WORK-OVER

Work-over F.J.P.B
WORK-OVER

 A WORK-OVER IS, AFTER NEUTRALIZING THE

WELL THE REMOVAL AND CHANGE OUT OF
THE TUBING.
 WHEN DO WE REQUIRE A WORK-OVER?
 TUBING MIGHT BE CORRODED
 RE-PERFORATION
 DEEPENING THE WELL
 CHANGE OUT THE TRSCSSSV
 SIDE TRACK

© 2012 - IFP Training

Work-over F.J.P.B 2
WORK-OVER

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR A WORK-OVER

 A WORK-OVER RIG (A LIGHT DRILLING RIG)
 WELL NEUTRALIZING EQUIPMENT
 SAFETY EQUIPMENT (BOP, MUD PUMPS, ETC)

© 2012 - IFP Training

Work-over F.J.P.B 3
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

Work-over F.J.P.B
MEANS OF ACTING ON KILLED WELLS

 PREAMBLE:
• NECESSITY TO "KILL THE WELL" BEFOREHAND, OR, MORE EXACTLY TO
"NEUTRALISE THE WELL"
 MEANS OF ACTING ON KILLED WELLS:
• DEPEND MAINLY ON: DEPTH OF THE WELL, EQUIPMENT INSTALLED IN THE
WELL, JOB THAT NEEDS TO BE DONE
• TYPES OF UNITS: CRANE, PULLING OR SERVICING UNITS, WORKOVER RIG
• CRITERIA OF CHOICE: HOISTING CAPACITY, PUMPING CAPACITY & SAFETY
EQUIPMENT, POSSIBILITY OF ROTATION, ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT, DAILY
COST, GEOGRAPHICAL AVAILABILITY
• BEWARE, NECESSITY OF AN APPROPRIATE SPECIALISED EQUIPMENT:
SPECIFIC SAFETY EQUIPMENT (BPV, GRAY VALVE, ETC.); HOISTING, PIPE
MAKE UP & FISHING EQUIPMENT SUITABLE FOR SMALL DIAMETER DRILL
PIPE AND TUBING; WIRELINE EQUIPMENT; ETC

© 2010 - IFP Training

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 5
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

 A WELL KILL IS THE OPERATION OF PLACING

A COLUMN OF HEAVY FLUID INTO A WELL
BORE IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE FLOW OF
THE RESERVOIR FLUIDS WITHOUT THE NEED
FOR PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT AT
THE SURFACE.
 IT WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE
HYDROSTATIC HEAD OF THE “KILL FLUID” OR
“KILL MUD” WILL BE ENOUGH TO SUPPRESS
THE PRESSURE OF THE FORMATION FLUID.
 WELL KILLS MAY BE PLANNED IN THE CASE
OF ADVANCED INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS
WORK-OVERS, OR BE CONTINGENCY
OPERATIONS.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 6
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

 THE PRINCIPLE OF A WELL KILL REVOLVES AROUND THE WEIGHT OF A

COLUMN OF FLUID AND HENCE THE PRESSURE EXERTED AT THE BOTTOM
 P=HXGX
P IS THE PRESSURE AT DEPTH H IN THE COLUMN
G IS THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY
 IS THE DENSITY OF THE FLUID (IT IS COMMON IN THE OIL INDUSTRY
TO USE WEIGHT DENSITY, WHICH IS THE PRODUCT OF MASS DENSITY
AND THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY. THIS REDUCES THE EQUATION
TO:
P=HX
WHERE  IS THE WEIGHT OF THE DENSITY.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 7
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

METHODS OF WELL KILL

1. REVERSE CIRCULATION:
THIS IS OFTEN THE “TIDIEST” WAY OF MAKING A PRE-PLANNED WELL KILL.
IT INVOLVES PUMPING KILL FLUID DOWN THE ANNULUS OF THE WELL,
THROUGH THE POINT OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE IT AND THE
PRODUCTION TUBING JUST ABOVE THE PRODUCTION PACKER AND UP THE
TUBING, DISPLACING THE LIGHTER WELL BORE FLUIDS, WHICH ARE
ALLOWED TO FLOW TO PRODUCTION.

THE POINT OF COMMUNICATION WAS TRADITIONALLY CALLED A SLIDING

SLEEVE, OR SLIDING DOOR, WHICH IS MECHANICALLY OPERATED BY MEANS
OF WIRELINE, BUILD INTO THE PRODUCTION TUBING.

AFTER A CERTAIN TIME IN THE WELL THE SSD IF HARD TO OPEN, AND
THEREFOR IT IS COMMON TO PUNCH A HOLE IN THE TUBING FOR
CIRCULATION PURPOSES.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 8
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

METHODS OF WELL KILL

REVERSE CIRCULATION

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 9
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

METHODS OF WELL KILL

3. FORWARD CIRCULATION
THIS IS SIMILAR TO REVERSE CIRCULATION, EXCEPT THE KILL FLUID IS
PUMPED INTO THE PRODUCTION TUBING AND CIRCULATED OUT THROUGH
THE ANNULUS.
THOUGH EFFECTIVE, IT IS NOT AS DESIRABLE SINCE IT IS PREFERRED THAT
THE WELL BORE FLUIDS BE DISPLACED OUT OF THE PRODUCTION, RATHER
THAN THE ANNULUS.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 10
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

METHODS OF WELL KILL

FORWARD CIRCULATION

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 11
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

METHODS OF WELL KILL

2. BULL-HEADING
THIS IS THE MOST COMMON METHOD OF A CONTINGENCY WELL KILL.
IF THERE IS A SUDDEN NEED TO KILL A WELL QUICKLY, WITHOUT THE TIME
FOR RIGGING UP FOR CIRCULATION, THE MORE BLUNT INSTRUMENT OF
BULL HEADING MAY BE USED.
THIS INVOLVES SIMPLY PUMPING THE KILL FLUID DIRECTLY DOWN THE WELL
BORE, FORCING THE WELL BORE FLUIDS BACK INTO THE RESERVOIR.

