QUESTIONED

DOCUMENT
EXAMINATIONS
Dr. Mario C. Rosete
National Forensic Trainer
The basic element of FORGERY
and COUNTERFEITING is the
intent to defraud or deceive.
Hence, ALL forgers and falsifiers
are deceivers.

THEIR FATHER IS SATAN, who is

also called the DECEIVER FROM
THE VERY BEGINNING.
DOCUMENT
Any material
Pencil
Marks, Marked Ink writing
Symbols, or or Typewriting
signs  written  Other forms
 
visible,
or partially visible
Meaning or SOMEONE
information
ORIGIN
 Latin “documentum”,
“lesson, or example”
 OR French “docere”, “to teach”
WEBSTER’S:
“An original piece of written or
printed matter conveying
authoritative information or
evidence.”
1. Legally, a written instrument
which establishes a right or
extinguishes an obligation is
called -
A. Legal Document
B. Document
C. Official Document
D. Legal Tender
LEGAL ASPECT OF DOCUMENTS
Legal Bases of Documents:
1. a right is established or an obligation
is extinguished
2. some disposition or agreement is
proved, evidenced or setforth
3. any physical embodiment of
information or ideas; e.g. a letter, a
contract, a receipt, a book of account,
a blur print, or an X-ray plate (Black’s
Law Dictionary - Best Evidence rule
KINDS OF DOCUMENTS:
1.PUBLIC DOCUMENT – form part the
public records; birth certificates,
marriage contracts, etc.
2.OFFICIAL DOCUMENT – in connection
with public officers’ official function;
suspension letter, barangay clearance,
etc.
3.PRIVATE DOCUMENT – executed by a
private individual; testament, etc.
KINDS OF DOCUMENTS (Cont):
4. COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT – in
accordance with the mercantile
law; receipts, etc
5. ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT -
electronic media content (other than
computer programs or system) that
are intended to be used in either an
electronic form or as printed output.
2. Which of the following refers
to any material which is under
scrutiny?
A. Document
B. Questioned Document
C. Disputed Document
D. Forged Document
E. Questioned
DOCUMENTS CAN BE
QUESTIONED ON:
1.Authorship
2.Addressee
3.Date of writing
4.Writing Material use
5.Writing instrument used
6.Content or conveyed
information
One in which the facts
appearing therein MAY not
be true, and are contested
either in whole or part with
respect to its
authenticity, identity, or
origin.
DISPUTED DOCUMENT -
suggesting that there is
an argument or
controversy over the
document, and strictly
speaking this is true
meaning.
3. Documents in which origins are
known and can be proven and
which can be legally used  as
examples  to compare with other
matters in question are referred
to as -
A. Standards
B. Specimens
C. Model
D. Documentary evidence
4. Any document completely
written and signed by one
person is known as -

A. Authentic document
B. Holographic document
C. Original document
D. Notarial document
5. What law establishes the
legality of electronic
documents and is also called
the E-Commerce Act of 2000?
A. RA 8972
ACCESS
B. RA 8484
DEVICE ACT
C. RA 8792
D. RA 8448
6. What is the most commonly
encountered classification of
Questioned Documents?
A. With questioned typewriting
B. With questioned signatures
C. Those containing fraudulent
alterations
D. Questioned or disputed
holographic wills
CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

1. with questioned signatures

2. those containing fraudulent
alterations
3. questioned or disputed
holographic wills
- Notarial - signed before a
notary public
CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

4. with questioned typewriting

5. with issues of their age or date
6. with issues of the materials used
7. those that identify some persons
through handwriting.
- anonymous and disputed letters,
and
- superscriptions, registrations and
miscellaneous writings.
7. It is the step in questioned
document examination where
similarities or dissimilarities in
properties or characteristics are
determined by its likelihood
of occurrence.
A. Analysis
B. Verification
C. Evaluation
D. Comparison
DOCUMENT AND QD EXAMINATION
RATIONALE – SCIENTIFIC COMPARISON

