Drilling Machine…

Drilling
• Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece
by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.

• The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.

• The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the

drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck.

• The most common drill used is the twist drill.

• It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop.
• The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the
drill rotates to make a hole.

• Types :-
a) Based on construction:
Portable, Sensitive, Radial, up-right, Gang, Multi-spindle
b)Based on Feed:
Hand and Power driven
Portable drilling machine
Sensitive Drilling Machine

Drill holes from 1.5 to 15mm

Operator senses the cutting action

hence called sensitive drilling machine
Up-Right Drilling Machine

Drill holes upto 50mm

Table can move vertically and radially

Radial Drilling Machine
It the largest and most versatile used for
drilling medium to large and heavy work
pieces.
Drill Materials
The two most common types are
1. HSS (High Speed Steel) drill
- Low cost
2. Carbide- tipped drills
- high production and in CNC machines
Other types are
Solid Carbide drill, Tin coated drills, carbide coated masonry drills,
parabolic drills, split point drill
Drilling and Drills
Types of drills
• Twist drill: most common drill
• Step drill: produces holes of two or
more different diameters
• Core drill: used to make an existing
hole bigger
Drill fixed to the spindle
Drilling operations are
generally used for

Drilling Centre Hole

Drilling Deep Holes

Drilling Thin Material

Drilling Pilot Hole

The shank is the end
of a drill bit grasped
Tool Nomenclature Flutes are Helical or
straight grooves cut or
by the chuck of a drill formed in the body of
the drill to provide
The margin is cutting lips, to permit
cylindrical portion of removal of chips, and
the land which is not to allow cutting fluid to
cut away to provide reach the cutting lips
clearance
Point is the cutting end
The body is a portion of a drill, made up of the
of the drill extending ends of the lands and the
from the shank or web; in form it resembles
neck to the outer a cone, but departs from
corners of the cutting a true cone to furnish
lips clearance behind the
cutting lips
Web is the central
portion of the body that
joins the lands; the
extreme end of the web
forms the chisel edge
on a two-flute drill
Tool Holding devices
• The different methods used for holding drill in a drill spindle are
• By directly fitting in the spindle hole.
• By using drill sleeve
• By using drill socket
• By using drill chuck
Work Holding Devices
1.Machine vice
2.V-blocks
3.Strap clamps and T bolts
4.Angle Plate
Drilling operations…
• Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are

 Drilling
 Reaming
 Boring
 Counter boring
 Countersinking
 Spot facing
 Tapping
Operations in drilling machine

Spot facing
Types of cutters
Reamers :-
Multi tooth cutting tool
Accurate way of sizing and finishing the pre-existing hole.
Accuracy of 0.005mm can be achieved

Boring Tool:-
Single point cutting tool.
Boring tool is held in the boring bar which has the shank.
Accuracy of 0.005mm can be achieved.
Countersinks :-
Special angled cone shaped enlargement at the end of the hole
Cutting edges at the end of conical surface.
Cone angles of 60°, 82°, 90°, 100°, 110°, 120°

Counter Bore Tool:-

Special cutters uses a pilot to guide the cutting action .
Accommodates the heads of bolts.
Counter bore and spot facing
Types of cutters
Combined Countersinks and central drill :-
Special drilling tool to start the hole accurately.
At the end it makes countersinks in the work piece.
Gun drill :-
Machining of lengthy holes with less feed rates.
To overcome the heating and short life of the normal drill tool
Drilling
It is the operation of producing a round hole by a rotating tool called
drill. Before drilling the center of the tool is located and marked on the
workpiece. The rotating drill is pressed at the marked point and fed into
the workpiece.
Drilling does not produce an accurate hole. The internal surface is
rough.
The hole produced is slightly greater than the size of the drill due to
vibrations caused during drilling.
Reaming
It is a finishing operation done to a previously drilled hole.
The tool used for reaming is a reamer.
Reamer is a cylindrical tool having multiple cutting edges.
A point should be noted that reaming can only finish a drilled hole and
it cannot correct the position of the hole.
The spindle speed for reaming is half that used for drilling.
The metal removed in reaming very less.
Boring
It is an operation of enlarging a hole using a single point cutting tool.
Generally done where suitable size drill is not available.
The single point tool is held in a boring bar which has a tapered shank
that fits into the drilling machine spindle.
Using boring we can correct the position and direction of the drilled
hole.
Boring is slower operation compared to reaming as in reaming we use
multi-point tool but here we use single point tool.
Counter boring
It is the operation of enlarging one end of a drilled hole cylindrically to
a given depth. This operation is performed to seat heads of a socket,
screw and studs.
In front of the counter bore there is a non cutting portion called Pilot.
It helps to locate the tool with respect to the hole that is already
present in the workpiece. The pilot serves as a guide for the tool.
Cutting speed of counter boring is slightly less than drilling
Counter sinking
It is the operation of machining a conical enlargement(bevelling) at the
end of a drilled hole. Counter sinking is performed to provide a recess
for the head of a counter sink screw so that the screw head seats firmly
and does not project out.
Spot facing
It is an operation of smoothening and making a surface flat around a
hole. The tool is held in a bar and it projects on both sides of the bar.
Spot facing is done to seat a nut or washer.
Tapping

It is the process of cutting an internal thread using a tool called tap. A

tap has cutting edges in the form of threads. When the tap is screwed
the metal is removed and thread is cut. While tapping the feed of the
tap should be equal to the thread pitch on the tap for one revolution.
3 types of taps used in practice are
1.Rough or taper---- used to begin the threads
2.Intermediate or second---- used after rough to continue threading
3.Finisher or bottoming---- used for finishing touch
Work Holding Devices

• 1. Machine Table Vice

Work Holding Devices
• Step Blocks
• Clamps
• V-Blocks
• Angles
• Jigs
• T- Slots Bolt
Feed Mechanism
• Hand Feed
The hand- feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of
drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machine that are operated by
the operator, using a feed handled, so that the operator is able to “feel” the action
of the cutting tool as it cuts through the work piece. These drilling machines can be
bench or floor mounted.
• Power feed
The power feed drilling machine are usually larger and heavier than the hand feed
ones they are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool in to the work
automatically, at preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle these machines
are used in maintenance for medium duty work or the work that uses large drills
that require power feed larger work pieces are usually clamped directly to the table
or base using t –bolts and clamps by a small work places are held in a vise. A depth
–stop mechanism is located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a
precise depth.
Definitions
• Cutting Speed (v):-
It’s the peripheral speed of the drill
v = *D*N where
D = dia of the drill in m
N = Speed of rotation in rpm
Feed Rate (f):-
It’s the movement of drill along the axis (rpm)
Depth of Cut (d):-
The distance from the machined surface to the drill axis
d=D/2
Material Removal Rate:-
It’s the volume of material removed by the drill per unit time
MRR = ( D2 / 4) * f * N mm3 / min

Machining Time (T) :-

It depends upon the length (l) of the hole to be drilled , to the Speed (N) and feed
(f) of the drill
t = L / f N min
Precautions for Drilling machine
• Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.
• Machines should be cleaned after use
• Chips should be removed using brush.
• T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts, pulley should be cleaned.
• Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting
Safety Precautions
• Do not support the work piece by hand – use work holding device.
• Use brush to clean the chip
• No adjustments while the machine is operating
• Ensure for the cutting tools running straight before starting the
operation.
• Never place tools on the drilling table
• Avoid loose clothing and protect the eyes.
• Ease the feed if drill breaks inside the work piece