HOWEVER, IT CAN BE LIMITED BY THE BURST-PRESSURE CAPABILITIES OF

THE TUBING OR CASING, AND CAN RISK DAMAGING THE RESERVOIR BY
FORCING UNDESIRED MATERIALS INTO IT. (MUD, BRINE, ETC..)

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 12
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

METHODS OF WELL KILL

BULL HEADING

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 13
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

METHODS OF WELL KILL

4. LUBRICATE AND BLEED
THIS IS THE MOST TIME CONSUMING FORM OF A WELL KILL.
IT INVOLVES REPEATEDLY PUMPING IN SMALL QUANTITIES OF KILL MUD
INTO THE WELL BORE AND THEN BLEEDING OFF EXCESS PRESSURE.
IT WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE HEAVIER KILL MUD WILL SINK
BELOW THE LIGHTER WELL BORE FLUIDS AND SO BLEEDING OFF THE
PRESSURE WILL REMOVE THE LATTER LEAVING AN INCREASING QUANTITY
OF KILL MUD IN THE WELL BORE WITH SUCCESSIVE STEPS.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 14
METHODS FOR KILLING OR NEUTRALISING A WELL: "WELL KILLING"

Kill method Description

- Kill fluid force pumped from the surface

Bullheading
- Effluent in tubing squeezed into the formation
- Kill fluid pumped from annulus
- Completion fluid in annulus moved to tubing through a circulation
Reverse Circulation
system (SSD, GL mandrel…)
- Effluent in tubing sent to stock tank at surface
- Kill fluid pumped in tubing at surface
Direct Circulation - Tubing fluid moved to annulus through circulation system
- Annulus fluide sent to stock tank at surface
- pumping of kill fluid
Lubricate & bleed
- surface purge of gas pressure equal to hydrostatic weight of fluid
pumping&purge
pumped after deducting gas weight

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 15
Work-Over
principles & procedures
Hydrostatics-hydrodynamics

Work-over F.J.P.B
General procedure of an operation: Preamble

 General procedure mainly function of:

• Equipment installed & its condition
• What needs to be done & how the operation is actually going on
 However, the main steps involved are:
• (a): Preparing the well (before the servicing or workover unit arrives)
• (b): Putting the well under provisional safe conditions
• (c): Installing the servicing or workover unit
• (d): Neutralising the well
• (e): Replacing the Christmas tree with the BOPs
• (f): Removing completion equipment
• (g): Downhole operations
• (h): Running in completion equipment
• (i): Replacing BOPs by the Christmas tree
• (j): Well start-up
• (k): Moving out the servicing or workover unit

© 2010 - IFP Training

Note: possibly, inversion between: - steps (b, c) and step (d)
- step (j) and step (k)

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 17

More tricky operations
(from a safety point of view)

• Installing the servicing or workover unit

• Neutralising the well
• Replacing the Christmas tree with the BOPs
• "Unsetting" the packer

And:
• Perforating or reperforating
• High pressure (…) pumping
• Replacing BOPs by the Christmas tree
• Well start-up
• Moving out the servicing unit

© 2010 - IFP Training

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 18
General procedure of an operation

 Preparing the well (before the servicing or workover unit arrives) :

• Wireline checking
• Pressure testing
Possibly:
• Circulating device opening
 Putting the well(s) under provisional safe conditions:
• Wells involved function of the installation configuration (cluster)
• Placing "plugs" (downhole plug, SCSSV, BPV, etc.) & Isolating the
well
 Installing the servicing or workover unit:
• Followed by the set up and testing of pumping and return lines

© 2010 - IFP Training

• Christmas tree not yet removed to be replaced by the BOPs

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 19

General procedure of an operation (cont.)

 Neutralising the well:

• Volume concerned = global volume*
• Workover fluid:
− Brine, etc.
− Safety margin
• Displacing the fluid by circulating or squeezing
• Observing the well
• Final neutralisation phase
 Replacing the Christmas tree with the BOPs:
• After installation of safety barriers
• As quickly as possible
• Followed by a BOPs test

© 2010 - IFP Training

Volume concerned

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 20

General procedure of an operation (cont.)

 Removing completion equipment:

• Tubing safety device on the rig floor
• Procedure function of the type of equipment & its condition
• In the program, provide alternatives in case of operating difficulties
• Circulate as soon as possible the volume trapped under the packer
• Check the well's stability during all the job (take care to avoid
swabbing, keep the well full & compare the filling volume with the pulled
out steel volume)
 Downhole operations

© 2010 - IFP Training

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 21
General procedure of an operation (cont.)