A. Analysis (Recognition) -
properties or characteristics,
observed or measured.
B. Comparison  -  Properties or
characteristics  of  the  unknown are
now  compared  with  the familiar or
recorded properties of known items.
DOCUMENT AND QD EXAMINATION
RATIONALE – SCIENTIFIC COMPARISON

C. Evaluation- Similarities or
dissimilarities in properties or
characteristics are
determined by its likelihood
of occurrence.
D. Verification - be examined by
others
COMPARISON
UNKNOWN OR KNOWN OR
QUESTIONED STANDARD

Characteristic Characteristics,
s, Properties, Properties, or
or Details: = or  Details:
- Size - Size
- Writings - Writings
- Inks - Inks
- Color, Etc. - Color, Etc.
8. What is the type of conclusion where
the findings show that the questioned
and known writings were prepared by
the same writer because of
agreement in individualizing
characteristics?
A. Negative
B. Positive
C. Identification
D. Positive Identification
E. No conclusion
SIMILAR SOURCE OR AUTHOR
(IDENTIFICATION)
UNKNOWN OR KNOWN OR
QUESTIONED STANDARD

Characteristic Characteristics,
s, Properties, Properties, or
or Details: = Details:
- Size - Size
- Writings - Writings
- Inks - Inks
- Color, Etc. - Color, Etc.
DIFFERENT SOURCES OR AUTHORS
(NON-IDENTIFICATION)
UNKNOWN OR KNOWN OR
QUESTIONED STANDARD

Characteristic Characteristics,
s, Properties, Properties, or
or Details:  Details:
- Size - Size
- Writings - Writings
- Inks - Inks
- Color, Etc. - Color, Etc.
ELIMINATION (Negative)
A determination that the specimens
were not prepared by the same writer
Sufficient disagreement in individual
characteristics.
Differences are observed. Any limited
similarities are far outweighed by the
combined effect of sufficient
disagreement in all other details. No
significant limitations are present.
FIFTH: ELIMINATION (Negative)
Report would be: “It was
determined that the
questioned writing on
specimen Q1 was not
prepared by John Doe, the
writer of K1.”
THIRD: NO CONCLUSION
Cannot determine whether the
specimens were prepared by the same
writer, usually because of such factors
as lack of comparability or lack of
clarity and detail in the submitted
specimens, which may significantly
limit meaningful examinations.
THIRD: NO CONCLUSION
Report would be: “It could not
be determined whether the
questioned writing on specimen
Q1 was prepared by John Doe,
the writer of K1, due to [list
limiting factors].”
9. What is the art of determining
one’s personal traits and
characteristics basedEstablishing
on his or
her handwriting? authorship

A. Handwriting analysis
B. Handwriting identification
C. Graphology Based on two
fundamental
D. Graphoanalysis Measurement
strokes -
E. Graphometry frequency
GRAPHOLOGY
Related Fields
 Historical Dating — the verification
of age and value of a document or
object
 Fraud Investigation — focuses on
the money trail and criminal intent
 Paper and Ink Specialists — date,
type, source, and/or catalogue various
types of paper, watermarks, ink,
printing/copy/fax machines, computer
cartridges
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 32
Related Fields
 Forgery Specialists — analyze
altered, obliterated, changed, or
doctored documents and photos
 Typewriting Analysts —
determine origin, make, and
models
 Computer Crime Investigators
— investigate cybercrime
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 33
10. What is the instrument with low and
high power objectives is used to
detect retouching, patching and
unnatural pen-lift in signature
analysis?
A. Forensic comparison
microscope
B. Stereoscopic microscope
C. Macrophotography
D. Photomicrography
Stereoscopic Examination
STEREOSCOPIC
MICROSCOPE
11. The instrument which is used to
determine the presence of
erasures, matching of serrations
and some other types of
alterations.

