Identity, Culture

and
Society
IDENTITY
 Is the distinctive characteristics that defines an
INDIVIDUAL, or is shared by those belonging to a
particular GROUP.
 people may have multiple identities depending on
the GROUPS WHICH THEY BELONG.

 Example:
in a family
in school
 Identity can also be influenced by other factors such as
sexual, orientation gender and nationality.
 Identity can also changed over the course of a person’s
lifetime

 Example:
young people (son or daughter) → mother or father
student → professional
member of Roman Catholic → non Catholic Christian
Group
Question
answer
 Identities are important because they shape both
individual and group behavior as well as
people’s view about other people and society.

 Society entails knowledge about various

identities and how these shape people’s view and
behavior.

 Enables a person to appreciate what makes him

similar or different from other people.
CULTURE

 Society’s way of life, beliefs, away of thinking

that exist in a place or orientation
question

 Does Culture give significance to an individual?

answer

 Yes, it allows people to understand themselves in

relation to others

 It provides them, us, a lens through which they base

what is considered the right way of doings.
Material aspects Associated
with Culture
 Clothes
 Music
 Food
Non-Material aspects
Associated with Culture

 Interpretation of others behavior especially the

bases of what we regard as “right or wrong”
SUB-CULTURES

 A group that has beliefs and behaviors that are

different from the main groups within a culture or
society.
SOCIETY
 refers to a group of people living in a community.
 according to Madver and Page , “it is a web of social
relationships which is always changing.

 Elements of Society: shared laws

traditions
values
SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND
POLITICAL CHANGE

 the concept of indentity is related to to social,

cultural and political change, peoples individual and
collective identities have oftentimes transformed
social order and paved the way for lasting change.
example
 Filipinos first held election, 1930s.
-------- it is also a good example of how political and
social changes have transformed Filipino women’s
identities.
---- Rapidly advancing technology (sociocultural
and political change)
--------because people know more about what is
happening elsewhere in the world, trends.
Transformation.
 Phenomenon of international migration has
also change Filipino identities and beliefs.
ANTHROPOLOGY,
SOCIOLOGY AND
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
 Systematic study of biological, cultural and political
and social aspects of man.

 It is derived from two Greek words, “Anthropos”

which means “man” and “logos” which means “
study” or “inquiry”
question
 Is ANTHROPOLOGY significant branch of knowledge?

--- it integrates the elements from the biological

sciences and humanities to fully comprehend the
complex human species including their past practices
and social patterns, across diverse cultures.
renowned anthropologist

 Edward burnett taylor

 Franz boas
 Alfred Kroeber bronislaw
 Clifford Geertz
 Margaret mead
SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

 studies how social patterns and practices and

cultural variation across different countries.
CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY

 studies cultural variation across different

societies and examines the need to understand
each culture in its own context.
LINGUISTIC
ANTHROPOLOGY

 studies language and discourse and how they

reflect and shape different aspects of human society
and culture.
BIOLOGICAL OR
PHYSICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
 studies the origins of humans as well as the
interplay between social factors and the process of
human evolution, adaptation and variation
over time.
ARCHEOLOGY

 Deals with prehistoric societies by studying their

tools and environment.
SOCIOLOGY

 Define by Anthony Giddens as “study of human

social life group and society”.
 Social relationships
 It is an academic discipline that attempts to provide
a deeper assessment of individual and group
behavior, as well as by examining the interplay
between economic, political and social factor.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
 systematic study of Politics

 which Andrew Heywood describes as “the activity

through which people make, preserve, and
amend the general rules under which they live.

 Focuses on the fundamental values of equity

(fairness), freedom, justice.
POLITICAL SCIENTIST
 The works of Greeks Philosophers such as Plato, and
Aristotle as well as later European thinkers, Niccolo
Machiavelli, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Baron de
Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Karl
Marx are influential in the field of political science.
BRANCHES OF
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
 Public Administration

 Political Economy

 Comparative Politics
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

 Examine how government function and policies are

made.
POLITICAL ECONOMY

 Evaluates the interplay between economics, politics,

and its implications to various institution within the
society.
COMPARATIVE POLITICS

 Compares domestic politics and governance across

different sovereign states.
question
 What is the highlights on the discussion on Social,
cultural, and political changes?

The importance of learning about our society

and its process.
Helps us understand our social roles and how we
can participate in the changes we wish to make in our
respective societies.
Thank you!
BECOMING A
MEMBER OF THE
SOCIETY
SOCIALIZATION AND
ENCULTURATION

 John Locke a British Enlightenment

philosopher, said that the human
mind at birth is nothing but a blank
slate, or “TABULARASA”
Socialization
 Lifelong process of social
interaction through which
people acquires their
identities and necessary
survival skills in society.

 it is considered as central
 The process of socialization
enables a person to gradually
become aware, knowlegeable
human being, learn values, rules
and culture in his or her society.
 Interpretevist sociologist on
the other hand, see
socialization as an
interactive process
between individuals and
other members of the
society.
Example:

 The orientation of a student to

his/her new school,
 attendance in Sunday school,
 cathecism for Catholics,
 recruitement for political
parties.
The process of
socialization enables a person
to gradually become a self-
aware and knowledgeable
human being, and learn the
ways, values, rules and
culture of his/her society.
POLITICAL
SOCIALIZATION
 Socialization is also important in
politics, and a citizen develops and
acquires political ideas, values,
attitudes, beliefs, and opinions.