 Recompleting the well:

• Running in completion equipment
• Replacing BOPs by the Christmas tree
• Well start up
• Moving out the servicing or workover unit:
− After (or before) the well start-up
− Safety barriers in place

© 2010 - IFP Training

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 22
Workover on depleted reservoirs

 Losses and formation damage: main solutions:

• "Light" workover fluid
• "Temporary" blocking agents
• "Lost" level
• Suited downhole equipment*
• Work on a live well : coiled tubing, snubbing

© 2010 - IFP Training

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 23
Downhole equipment suited to depleted reservoir:
Example of equipment & Procedure for pulling out the tubing

1. A plug is set in the landing nipple of the fixed

part of the disconnectable joint (beforehand a
plug can also be set in the top no-go landing
nipple)
2. The circulating device is opened or the
production string is perforated just above the
disonnectable joint
3. The workover fluid is circulated into the well
4. A BPV is set in the tubing hanger
5. The Christmas tree is removed
6. The BOPs are installed
7. The BPV is replaced by a TWCV
8. The BOPs are tested (between the TWCV and
the blind rams) ; a tubing is screwed into the
tubing hanger and the pipe-ram BOPs are
tested against on the tubing
9. The tubing hanger is unlocked (tie-down

© 2010 - IFP Training

screws)
10. The upper part of the production string is
pulled out

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 24

Workover on depleted reservoirs (cont.)

 Kick-off after the workover:

• No problem if an artificial lift system is in place
• Coiled tubing & nitrogen, (swabbing, rocking, etc.)

© 2010 - IFP Training

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 25
Fishing tools

 Causes of fishing operation: Retrievable packer which cannot be

unset, Stuck packer, Broken tubing, Unscrew string, Stuck string,
Cemented string, etc.
 Main tools*:
• External catch tools: Die collar, Overshot, Junk catcher
• Internal catch tools: releasing spear, taper tap
• Jarring tools: bumper sub, hydraulic jar, jar accelerator or intensifier
• Milling or washover milling tools
• Tools to unscrew the tubing: reversing tool, left-hand threading tap,
back-off
• Tools to cut the tubing: section mill, jetting tool, explosive cutter,
chemical cutter (acid)

© 2010 - IFP Training

• Safety joints (allowing the workover string to be disconnected)

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 26

Fishing and jarring tools

© 2010 - IFP Training

Die collar Overshot Releasing Taper tap
spear Bumper
sub

EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 27

Milling tools & safety joint

Milling tools

© 2010 - IFP Training

Safety
joints
Section
mill
EP 21471_b_A_for_00 Well servicing & workover (WC&S version_Lecturer) 28
HYDROSTATICS

 FLUIDS AT REST SUBJECTED ONLY TO GRAVITY

 THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE BETWEEN A AND B IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO
THE VERTICAL HEIGHT Z
 IN A HOMOGENOUS FLUID, IF THE TWO POINTS B AND C ARE ON THE SAME
HORIZONTAL PLANE, THEN: PB=PC

Fluid of density r

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 29
HYDROSTATICS

- Fluids at rest subjected only to gravity

- SI system: PHB - PHA= ρ×g × Z
PHB,PHA: hydrostatic pressure in Pascal (N/m2)
ρ:density of the fluid in kg/m3
g=9.81 m/s2(earth’s gravitational acceleration)
Z:vertical height between A and B in metres

Zd
- Metric system: PHB  PHA  PHB,PHA: hydrostatic pressure in bar
10.2
d: density of the fluid in relation to water
10.2:conversion factor
Z: vertical height between A and B in metres

- Anglo-Saxon system: PHB - PHA= 0.052 × Z ×  PHB,PHA: hydrostatic pressure in psi

: density of the fluid in ppg (pounds/gallon)
0.052: conversion factor
Z: vertical height between A and B in feet

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 30
HYDROSTATICS

 WITH A AT THE SURFACE OF THE LIQUID WITH A DENSITY OF Ρ:PHA = 0

(IN REALITY 1ATM)
 TO CALCULATE PH BETWEEN TWO POINTS, WE MUST KNOW:
• THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AT 1 POINT
• THE VERTICAL HEIGHT BETWEEN THE TWO POINTS
• THE DENSITY OF THE FLUID BETWEEN THESE TWO POINTS
• IF THERE ARE SEVERAL FLUIDS OF DIFFERENT DENSITY, WE MUST KNOW THE
RESPECTIVE HEIGHT OF EACH FLUID AND CALCULATE THE PRESSURE PART BY
PART
 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE INCREASES WITH DEPTH (VERTICAL)
 THE LIQUIDS EXERT PRESSURE. THEY WILL BE CONSIDERED AS INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLUIDS.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 31
PRACTICAL CALCULATION FORMULAS (FLUIDLIQUID WITH NO COMPRESSIBILITY)

METRIC SYSTEM

Z: vertical depth, in metres

Z d
Phyd (bar )  d: fluid specific gravity / water =
10.2 (fluid)/(water)
FIELD UNITS

Phyd ( psi )  fluid density ( ppg )  0.052  vert .depth ( ft )

NB: for pressure calculations, always use vertical depths

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 32
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

REVERSING A WELL KILL (PUT BACK ON PRODUCTION)

THE INTENTION OF A WELL KILL (OR THE REALITY OF AN UNINTENTIONAL
WELL KILL) IS TO STOP THE RESERVOIR FLUIDS FLOWING TO SURFACE.
THIS OF COURSE CREATES PROBLEMS WHEN IT IS DESIRABLE TO GET THE
WELL FLOWING AGAIN.
IN ORDER TO REVERSE THE WELL KILL, THE KILL FLUID MUST BE DISPLACED
FROM THE WELL BORE.

THIS INVOLVES INJECTING GAS AT HIGH PRESSURE, USUALLY N2.