A. Ultra-violet lamp
B. Oblique light
C. Infrared
D. Transmitted light
TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION –source
of illumination behind and the light passing
through the paper. Done to:
1. determine the presence of erasures,
matching of serrations and
2. some other types of alterations.
Transmitted Light Examination.
12. Which of the following can
be used to decipher faded
writings?
A.Ultra-violet lamp
B.Oblique light
C.Infrared
D.Transmitted light
C. OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION –
controlled illumination grazing the surface of
the document from one side at a very low
angle. Decipherment/determination
1. faded handwriting,
2. outlines in traced forgery, and
3. detection of embossed impressions
PHOTOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION – uses
photographs to capture
images of specimen:
decipherment further is
possible through the enlarged
image
Photographic Examination
13. The device that can detect
indention/ indented writings
can records transparencies of
any indentations.
A. Ultra-violet lamp
B. Video-Spectral Comparator
C. Electrostatic Detection
Apparatus
D. Infrared Lamp
ESDA ( ELECTROSTATIC
DETECTION APPARATUS)
Electrostatic Detection Apparatus
47
- Used in the
examination of
masked or
obliterated text,
watermarks, visible
fluorescence, paper
fluorescence and
oblique illumination
of indented writing
and embossing.
VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR
ULTRA-VIOLET EXAMINATION – ultra violet
rays react on some substances so that visible
light is reflected, a phenomenon known as
FLOURESCENCE.
Ultra-Violet Examination
INFRARED EXAMINATION – for charred
documents
14. What is the most useful
and effective protective
covering of a disputed
documents?
A. Hard folder
B. Hard plastic folder
C. Sealed envelope
D. Transparent plastic envelope
15. The reason why disputed
documents or any other important
papers should be kept in a protective
envelope unfolded is to avoid from
being -
A. Altered
B. Distorted
C. Destroyed
D. Changed
CARE, PRESERVATION AND HANDLING OF
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS

The improper or
careless handling of a
disputed document can
lead to serious
curtailment of certain
technical examinations.
DO’s

1. Keep documents unfolded

in protective envelope.
The most useful and
effective protective
covering of a disputed
documents is a transparent
plastic envelop.
2. Take disputed papers to the
documents examiners
laboratory at the first
opportunity.

3. If storage is necessary,
keep the document in a dry
place away from excessive
heat and strong light.
4 Proper Storage

Once a document is disputed

it is seldom stored or filed for a
long, but important documents
should be kept properly for a
long period of time.
DONT‘s

1. Do not handle disputed

papers excessively or
carry them in a pocket for
along time.
Avoid Excessive Handling
Repeated handlings of a
document can actually wear-it
out. In this way a paper
becomes dirty, frayed, and
stained
2. Do not mark disputed
documents (either by
consciously writing or by
pointing at them with
writing instrument or
dividers).
3. Do not mutilate or
damage by repeated
refolding, creasing,
cutting, tearing or
punching for filing
purposes.
4. Do not allow anyone
except qualified specialist to
make chemical or other do
not treat or dust for latent
fingerprints before consulting
a document examiner.
 Do not allow “Amateur
Testing”
 When possible, the
charred documents
should be moved in
the container in which
they all found.
16. Document previously examined
by any competent agencies of the
government shall not be re-
examined.
A. Yes
B. No
C. Yes, when there is a court
order
D. No, even if there is a court
order
BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION
.
1. Document examination shall be
based on written request from any
investigating agency of the
government, court order and/ or
private requesting party, provided
that the letter has been approved
by the director, PNPCL.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
2. Document previously
EXAMINATION
examined by any
competent agencies of the
government shall not be re-
examined except there is a
court order.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS IN
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION
3. If the case is under
going trial in court,
disputed documents shall
be examined only upon
order of the court having
jurisdiction of the case.
17. What qualifies a document
examiner as an expert witness in a
court?
A. The expertise of the document
examiner
B. The education and training of the
document examiner
C. The techniques applied by the
examiner during the questioned
document examination
D. The ruling of the said court
PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN
ALL QDE
18. What is the primary basis of
examination used in
Questioned Documents?

