamic Objects on Heap
When you declare a circle object in a function, it is created
in the stack. When the function returns, the object is
destroyed.
To retain the object, you may create it dynamically on the
heap using the new operator.

ClassName *pObject = new ClassName();

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The Scope of Variables
Chapter 5, “Functions,” discussed the scope of global variables
and local variables.

Global variables are declared outside all functions and are

accessible to all functions in its scope. The scope of a global
variable starts from its declaration and continues to the end of the
program.

Local variables are defined inside functions. The scope of a local

variable starts from its declaration and continues to the end of the
block that contains the variable.

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Data Field Encapsulation
The data fields radius in the Circle class in Listing 9.1
can be modified directly (e.g., circle1.radius = 5).

This is not a good practice for two reasons:

First,data may be tampered.
Second, it makes the class difficult to maintain and vulnerable to
bugs. Suppose you want to modify the Circle class to ensure that
the radius is non-negative after other programs have already used
the class. You have to change not only the Circle class, but also
the programs that use the Circle class. Such programs are often
referred to as clients. This is because the clients may have
modified the radius directly (e.g., myCircle.radius = -5).

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Accessor and Mutator
Colloquially, a get function is referred to as a getter (or accessor),
and a set function is referred to as a setter (or mutator).
A get function has the following signature:

returnType getPropertyName()

If the returnType is bool, the get function should be defined as

follows by convention:

bool isPropertyName()

A set function has the following signature:

public void setPropertyName(dataType propertyValue)

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Example: New Circle Class
Circle
The - sign indicates
private modifier -radius: double The radius of this circle (default: 1.0).

+Circle() Constructs a default circle object.

+Circle(radius: double) Constructs a circle object with the specified radius.
+getRadius(): double Returns the radius of this circle.
+setRadius(radius: double): void Sets a new radius for this circle.
+getArea(): double Returns the area of this circle.

Circle2.h Circle2.cpp Run

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The Scope of Variables
The data fields are declared as variables and are accessible to all
constructors and functions in the class. In this sense, data fields are
like global variables. However, data fields and functions can be
declared in any order in a class. For example, all the following
declarations are the same:
class Circle class Circle class Circle
{ { {
public: public: private:
Circle(); Circle(); double radius;
Circle(double); Circle(double);
double getArea(); public:
double getRadius(); private: double getArea();
void setRadius(double); double radius; double getRadius();
void setRadius(double);
private: public:
double radius; double getArea(); public:
}; double getRadius(); Circle();
void setRadius(double); Circle(double);
}; };
(a) (b) (c)

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The Scope of Variables
Local variables are declared and used inside a function
locally.
If a local variable has the same name as a data field, the
local variable takes precedence and the data field with
the same name is hidden.

For example, in the following program in Listing 9.8, x

is defined as a data field and as a local variable in the
function.

HideDataField Run
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The this Pointer
Sometimes you need to reference a class’s hidden data field in a
function.
For example, a property name is often used as the parameter name
in a set function for the property. In this case, you need to
reference the hidden property name in the function in order to set a
new value to it.
A hidden data field can be accessed by using the this keyword,
which is a special built-in pointer that references to the calling
object. You can rewrite the Circle class implementation in Listing
9.9 using the this pointer.

Circle3
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Passing Objects to Functions
You can pass objects by value or by reference.
c: Circle c is an alias for myCircle c: address of
myCircle
radius: 5.0

Copy myCircle to c

myCircle: Circle myCircle: Circle myCircle: Circle

radius: 5.0 radius: 5.0 radius: 5.0

PassObjectByValue Run

PassObjectByReference Run

PassObjectToPointer Run
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Array of Objects
Circle circleArray[3] = {Circle(3), Circle(4),
Circle(5)};

TotalArea Run

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Class Abstraction and Encapsulation
Class abstraction means to separate class implementation
from the use of the class.
The creator of the class provides a description of the class
and let the user know how the class can be used.
The user of the class does not need to know how the class
is implemented. The detail of implementation is
encapsulated and hidden from the user.

Class implementation Class Contract

is like a black box (Signatures of Clients use the
hidden from the clients
Class public methods and class through the
public constants) contract of the class

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Example: The Loan Class
Loan
-annualInterestRate: double The annual interest rate of the loan (default: 2.5).
-numberOfYears: int The number of years for the loan (default: 1)
-loanAmount: double The loan amount (default: 1000).

+Loan() Constructs a default Loan object.

+Loan(annualInterestRate: double, Constructs a loan with specified interest rate, years, and
numberOfYears: int, loan amount.
loanAmount: double)
+getAnnualInterestRate(): double Returns the annual interest rate of this loan.
+getNumberOfYears(): int Returns the number of the years of this loan.
+getLoanAmount(): double Returns the amount of this loan.
+setAnnualInterestRate( Sets a new annual interest rate to this loan.
annualInterestRate: double): void
+setNumberOfYears( Sets a new number of years to this loan.
numberOfYears: int): void
+setLoanAmount( Sets a new amount to this loan.
loanAmount: double): void
+getMonthlyPayment(): double Returns the monthly payment of this loan.
+getTotalPayment(): double Returns the total payment of this loan.

Loan.h Loan.cpp TestLoanClass Run

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Constructor Initializer
Circle::Circle() Circle::Circle()
: radius(1) Same as {
{ radius = 1;
} }
(a) (b)

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The Role of Default Constructor
If a data field is an object type, the default constructor is
automatically invoked to construct an object for the data
field.
If a default constructor does not exist, a compilation error
will be reported.
For example, the code in Listing 9.17 has an error, because
the time data field (line 24) in the Action class is of the
Time class that does not have a default constructor.

DefaultConstructor1 NoDefaultConstructor2
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