THE GAS CAN BE PUT UNDER SUFFICIENT PRESSURE TO ALLOW IT TO PUSH
THE HEAVY KILL FLUID, BUT WILL THAN EXPAND AND BECOME LIGHT ONCE
PRESSURE IS REMOVED.
THIS MEANS THAT HAVING DISPLACED THE KILL FLUID, IT WILL NOT ITSELF
KILL THE WELL.
THE RESERVOIR FLUIDS SHOULD BE ABLE TO FLOW TO SURFACE,
DISPLACING THE GAS

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 33
WELL KILLING / NEUTRALIZING

REVERSING A WELL KILL (PUT BACK ON PRODUCTION)

ANOTHER WAY IS TO RUN INTO THE TUBING A COILED TUBING.
ONCE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE WELL WE INJECT THE N2 INTO THE WELL
BORE AND PUSHES UP THE KILL FLUID.
THE KILL FLUID COLUMN BECOMES LIGHTER.

IN AN OIL WELL WE MIGHT CONSIDER THE USE OF “SWABBING”

EQUIPMENT.
IN THIS CASE WE ARE LIFTING UP THE KILL FLUID IN ORDER THE DECREASE
THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.
THIS METHOD SHOULD NOT BE USED IN GAS WELL, DUE TO SAFETY
REASONS.

AN OTHER METHOD IS BY WIRE LINE WE OPEN THE SSD BY WIRE LINE AND
DISPLACE THE KILL FLUID BY A LIGHTER FLUID. (DIESEL, OR DEPENDING ON
THE FORMATION PRESSURE, BRINE OR WATER)

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 34
WORK-OVER PROCEDURES
GENERAL GUIDE-LINES

Work-over F.J.P.B
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 THE PHASES AND SEQUENCE OF AN OPERATION VARIES FROM ONE JOB TO

ANOTHER.

 IT MAINLY DEPENDS ON THE EQUIPMENT ALREADY INSTALLED IN THE WELL AND

THE CONDITION IT IS IN.

 IT ALSO DEPENDS ON WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AND HOW THE OPERATION IS

GOING TO PROCEED IN PRACTICAL TERMS.

 WE DISCUSS BELOW THE DETAILED STEPS WHICH ARE GENERALLY INVOLVED IN

ALL THE WORK-OVER OPERATIONS

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 36
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

1. PREPARATION OF THE WELL PRIOR TO THE ARRIVAL OF THE WORK-OVER UNIT

THIS MAINLY MEANS :

 CHECKING THE STATUS OF THE WELL BY WIRELINE TECHNIQUES (CHECKING
THE TUBING, PROVING THE HOLES, TAGGING SEDIMENTS, TO CHECKING THE
PERFORATIONS WHETHER THEY ARE OPEN OR NOT).
 CHECKING THE WELL INTEGRITY (PRESSURE TESTS OF CASINGS)

 OPENING A CIRCULATING DEVICE DOWN-HOLE (SLIDING SLEEVE, BLANKING

PLUG OR DUMMY FROM SIDE POCKET MANDREL)

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 37
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 CHECKING THE INTEGRITY OF VALVES OF THE X-MAS TREE (PRESSURE TESTING

OF VALVES)

 CHECKING AND PREPARING THE APPROACH ROAD TO WELLS FOR MOVEMENT

OF THE WORK-OVER RIG.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 38
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

2. PUTTING THE WELL UNDER SAFE CONDITIONS (BEFORE RIGGING UP THE

SERVICE/WORK-OVER UNITS)

 THIS SAFETY PRECAUTION-CUM-OPERATION, IN FACT, SHOULD ALSO INVOLVE

ALL THE NEARBY WELLS THAT MIGHT BE AFFECTED WHEN THE
SERVICE/WORK-OVER UNIT IS BEING SET UP.

 THE OPERATION CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY IN ISOLATING THE SURROUNDINGS

FROM THE WELL PRESSURES AND KEEPING THEM UNDER OPTIMUM SAFE
CONDITIONS WHILE INSTALLING THE SERVICE/WORK-OVER UNITS OVER THE
WELLHEAD.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 39
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

THERE ARE 3 BASIC WAYS OF ACHIEVING THIS:

 BY INSTALLING PLUGS IN THE LANDING NIPPLES IN THE TUBING, WHICH ARE

GENERALLY AT THE BOTTOM OF THE WELL, BELOW THE PACKER.

 BY CLOSING THE SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE, IF THERE IS ONE.

 BY SETTING A BACK PRESSURE VALVE IN THE TUBING HANGER

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 40
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

AT LEAST, 2 OUT OF THESE 3 BARRIERS SHOULD NORMALLY BE IN PLACE.

THE VARIOUS LINES CONNECTED TO THE WELLHEAD ON THE SURFACE

SHOULD BE BLED OFF ANY PRESSURES AND/OR ISOLATED.

IF NEED BE, THEY CAN BE DISMANTLED.

NEARBY EQUIPMENT, THAT MIGHT BE DAMAGED, SHOULD BE COMPLETELY

DEPRESSURIZED.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 41
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

3. INSTALLING THE SERVICING OR WORK-OVER UNITS

ONCE THE WELL AND IT’S SURROUNDINGS HAVE BEEN SAFELY SECURED, THE
SERVICE/WORK-OVER UNIT AND IT’S ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT LIKE TANKS,
PUMPS, WORKSHOPS ETC. CAN BE SET UP .

THE EQUIPMENT IN THE SITE SHOULD BE SET UP IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE

SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE REGULATORY BODY.

HOWEVER, THE X-MAS TREE IS NOT YET REMOVED TO BE REPLACED BY THE

BOP’S

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 42
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

4. KILLING THE WELL

A WELL IS CONSIDERED TO BE PERFECTLY KILLED WHEN THE WORK-OVER

FLUID, WHOSE SP.GR. IS APPROPRIATE FOR THE RESERVOIR PRESSURE,
TOTALLY FILLS UP THE WELL .