A. Recognized Characteristics
B. Characteristics that vary least
C. Characteristics that vary most
D. Class and individual
characteristics
19. Authors of questioned
handwriting can be detected
based on -
A. Writing implements
B. Writing materials
C. Contained information
D. Personal peculiarities
AUTHORSHIP
1. Peculiarities of the author in writing
a. Style
b. Grammar
c. Spelling
d. Indentation
e. Punctuation

2. Habitual writing materials and writing

instruments used by the author
AGE OR DATE OF WRITING
1. Manufacturing year of writing
material and writing instrument by
examining the substance and/or
properties
2. Natural changes or aging of the
writing material and writing
instrument
3. Language (alphabet) contemporary
4. School or copybook form year of
existence
AGE OR DATE OF WRITING
Writing Material Writing Instrument
1. Watermark 1. Properties or ink
2. Discoloration components
3. Properties or 2. Indications of
components fading
4. Natural aging vs. 3. Changes in color
accelerated 4. Old – ink
aging absorbed by the
paper
WRITING MATERIAL
Physical Chemical
Characteristics Characteristics or
components
1. Size 1. Materials used in
a. Substance manufacturing
b. Width 2. Manufacturing
c. Length process
2. Surface textures
3. Opacity
4. Color
WRITING INSTRUMENTS
Physical Chemical
Characteristics Characteristics or
components
1. Type of writing 1. Coloring pigment
implement 2. Basic components
2. Color 3. Water or oil based
3. Line quality
CONTENT/INFORMATION

Look for possible indications

of forgery (falsification or
counterfeiting)
1. Insertions or intercalations
2. Obliterations
3. Erasures
4. Fake reproduction
HANDWRITING
IDENTIFICATION AND
EXAMINATION
20. What term is used for any
repeated element of detail
which may serve to
individualize writing?
A. Individualities
B. Characteristics
C. Habits
D. Peculiarities
DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING OF AN
INDIVIDUAL
A.Children follow school copy or model.
B.After acquiring some degree of skill,
no longer follow the school model.
C.As speed increases, conscious design
and regularity begin to break down.
D.Trial and error - modifications  are
 made, simplification  and
 elaboration's, addition  and  omissions
occur.
LATER: Learned writing becomes a habit and fixed
Writing Habits
Definition: acquired characteristics
in writing through repetition have
become fixed and spontaneous.

Significance: Writing is the most

personal and individuals thing that a
man does that leaves a record which
can be seen and studies
(individuality)
Writing Habits
TWO KINDS OF STANDARD
DOCUMENTS (Handwritings)

1. Procured or Collected –
Those which are obtain from
Files of document executed in
the persons day to day business,
official, social or personal
activities.
2. Requested/Dictated – Those
which are given or made upon
the request of an investigator for
purpose of making comparative
examination with the request
writing.
Basic Points that Should be
Considered in Obtaining standard
a. Collected Standard.
1) Amount of writing standard.
2) Similarity of the subject Matter.
3) Relative dates of the standards
with the questioned matter.
4) Kinds of writing instrument and
paper used.
SPECIMEN TO BE SUBMITTED
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION
a. Original documents
b. Contemporaneous date of the standard
documents, maximum of five (5) years before
and after the execution of the questioned
document.
c. At least five (5) pages of standard
handwritings.
d. Similar writing style cursive to cursive,
script to script and printed to printed.
e. Similar language/ dialect.
f. Similar writing instrument used if possible.
2. Requested Standard
1. Dictate to the writer never allows
a suspect to see the questioned
document.
2.Text must be carefully selected -
do not dictate the questioned
document exactly all its content.
3.Dictation must be at least 3.
4. Writing instrument and paper
should be similar.
5. Dictation must be interrupted as
interval so that the suspect will
feel relax and write his own
natural writing.
6. Normal writing condition should
be arranged so that the writer
fells to write the dictation.
21. What are the gross features of
handwriting called?

