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Kinematics in Two Diamensions

Here are the solutions to the problems on projectile motion under gravity: 1. (a) 9.8 m (b) 19.6 m (c) 29.4 m 2. (a) (i) 3 m (ii) 6 m (b) (i) 4.9 m/s (ii) 7.8 m/s 3. 45 m 4. (a) √(2*84/9.8) = 4 seconds (b) √(2*84*9.8) = 28 m/s 5. (a) 58.8 + 19.6^2/2*9.

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emanuel coates
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186 views

Kinematics in Two Diamensions

Here are the solutions to the problems on projectile motion under gravity: 1. (a) 9.8 m (b) 19.6 m (c) 29.4 m 2. (a) (i) 3 m (ii) 6 m (b) (i) 4.9 m/s (ii) 7.8 m/s 3. 45 m 4. (a) √(2*84/9.8) = 4 seconds (b) √(2*84*9.8) = 28 m/s 5. (a) 58.8 + 19.6^2/2*9.

Uploaded by

emanuel coates
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Projectile Motion

Motion In Two Dimensions


Projectile motion applies to destructive
projectiles.
Other
Examples
Of
Projectiles
A projectile is any object that moves
through the air or through space, acted on only by
gravity (and air resistance).

The motion of a projectile is determined only


by the object’s initial velocity, launch angle and
gravity.
Projectile Motion and Inertia

•
Projectile motion is a combination of horizontal
motion and vertical motion.

The horizontal motion of a projectile is constant


because no gravitational force acts horizontally

The vertical motion of a projected object is


independent of its horizontal motion.
In Projectile motion the horizontal
component called ‘x ‘and the vertical
component called ‘y’.
The x-component of a projectile’s motion is
there from the start, and stays the same the entire time.

The y-component
of a projectile’s
motion doesn’t
even exist at the
beginning, but
grows bigger as
the object falls.
The vertical motion of a projectile is nothing more than
free fall with a constant downward acceleration due
to gravity.
A projectile, once projected, continues in
motion by its own inertia and is influenced
only by the downward force of gravity.

Gravity accelerates objects downwards, but is


unable to affect the horizontal motion of a
projectile.
A projectile moves horizontally with constant
velocity while being accelerated vertically. The
result is a motion in a curved path.
The path of a projectile is called its trajectory.

The trajectory of a projectile in free fall is a parabola.

The total
distance
traveled by a
projectile is
known as its
range.
Horizontal Shot.

If the barrel of a rifle is horizontal to the surface of


the earth when fired, the bullet never rises above
the barrel, and gravity causes an immediate
descent.
Horizontal and Vertical Velocities
A projectile is any object upon which the only force is gravity,
Projectiles travel with a parabolic trajectory due to the

influence of gravity,
There are no horizontal forces acting upon projectiles and thus

no horizontal acceleration,
The horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant (a never

changing value),
There is a vertical acceleration caused by gravity; its value is

9.8 m/s2 down,


The vertical velocity of a projectile changes by 9.8 m/s each

second,
The horizontal motion of a projectile is independent of its

vertical motion.
Projectile Vectors
Horizontal and vertical components are
represented as vectors.
An object projected
horizontally will
reach the ground in
the same time as
an object dropped
vertically.

No matter how
large the horizontal
velocity is, the
downward pull of
gravity is always
the same.
The cannonball falls the same amount of distance as it did
when it was merely dropped from rest
Horizontally launched projectile
Horizontal velocity is constant. Vertical
velocity is changing due to gravitational
acceleration..
Vertically launched projectile

The horizontal velocity component remains


the same size throughout the entire motion of
the cannonball.
If projectiles are launched at the same speed, but at different
angles, the height and range is of the projectile are affected.
Maximum range is achieved if the projectile is
fired at an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the
horizontal.
0°, 90°minimum range

45°maximum range

Angle with Longest time in


Air? 90°
Which angle of projection causes a projectile
to stay in the air longer? 50 or 70 degrees

70 degrees,
(closest to 90,
longer time in air)
Equations of Kinematics for
constant Acceleration

• Acceleration a = Δv/ Δt

• Horizontal Component
• vx = v0x + at
• X = ½(v0x + vx)t
• X = v0xt + 1/2at2
• V2x = v0x2 + 2ax
Horizontal vxi=vcosq

Vertical vyi=vsinq

Vertical Component
• Vy = v0y +at
• Y = ½(voy + vy)t
• Y = v0yt + ½ ayt2
• Vy2 = v0y2 + 2ay
Equations of motion:

X Y
Uniform motion Accelerated motion
ACCELERATION ax = 0 ay = g = -9.81 m/s2

VELOCITY vx = vi cos Θ vy = vi sin Θ + g t

DISPLACEMENT x = vi t cos Θ y = vi t sin Θ + ½ g t2


Motion Under Gravity – Free fall

• When an object is moving upwards its


acceleration is ‘-g’ , because its motion is in
opposite direction to the gravitational
attraction on the body. When the body moves
downwards, the acceleration is taken as ‘+g’
because motion is in the same direction as the
direction of the gravitational attraction of the
earth on the body.
• For motion under gravity a = -g for upward
vertical motion, and a = + g for downward
motion

• The equation of motion for a body moving


under gravity are obtained by replacing s and
a of equation by h and g where h is the
height of the object above the ground and g is
the acceleration due to gravity
• The equation of motion under gravity are
given by :

v = u ± gt …………………… 1
h = ut ± ½ gt² ……………… 2
v² = u² ± 2gh ………………..3
• When a body is released from a height above
the ground, the initial velocity u is zero.
When it is thrown upwards, its velocity v at
its highest point is zero. It has its maximum
velocity when it hits the ground again.
1. A ball is dropped from a tower 70 m
high, How far will the ball have fallen
after a time
(a). t1 = 1 seconds,
(b) t2 = 2 seconds,
(c) t3 = 3 seconds?
2. A ball is thrown downward with
an initial velocity of 3 m/s. (a)
What then would be its position
after (i) 1 second and
(ii) 2 seconds.
(b). what would be its speed after
(i) 1 second and
(ii) 2 seconds?
3. A person thrown a ball upward in to
the air with an initial velocity of 15 m/s.
Calculate how high it goes?
4. A ball dropped from a window 84
m above the ground. (a). When
does the ball strike the ground? (b).
What is the velocity of the ball when
it strikes the ground?
5. A ball is thrown upward at 19.6
m/s from a window 58.8 m above
the ground.
(a). How high does it go?
(b). When does it reach its highest
point?
(c). When does it strike the
ground?

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