THIS MEANS THAT THE INSIDE OF THE TUBING, THE TUBING-CASING

ANNULUS AND THE SPACE BELOW THE PACKER IS FILLED WITH THE WORK-
OVER FLUID.

THE WORK-OVER FLUID IS PREPARED IN SUFFICIENT AMOUNTS. THIS IS

GENERALLY 3 TIMES THE TOTAL VOLUME OF THE WELL.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 43
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

THE PROPERTIES REQUIRED OF A WORK-OVER FLUID IS AS FOLLOWS:

 TO KEEP THE WELL UNDER CONTROL BY IT’S HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE.

 TO CARRY UP CUTTINGS IF DRILLING OR MILLING IS PLANNED.

 NOT TO DAMAGE THE FORMATION.

 NO FLUID LOSS IN THE FORMATION

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 44
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

WITH THE SERVICE/WORK-OVER RIG IN PLACE AND THE WORK-OVER FLUID

READY, THE NEXT SET OF OPERATIONS ARE PERFORMED AS BELOW:

 THE PLUGS THAT WERE SET IN THE TUBING PRIOR TO THE MOVEMENT OF THE
SERVICE/WORK-OVER RIGS, HAVE TO BE PULLED OUT.
 THE WORK-OVER FLUID IS PUMPED INTO THE WELL TO DISPLACE THE TUBING
CONTENTS.
 THIS IS DONE EITHER BY CIRCULATION OR BY SQUEEZING.
 THE WELL IS THEN PUT UNDER OBSERVATION FOR STABILITY.
 KILLING OF WELL, SOMETIMES, IS CARRIED OUT BEFORE THE RIG IS
INSTALLED.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 45
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

CONSIDERATIONS ON KILLING THE WELL

 THE WORK-OVER FLUID USED TO KILL THE WELL, USUALLY, DISPLACES THE
WELL CONTENTS BY EITHER CIRCULATION OR BY SQUEEZING.

KILLING BY CIRCULATION

 EXCEPT IN SPECIAL CASES, CIRCULATION IS THE PREFERRED WAY TO KILL THE

WELL.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 46
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

THE FLUID IS CIRCULATED AS DEEP AS POSSIBLE IN THE TUBING, BUT ABOVE THE
PACKER, EITHER:

 THROUGH A CIRCULATING DEVICE OPERATED BY WIRELINE, VIZ. BY

 PULLING OUT A DUMMY FROM THE SIDE POCKET MANDREL
 OR BY OPENING THE PORTS OF A SLIDING SLEEVE.

 OR THROUGH PUNCTURED HOLES IN THE TUBING OPENED UP BY ELECTRIC

CABLE SHAPED CHARGES.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 47
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 A REVERSE CIRCULATION IS USUALLY THE OPTION CHOSEN FOR GAS WELLS OR

HIGH GOR OIL WELLS. IN OTHER WORDS, FLUID IS PUMPED INTO THE
ANNULUS WITH RETURNS THROUGH THE TUBING.

 THIS METHOD ENSURES THAT OIL AND GAS ARE THOROUGHLY DISPLACED.

 WITH DIRECT CIRCULATION, THE LIGHTER OIL AND GAS TEND TO MIGRATE IN
THE HEAVIER WORK-OVER FLUID WHICH IS LOCATED ABOVE THEM.

 ACCORDINGLY, THEIR IS NO CERTAINTY AS TO THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE

WORK-OVER FLUID THAT IS LEFT IN PLACE IN THE WELL AND AS SUCH, THERE
IS NO CERTAINTY REGARDING KILLING OF THE WELL.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 48
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 HOWEVER, AFTER A VOLUME CORRESPONDING TO THE TUBING VOLUME HAS

BEEN PUMPED IN THROUGH THE ANNULUS – AND THEREFORE AFTER OIL AND
GAS HAVE BEEN PUMPED OUT OF THE WELL – DIRECT CIRCULATION IS USED
TO HOMOGENIZE THE FLUIDS PRESENT IN THE TUBING AND ANNULUS.

 IN CONTRAST, SINCE ANNULAR PRESSURE LOSSES ARE GENERALLY LOWER

THAN TUBING PRESSURE LOSSES, WITH DIRECT CIRCULATION THE
OVERPRESSURE EXERTED ON THE PAY ZONE BY PRESSURE LOSSES IS
MINIMIZED.

 HENCE PROBLEMS OF LOST CIRCULATION AND PLUGGING ARE ALSO

MINIMIZED.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 49
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 WHETHER CIRCULATION IS REVERSE OR TOTALLY DIRECT, THE CHOKE IS

APPLIED ON THE RETURNS TO KEEP THE BOTTOM-HOLE PRESSURE HIGHER
THAN THE RESERVOIR PRESSURE ALL THROUGHOUT THE OPERATION,
THEREBY PREVENTING ANY KICKS.
 WHEN THE CIRCULATION IS FINISHED, NOT ALL THE FLUIDS LOCATED BELOW
THE CIRCULATION DEVICES HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY THE KILLING FLUID – SO,
KILLING IS ONLY PARTIAL.

 IF INJECTIVITY IS FAIR, KILLING CAN BE IMPROVED, AFTER CIRCULATION, BY

SQUEEZING THE OIL AND GAS STILL REMAINING BELOW THE CIRCULATION
DEVICE INTO THE FORMATION.