A. Writing habits
B. Class characteristics
C. Individual characteristics
D. Questioned documents
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CHARACTERISTICS
– a distinctive feature or
peculiarity in writing
GENERAL(CLASS)
CHARACTERISTICS
– basic writing system or
modifications of the system  of
writing  found  among so large a
group of writes that  have  only
slight identification value.
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS
- result of the writer's
1. muscular control,
2. coordination,
3. age,
4. health,
5. Nervous temperament, 
6. frequency of writing,
7. personality and character.
Individual Characteristics:
1. Permanent characteristics

Consistent vertical slant/slope

Individual Characteristics:
2. Common or usual

Designs of the letters

Individual Characteristics:
3. Occasional
Individual Characteristics:
4. Rare
Rare Characteristics
COMMON
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Ordinary copy-book form
2. Usual systematic slant
3. Ordinary scale of proportion
or ratio
4. Conventional spacing
22. What is the basis for a
positive comparison and
handwriting analysis?

A. Class characteristics
B. Uniqueness of characteristics
C. Normal handwriting
D. One unique characteristics
23. The writing in which the attempt is
made to discard one’s own writing
and assume the exact writing
personality of another person is
called - Concealing
one’s identity
A. Disguised handwriting
B. Model handwriting
C. Counterfeited handwriting
D. Forged or simulated writings
24. The most common method which
a forger will use to disguise his
handwriting is to –

A. Change the direction of the slant

B. Write very rapidly
C. Write very slowly
D. Write larger than usual
Disguised Natural
Writing Writing
25. Spurious writing is an example of -

A. Disguised handwriting
B. Simulated writing
C. Traced writing
D. Copied handwriting
GENERAL CLASSES OF QUESTIONED
WRITING

Forged or simulated writings in which

the attempt is made to discard one’s own
writing and assume the exact writing
personality of another person.
It is either by tracing or copying other’s
writing
26. It is also known as visible
speech.

A. Handwriting
B. Signature
C. Fingerprint
D. Voice
27. Any specimen of writing executed
normally without any attempt to
control or alter its identifying habits
and its usual quality or execution.
Script or semi-
A. Natural writing script taught in
B. looks at
Natural variation elementary
handwriting as a
C. Manuscript whole
writing
picture
D. Gestalt
28. The writing in which the letters are
connected by ligatures is called -

A. Scripted
B. Print script
C. Block
D. Cursive
KINDS OF WRITINGS

Cursive

Script or
scripted

BLOCK
29. It is the evidence of a writer’s
proficiency.

A. Ability
B. Skill
C. Movement
D. Quality
Skill level

 The way a writing looks.

 Important characteristic of
identification or non-
identification.
 High skill level VS Low skill
level
High Skill Level
Low Skill Level
30. What is the primary cause on natural
variation in writing?

A. Serious illnesses
B. Position of letter
C. Lack of machine-like precision
movement
D. Intoxication
Disintegrated due to
old age
VARIATIONS IN WRITINGS
31. The standard of handwriting
instruction taught in particular school
is called -

A. Copybook form
B. Standard writing
C. School system
D. All of these
32. It is the relation of parts of the
whole of writing or line of
individual letters in words to the
baseline.

A. Ratio
B. Baseline
C. Alignment
D. Motor coordination
Alignment
FORMS OF WRITINGS

Garland

Arcade

Angular
or angle
Thready
or thread
Garland
Arcade
Angular
or angle
forms
Thready
or thread
forms
Collation & Comparison

Specimen A Specimen
B
DOWNSTROKE VS UPSTROKE

All
upstroke

All
downstroke
EYELET OR
EYELOOP
DOWNSTROKE
DIACRITIC

HOOK

TAPERING
TERMINAL
STROKE

PEN LIFT

LOOPING
DESCENDER
Measuring upslant &
downslant
Slant Gauge
Moderate
Right slant

Strong
Right slant
Strong right slant

Upright handwriting
Moderate Left Slant Extreme Left Slant

Variable Slant
33. What is the amount of space
between letters?