 A process which enables the

development of citizen to function
effectively within a particular
political system.
INTERNALIZATION
 Refers to the process of accepting
the social norms, attitudes, roles, and
values transmitted by people and
social groups within society as ones
own.
SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS
OF SOCIALIZATION
 Social context
-- refers to the particular
circumstances of a society and
consist of its culture, language,
and the social structures that define
a social class, ethnicity and gender.
 Content
-- refers to ideas, beliefs,
behavior, and other
information that are passed on
by members of the society to
the individual.
 Process
-- refers to the method of
interaction that enable the
content to be given to the
person undergoing
socialization.
 Results
-- refers to the outcome of
socialization, and are evident
when individuals begin to
practice the behaviors,
attitudes, and values that
society considers necessary for
them to function effectively as
 Example:
- Ability of an individual
to speak his or her native
language, and understand and
comply with basic rules and
norms in his or her community.
 A significant result of
socialization is self-identity,
which refers to the
establishment of a unique
sense of identity and an
awareness of how it relates to
their society and the world.
CONFORMITY,
DEVIANCE and
SOCIAL
CONTROL
Conformity
 Refers to the process of altering
ones thought and action to adapt
to the accepted behavior within his
or her group or society.

 A product of pressure exerted by

the group on the individual.
3 Types of
CONFORMITY
1. COMPLIANCE
 Refers to the outward
conformity to social pressure
but privately disagreeing with
it.

 This action is often motivated

2. IDENTIFICATION
 Refers to the individual
adopting a certain behavior or
opinion because it enables him
to have a satisfying relationship
with the member of his group.
3.
INTERNALIZATION
or
 Involve ACCEPTANCE
public compliance and internal
acceptance of the norms and standards
imposed by the group.
 Acceptance eventually results to the
integration of the groups set of belief and
behavior into the individuals own
framework.
 This is the most
permanent and deeply-
rooted response to social
influence.
DEVIANCE
 A behavior that elicits a strong
negative behavior from group
members and involves actions that
violate commonly held social norms.

 Deviance however varies depending

on the context of the group or
 What may be considered normal
behavior in one culture may be
considered deviant behavior in others.

example: in the Philippines, women

driving cars is common. But in Saudi
Arabia, it is considered undesirable
behavior for women and is banned by
ANOMIE
 refers to a condition where
social control becomes
ineffective due to the loss of
shared values and sense of
purpose in society.
Emile
 This gives way to either the
breakdown of traditional life
or a period of social change.
ROBERT MERTON

 Relates deviance to the

strain felt by individuals
whenever social norms
conflict with reality.
1. STRUCTURAL STRAIN
THEORY

 Argues that the tensions and strains

between socially-approved goals
an individuals ability to meet them
will lead to deviance.
 Example:
a construction worker trying to gain a
job for months but is unable to do so will
have an increasing frustration with
society and may force him into less-
desirable means of livelihood or
even crime.
2. SUBCULTURAL VIEW
 Points to the emergence of deviant
behavior within certain groups in
society or subcultures.
 Set of values and behavior
prevalent within these groups
makes them very prone to engage
in deviant criminal behavior.
 Example:
gang
(defiance, delinquency and
non conformity as traits that
define their identity as a
group), youth culture,
3. LABELING THEORY
 Symbolic interactionist considers
deviance as a socially constructed
phenomenon
 There is actually no deviance in
society; deviance only emerges
when society begin labeling certain
actions as “deviant” or
4 CONFLICT
PERSPECTIVE
 Analyzes deviance in the framework of
competing interest between social
groups and the maintenance of power
among the elites.

 Reflections of societys inequalities as

those who are less powerful in society
5. BROKEN WINDOW
THEORY

 Suggest a direct relationship

between social disorder and
deviance.
Example:
local government
maintaining constant police
presence and cleanliness in
areas associated with
criminality to discourage the
occurrence of petty crimes and
vandalism.
Control theories
consider deviance as emerging
because of inadequate social
controls. If society is unable to
maintain the control and order, it
encourages members to engage
in deviant behavior.
SOCIAL CONTROL
and
SANCTIONS
SOCIAL
CONTROL
 Systematic means and
practices used to maintain
norms, rules, and laws;
regulate conflict; and
discourage deviant behavior.
SANCTIONS
 Are the most common
means of social control,
and are often employed
to address conflicts and
violations of social norms.
Sanctions can be
FORMAL or
INFORMAL
FORMAL SANCTIONS
 Are those provided for by
laws and other
regulations in society.
Laws formally designated
certain deviant behaviors
as crimes, and prescribe
INFORMAL SANCTIONS
 Most commonly imposed by
smaller societies, communities,
or groups. These are often
arbitrarily agreed upon by
members of the group or
society.
Example:
ostracism and
social stigma
Ostracism
- the individual is forcibly
isolated fro the rest of
society for a certain time.
Social Stigma

- stigmatized person
still remains within the
society but is subject to
isolation and rejection
 Example;

Gossip is considered as
another way of imposing
informal sanctions
HUMAN DIGNITY
and HUMAN
RIGHTS
HUMAN dignity
 Refers to the idea that a
person has the innate right to
be valued, respected, and
treated well.
HUMAN rights
 Are legal, social, and ethical
principles that consider the
human person as deserving of
liberties and protections by
virtue of his or her human
dignity.
 Are HUMAN RIGHTS
and HUMAN DIGNITY
significant?
 In SOCIALIZATION, human
dignity and human rights is
the primary aim and must be
recognize and respect.
Characteristics of HUMAN
RIGHTS
 UNIVERSAL, because they
belong to all human beings.
 FUNDAMENTAL, since
they cannot be taken
away from any human
being.
 ABSOLUTE, since they cannot
be qualified and are considered
basic necessities for living in
genuine life.
 INDIVISIBLE, as various
rights are interrelated and
given equal importance.