 HOWEVER, SOME OIL & GAS IS EXPECTED TO REMAIN TRAPPED IN THE

© IFP Training
ANNULUS UNDER THE PACKER AND THE TAILPIPE.

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GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 SOMETIMES, THE WORK-OVER FLUID IS CIRCULATED AFTER SETTING A PLUG

IN THE LOWER END OF THE TUBING.

 AS A RESULT THERE IS NO RISK OF LOST CIRCULATION INTO THE FORMATION

DURING CIRCULATION.

 HOWEVER THERE IS UNCERTAINTY REGARDING WHETHER THE PLUG CAN BE

PULLED OUT, ESPECIALLY IF IT GETS COVERED WITH DEPOSITS.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 51
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

KILLING BY SQUEEZING

THE SQUEEZE TECHNIQUE IS USED:

 WHEN THE CIRCULATION METHOD CANNOT BE USED - FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN

THERE IS A HOLE IN THE TUBING NEAR THE SURFACE; WIRELINE IS
IMPOSSIBLE BECAUSE OF A COLLAPSED TUBING OR BECAUSE OF A FISH;
VOLUME BELOW THE TUBING SHOE IS VERY LARGE ETC.

 WHEN INJECTIVITY IS VERY GOOD – THIS IS TRUE ESPECIALLY FOR GAS WELLS.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 52
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 SQUEEZING IS DONE ONLY AFTER AN INJECTIVITY TEST – JUST TO BE SURE

THAT INJECTIVITY IS SUFFICIENT.

 THIS IS BECAUSE OF THE SAME DRAWBACK AS WITH DIRECT CIRCULATION –

THAT IS, MIGRATION OF OIL AND GAS IN THE KILLING FLUID – GREATLY
COMPOUNDED BY THE FACT THAT THE FLOW RATES WITH A SQUEEZE JOB IS
OFTEN MUCH LOWER THAN WITH CIRCULATION.

 IF THE INJECTIVITY TEST IS UNSATISFACTORY, IT IS NECESSARY TO MODIFY THE

SQUEEZE CONDITIONS.

 FOR EXAMPLE, SQUEEZE AT A LOWER FLOW RATE, PROVIDED THE TOTAL

INJECTED VOLUME IS INCREASED.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 53
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 FOR A GAS WELL, PERFORM A SERIES OF SQUEEZES AND BLEED OFFS AT

CONSTANT BOTTOM-HOLE PRESSURE TO ALLOW THE GAS TO MIGRATE UP TO
THE SURFACE WITHOUT FRACTURING THE FORMATION.

 SOMETIMES, IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO ACCEPT TO SQUEEZE AT A

FRACTURING RATE OR

 REVISE THE PROGRAM THOROUGHLY AND USE A TECHNIQUE SUCH AS COIL

TUBING OR SNUBBING JUST TO KILL THE WELL OR TO CARRY OUT THE
COMPLETE OPERATION.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 54
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 THIS IMPLIES THAT THE INJECTIVITY TEST HAS TO BE PERFORMED LONG

BEFORE THE WORK-OVER IS DONE.

 THE CHOICE OF MEANS TO BE UTILIZED AND THE WORK-OVER PROGRAMM

DESIGN BOTH DEPEND ON THE INJECTIVITY TEST.

 JUST AS FOR CIRCULATION, KILLING IS NOT COMPLETE WHEN THE SQUEEZE

OPERATION IS OVER, AS OIL AND GAS STILL REMAINS TRAPPED IN THE
ANNULUS UNDER THE PACKER AND ALL OF THE ANNULAR FLUID.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 55
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

OBSERVING THE WELL

 AFTER KILLING BY CIRCULATION OR SQUEEZING, THE WELL MUST BE
OBSERVED TO CHECK THAT :
 THERE IS NO PRESSURE IN THE WELLHEAD;
 THE LEVELS ARE STABLE;
 THERE IS NO GAS CUTTING ON THE SURFACE.
 WHATEVER THE OBSERVATION TIME, THERE IS NO ABSOLUTE GUARANTEE
THAT THE WELL IS STABLE.
 THE TIME DEPENDS ON
 THE METHOD USED TO KILL THE WELL,
 THE WAY THE OPERATION ACTUALLY PROCEEDED AND
 ON OUTSIDE SIGNS OF PHENOMENA SUCH AS THERMAL EXPANSION.

© IFP Training
 IT CAN VARY FROM ONE TO SEVERAL HOURS.

Work-over F.J.P.B 56
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 IF THE WELL SHOULD PROVE UNSTABLE, KILLING MUST BE STARTED ALL OVER
AGAIN EITHER WITH THE SAME METHOD OR WITH ANOTHER METHOD.

 MODIFYING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTROL FLUID OR USE OF SPACE

FLUIDS, SOMETIMES, IS QUITE EFFECTIVE.

 THE WELL WILL BE UNDER OBSERVATION ONCE AGAIN FOR STABILITY.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 57
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

FINAL KILLING PHASE

 WHATEVER THE METHOD USED, THERE IS ALWAYS A CERTAIN VOLUME LEFT IN

THE WELL WHERE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PLACE THE WORK-OVER FLUID.