A. Word space
B. Letter space
C. Margins
D. Slant
Letter space
MARGINS
TOO WIDE MARGINS
VERY CLOSED
MARGINS

WIDE LEFT OR RIGHT

MARGINS
34. In handwriting examination,
what is that act of
intermittently forcing the pen
against the paper surface with
increased pressure?
Average
A. Pen pressure pressure
Pen to the
B. Pen position paper
C. Pen emphasis Gap – pen
D. Pen lift withdrawal
PEN EMPHASIS AND SHADING
Pen Hold
Print script
Retouching
Simplification to
Elaboration
Ratio and Proportion
35. What type of writers deliberately
misspells words and commits
errors?

A. Handicapped writers
B. Educated person
C. Illiterate persons
D. Apprehensive writers
Obtaining Handwriting
Samples
 The subject should not be shown the
questioned document
 The subject is not told how to spell words or
use punctuation
 The subject should use materials similar to
those of the document
 The dictated text should match some parts of
the document
 The subject should be asked to sign the text
 Always have a witness
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 152
32. If a ball-point pen is used to write a
document that is being questioned, dictated
standards to be obtained must be taken in
which of the following manner?

A.The whole dictated writing must be done also in ball-

point pen
B.Two sets of 10 sufficient standards must be taken.
One set using ball-point pen and the other set using
fountain pen.
C.One half of the dictated writing should be done using a
ball-point pen and the other half in fountain pen.
D.Two sets of 10 sufficient standards must be taken.
One set in ball-point pen and the other is pencil.
SIGNATURE - the name of a
person written by him/her in a
document as a sign of
acknowledgement; Or a name or a
mark that a person puts at the end
of a document to attest that he is
its author or that he ratifies its
contents.
TYPES OF SIGNATURES
A. FORMAL (a.k.a. CONVENTIONAL or
COPYBOOK FORM): name completely
written – important documents
B. INFORMAL (CURSORY): incomplete name
routine documents and personal
correspondence
1. Semi-Personalized – name is visible
2. Personalized – name is illegible
C. CARELESS SCRIBBLE: mail courier,
receipts, etc.
FORMAL SIGNATURES
INFORMAL SIGNATURES
(Semi-Personalized)
INFORMAL SIGNATURES
(Personalized)
CARELESS SCRIBBLES
FORGERY OF SIGNATURES

SIMULATED OR FREEHAND IMITATION

FORGERY (FREEHAND SIGNATURES)
1. BEFORE THE FORGER)
a. DIRECT TECHNIQUE
b. INDIRECT
2. SIMULATED FREE HAND FORGERY
(TECHNIQUE)
FORGERY OF SIGNATURES

TRACED FORGERY (TRACED SIGNATURE)

1. DIRECT TRACING - made by transmitted
light.
2. INDIRECT TRACING – by carbon or
indention.
a. CARBON PROCESS
b. INDENTATION PROCESS
c. TRANSMITTED LIGHT PROCESS
FORGERY OF SIGNATURES

SPURIOUS SIGNATURE (SIMPLE

FORGERY)
STAMPED FACSIMILE OF A GENUINE
OR MODEL
COMPUTER SCANNING
36. What is the standard needed
with studying signatures of near-
illiterate persons?

A. Collected standards
B. Requested standards if the
person is still alive
C. Receipt signatures
D. Collected and requested
standards
DIFFICULTIES
Type of Signature Remedy (Required
Standards)
Signature of the
careless or Collected standards
highly erratic
writer.
Receipt Other receipt
Signature. signatures
Near - Illiterate Requested standards
Writer. if writer is still
living
Type of Signature Remedy (Required
Standards)
Signatures of a.Collect standards
Physical Impaired written in the same
Writer situation
a. intoxicated b.collect 2 or 3 times
b. old age more standards
c. sick bed c.similar to old age
signature. deterioration
Disguised  signature Collected and requested
standards.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR?
SIMULATED (Copied) Writing Habit of the forger

SPURIOUS (Simple) Writing Habit of the forger

Traced Carbon traces, indention,

tremors

Disguised Writing Habit of the forger

Anonymous Writing Habit of the forger

PAPER EXAMINATION

1.Physical (visual examination)

2.Non-destructive physical tests
(folding test, etc.)
3.Destructive physical test
(absorption rate test)
4.Chemical test (burning, etc)
Differences in Paper for
Characterizing Samples
Raw material
Weight
Density
Thickness
Color
Watermarks—a design incorporated during the
manufacturing process by reducing the number of
fibers in a certain patterned area
Age
Fluorescence
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 168
37. The ancient writing
implement that is made of a large
feather.
A. Reed pen
B. Feathery pen
C. Quill pen
D. B and C
Writing Implements/Instruments

Reed Pen
Writing Implements/Instruments

Quill (Feather) Pen with

Steel point

Quill Pen
Writing Implements/Instruments

Fountain Pen
Writing Implements/Instruments

Flexible Pen Nib

Writing Implements/Instruments

Ballpoint Pen
Writing Implements/Instruments

Pen Nib Sizes

38. What is the test that
separates the components of an
ink?
Thin Layer
A. TLC Chromatography
B. Chemical test
C. Solubility test
D. Ink separator test
INK EXAMINATION

1.Physical (visual examination)

2.Solubility test
3.Separation of properties (TLC)
Ink
Chromatography is a method of physically
separating the components of inks
Types
 HPLC—high-performance liquid
chromatography
 TLC—thin-layer chromatography
 Paper Chromatography—used to
separate water based inks
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 178
Paper Chromatography of Ink

Two samples of
black ink from two
different
manufacturers have
been characterized
using paper
chromatography.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 179
THIN LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHIC
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC
Pencils
 Lead
 Hardness Scale—a traditional measure
of the hardness of the "leads" (actually
made of graphite) in pencils. The
hardness scale, from softer to harder,
takes the form ..., 3B, 2B, B, HB, F, H, 2H,
3H, 4H, ..., with the standard "number 2"
pencil being of hardness 2H.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 182
39. In typewriting examination
which of the following first to be
conducted?
A. Collecting of typewriting
standards
B. Locate the type writer used
C. Examination of the questioned
specimen
D. Examination of the exemplar
Typewriters and Printing Devices
 The two requests most often made of the
examiner:
 whether the make and model of the
typewriter and printing devices used to
prepare the questioned document can be
identified.
 whether a particular suspect typewriter or
printing device can be identified as having
prepared the questioned document.
 In order to do this, the individual type
character’s style, shape, and size are
compared to a complete reference collection of
past and present typefaces.
PRINCIPLES IN TYPEWRITING

NO TWO TYPEWRITERS HAVING

SIMILAR DEFECTS & DENTS
PECULIAR STYLE OF TYPIST CAN BE
DETECTED
Typewriting Standard

1.Use of about the same size as the

questions materials, type out a full
word copy of the message in question,
typographical errors, using as nearly
as possible the same degree of touch
as that used in typing the questioned
materials.
2.Make certain that each specimen
contain the make, model and serial
number of the typewriter from
which it was produced as well as
the date and initials of the offices.
3.Typewriter specimen should be
taken from suspect typewriter (s).
It is usually not necessary to
forward the typewriter to the
laboratory it complete known
exemplars are obtained.
TYPEWRITER CHARACTERS (CLASS)
TYPEWRITER CHARACTERS (CLASS)
TYPEWRITER CHARACTERS (CLASS)
TYPEWRITER CHARACTERS (CLASS)
DEFECTS IN TYPEWRITER
WHAT TO LOOK IN
TYPEWRITING

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS –
design of characters
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS
– defects on the characters
40. What is the type of typewriter
defects that goes to the left and
right direction?
A. All of these
B. Horizontal defects
C. Twisted defects
D. Vertical defects
COMPARISON OF TYPEWRITING
COMPARISON OF TYPEWRITING
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