 THIS VOLUME MUST BE CIRCULATED AS SOON AS THE COMPLETION

EQUIPMENT REMOVAL OPERATIONS ALLOW.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 58
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

REPLACING X-MAS TREE WITH BOP

 SINCE THE WORK-OVER FLUID IS KEEPING THE WELL STABLE, ONLY ONE
MECHANICAL SAFETY BARRIER IS DEEMED NECESSARY – EITHER THE DOWN-
HOLE PLUG AND/OR THE SCSSV AND/OR THE BPV
 THE X-MAS TREE CAN THEN BE DISMANTLED AT THE TUBING HEAD SPOOL
AND REPLACED BY THE BOP, WHICH WILL BE THEN TESTED.
 THIS OPERATION SHOULD BE COMPLETED AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.
 IT IS IMPERATIVE THEREFORE THAT ALL REQUIRED PERSONNEL SHOULD BE
MOBILIZED, REQUIRED EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE IN STATE OF READINESS,
APPROPRIATE HANDLING AND HOISTING EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE AND THE
WELLHEAD CHECKED ETC.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 59
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

REMOVING COMPLETION EQUIPMENT

 THE INSTALLED BPV OR PLUG HAS TO BE RETRIEVED BEFORE THE PULLING

OUT OF THE DOWN-HOLE EQUIPMENT CAN COMMENCE.

 IF THERE IS A KICK WHILE TRIPPING, IT IS NECESSARY TO BE ABLE TO CLOSE

QUICKLY NOT ONLY THE ANNULUS WITH THE BOP TUBING RAMS, BUT ALSO
THE TUBING ITSELF.

 THE CORRESPONDING SAFETY DEVICE (KELLY COCK VALVE/ TUBING SAFETY

VALVE) MUST BE ON THE WORK-OVER RIG FLOOR READY FOR USE (THREADS
TO BE COMPATIBLE WITH TUBING THREADS)

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Work-over F.J.P.B 60
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 THE PROCEDURE FOR REMOVING THE DOWN-HOLE EQUIPMENT DEPENDS ON

THE TYPE OF EQUIPMENT AND IT’S CONDITION.
 PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IS THE TYPE OF PACKER –RETRIEVABLE OR
PERMANENT – TYPE OF CONNECTION BETWEEN THE TUBING AND THE
PACKER (SEAL ALONE OR SEAL PLUS ANCHOR).
 WITH A RETRIEVABLE PACKER, AND ESPECIALLY IF THE WORK-OVER IS BEING
DONE SEVERAL YEARS AFTER IT’S SETTING, IT IS OFTEN WISE TO CUT OFF THE
TUBING A FEW METERS ABOVE THE PACKER BY CHEMICAL CUTTERS.
 THEN, RUN IN DRILL PIPE WITH OVERSHOT, LATCH ONTO THE TUBING AND
UNSEAT THE PACKER.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 61
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 FURTHERMORE, WHATEVER THE KILLING METHOD, THERE IS ALWAYS A

VOLUME OF OIL AND/OR GAS TRAPPED UNDER THE PACKER.
 IT IS IMPORTANT TO CIRCULATE IT OUT AS SOON AS POSSIBLE – AFTER
UNSEATING THE RETRIEVABLE PACKER OR AFTER STABBING OUT OF A
PERMANENT PACKER.
 WHENEVER TRIPPING OUT, CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO AVOID SWABBING –
PARTICULARLY WHEN THE PACKER IS BEING PULLED OUT.
 SECONDLY, THE WELL MUST ALWAYS BE KEPT FULL WITH WORK-OVER FLUID.
 LASTLY, THE WELL’S STABILITY MUST FREQUENTLY BE CHECKED.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 62
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

WORK-OVER PLAN
WELLS COMPLETED WITH RETRIEVABLE HYDRAULIC PACKER
 OPEN SLIDING SLEEVE OR PULL OUT DUMMY FROM THE SIDE POCKET
MANDREL OR MAKE A HOLE ABOVE PACKER WITH ELECTRIC CABLE.
 LOCK OPEN SUB SURFACE SAFETY VALVES
 KILL THE WELL BY CIRCULATING WORK-OVER FLUID
 INSTALL BPV IN THE TUBING HANGER.
 REMOVE X-MAS TREE
 INSTALL BOP.
 REPLACE BPV WITH TWCV.(Two Way Check Valve)

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Work-over F.J.P.B 63
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 TEST THE BOP BETWEEN THE TWCV AND THE BLIND RAM; CONNECT A
TUBING IN THE TUBING HANGER, CLOSE THE PIPE RAM AGAINST THE TUBING
AND TEST THE PIPE RAM.
 REMOVE THE TWCV.
 CONNECT TUBING HANGER WITH TUBING STRING.
 UNLOCK TUBING HANGER BY UNSCREWING ANCHOR BOLTS.
 RELEASE PACKER BY STRAIGHT PULL/ROTATION.
 CIRCULATE WORK-OVER FLUID (AT LEAST ONE CYCLE).

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Work-over F.J.P.B 64
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 RECIPROCATE THE STRING TO BREAK THE SEAL TO AVOID SWABBING ACTION.

 PULL OUT COMPLETION STRING.

 IF IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO RELEASE THE PACKER, CUT THE TUBING ABOVE THE
PACKER, PULL OUT THE COMPLETION STRING.

 RUN IN OVERSHOT WITH BUMPER SUB ON TUBING/DRILL PIPE, CATCH THE

FISH AND PULL OUT.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 65
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WOR-KOVER OPERATION

 WELLS COMPLETED WITH RETAINER PRODUCTION PACKER

 OPEN SLIDING SLEEVE OR PULL OUT DUMMY FROM THE SIDE POCKET
MANDREL OR MAKE A HOLE ABOVE PACKER WITH THE ELECTRIC CABLE

 LOCK OPEN SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE

 KILL WELL BY CIRCULATING WORKOVER FLUID

 INSTALL BPV IN THE TUBING HANGER.

 REMOVE X-MAS TREE.

 INSTALL BOP.

© IFP Training
 REPLACE BPV WITH TWCV.

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GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 TEST THE BOP BETWEEN THE TWCV AND THE BLIND RAM; CONNECT A
TUBING IN THE TUBING HANGER, CLOSE THE PIPE RAM AGAINST THE TUBING
AND TEST THE PIPE RAM
 REMOVE THE TWCV
 CONNECT TUBING HANGER WITH TUBING STRING
 INSTALL BPV IN THE TUBING HANGER.
 UNLOCK TUBING HANGER BY UNSCREWING ANCHOR BOLTS.
 DISCONNECT TUBING SEAL FROM PACKER.
 CIRCULATE WORKOVER FLUID (AT LEAST ONE CYCLE)

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Work-over F.J.P.B 67
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 PULL OUT PRODUCTION STRING

 RUN IN MILLING TOOL WITH CATCHER SUB, MILL THE PACKER AND PULL OUT
THE PACKER OR
 RUN IN MILLING TOOL WITHOUT CATCHER SUB, MILL THE PACKER AND PUSH
DOWN UP TO THE BOTTOM.

© IFP Training
Work-over F.J.P.B 68
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

DOWNHOLE OPERATION, RECOMPLETION, REPLACING BOP BY THE X-MAS TREE AND

START UP
 THE TECHNIQUES ARE THE SAME AS THOSE USED WHEN THE WELL WAS
ORIGINALLY COMPLETED.
 HOWEVER, THE BOTTOMHOLE IS USUALLY CHECKED BEFOREHAND BY RUNNING
IN A DRILL STRING EQUIPPED WITH A DRILL BIT AND SCRAPER
MOVING OUT THE SERVICING OR WORKOVER UNIT
 IN THE SAME WAY AS FOR INITIAL COMPLETION, THE RIG CAN BE MOVED OUT
BEFORE OR AFTER THE WELL IS BROUGHT BACK ON STREAM.
 THE SAME SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS ARE COMPLIED WITH (ESPECIALLY
SETTING PLUGS)

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Work-over F.J.P.B 69
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

DEPLETED RESERVOIRS
 DEPLETED RESERVOIRS POSE PARTICULAR PROBLEMS AS SOON AS THEIR
RESERVOIR PRESSURE IS SUCH THAT CONVENTIONAL WORKOVER FLUIDS (BRINE,
OIL BASE FLUID) EXERT A CONSIDERABLE OVERPRESSURE.
 THEN THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS ARE POSED:
• LOSES MUD/ OR FORMATION DAMAGE.
• WELL KICK OFF AFTER OPERATIONS.

LOSSES AND FORMATION DAMAGE

 THE FIRST SOLUTION IS TO USE SPECIAL LIGHT FLUIDS, BUT BESIDES FOAM
(SP.GR. FROM 0.1 TO 0.2) THERE IS YET NO FLUID READILY AVAILABLE IN THE
MARKET IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THE 0.2 TO 0.8 RANGE (BETWEEN FOAM
TO OIL BASE FLUIDS)

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Work-over F.J.P.B 70
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

LOSSES AND FORMATION DAMAGE

 THE SECOND SOLUTION IS TO PROTECT THE FORMATION WITH “TEMPORARY”
BLOCKING AGENTS.
 THESE ARE USUALLY PRODUCTS THAT ARE UNSTABLE WITH TEMPERATURE OR
HIGHLY SOLUBLE IN ACID.
 THE PROBLEM WITH THEM IS THAT THEY ARE NEVER 100% TEMPORARY.
 THE THIRD SOLUTION CONSISTS IN ACCEPTING TO WORK WITH A “LOST” LEVEL.
THAT IS, WITH THE LEVEL SOMEWHERE IN THE WELL AND NOT ON THE
SURFACE.
 HOWEVER, THIS CAUSES SAFETY PROBLEMS AS IT IS HARD TO CHECK WELL
STABILITY CONSTANTLY AND IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH OPERATIONS THAT REQUIRE
CIRCULATION.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 71
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

 THE FOURTH SOLUTION, WHEN ONLY THE PRODUCTION STRING ABOVE THE
PACKER IS INVOLVED, CONSISTS IN PULLING OUT THE TUBING STRING ONLY
LEAVING THE PACKER WITH A PLUG IN THE TAILPIPE INSIDE THE WELL.

 THE FIFTH SOLUTION MIGHT BE TO USE A UNIT ALLOWING WORK ON A

PRESSURISED WELL, SUCH AS COIL TUBING OR SNUBBING IF THEY ARE
APPROPRIATE FOR THE JOB (CLEANING THE BOTTOM OF THE WELL ETC.)

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Work-over F.J.P.B 72
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF WORK-OVER OPERATION

START UP PROBLEMS
• THE TECHNIQUES DESCRIBED IN INITIAL COMPLETION ARE APPLICABLE AT THIS
STAGE EXCEPT THAT THERE IS USUALLY NO AVAILABLE KICKOFF FLUID THAT IS
LIGHT ENOUGH.

• IN SOME CASES THE PROBLEM DOES NOT CROP UP BECAUSE THE PURPOSE OF
THE OPERATION WAS TO INSTALL AN ARTIFICIAL LIFT SYSTEM OR READAPT THE
OLD ONE.

• IN OTHER CASES, IT IS VERY COMMON TO USE A COILED TUBING FOR

NITROGEN START UP OR TEMPORARY GAS LIFT.

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Work-over F.J.P.B 73