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Nebula

There are 5 main types of nebulae: 1. Emission nebulae which are clouds of ionized gas that glow due to excitation from nearby stars. 2. Reflection nebulae which reflect starlight giving off a blue glow. 3. Dark nebulae which are dense clouds that appear dark against background stars. 4. Planetary nebulae which are shells of gas ejected from dying stars. 5. Supernova remnants which are the remains of exploded massive stars.

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439 views

Nebula

There are 5 main types of nebulae: 1. Emission nebulae which are clouds of ionized gas that glow due to excitation from nearby stars. 2. Reflection nebulae which reflect starlight giving off a blue glow. 3. Dark nebulae which are dense clouds that appear dark against background stars. 4. Planetary nebulae which are shells of gas ejected from dying stars. 5. Supernova remnants which are the remains of exploded massive stars.

Uploaded by

shalu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Nebula

Dalam kebanyakan galaksi, ruang di antara bintang-bintang ditelapi oleh gas,


terutamanya hidrogen dan sedikit helium serta debu.
Bahan ini adalah lebih tumpat di sesetengah kawasan berbanding dengan
yang lain, menghasilkan awan gas dan debu yang besar yang dinamakan
sebagai nebula.

The Orion Nebula The Horsehead Nebula The Crab Nebula


What Are Nebulae?

The word "nebula" is derived from the Latin word for "clouds".
'Nebulae' is just the plural form of 'nebula.'
A nebula is the location of where something called the interstellar medium (ISM)
is densest. The ISM is the birthplace of stars.

There are 5 types of nebulae:


1. Emission Nebulae
An emission nebula is a glowing cloud of ionized gas that is excited by ultraviolet
radiation absorbed from hot nearby stars. Such a star must be hotter than 25,000
K to emit enough UV radiation to ionize the gas. When a gas is ionized, it's excited
and produces an emission spectrum with a distinct pink color.
Emission nebulae have another name, HII regions. This is important to remember
because it tells us that it is hydrogen gas that is ionized. HI hydrogen is neutral
and HII hydrogen is ionized. In HII regions of space, free electrons mix with
ionized nuclei. When a nucleus grabs hold of a free electron, the electron falls
down its energy level. When this occurs, a photon is emitted at a very specific
wavelength that produces the pink hue.
2. Reflection Nebulae
A reflection nebula is a nebula produced when starlight reflects from very small
dust particles floating in the interstellar medium, resulting in a bluish glow.
The reason it causes a bluish glow out in space is the same reason the sky is blue.
Shorter wavelengths, which are blue, scatter more easily than longer wavelengths.
Molecules in the air also scatter blue light from our sun like the dust out in space,
making the sky appear blue as blue photons enter your eyes from every which
way!
Reflection nebulae and emission nebulae are often seen together and are
sometimes both referred to as diffuse nebulae.

3. Dark Nebulae
A dark nebula is a cloud that is so dense it is opaque and appears as a dark area of
space against background of distant stars or brighter nebulae.
Probably the most famous of these dark nebulae is the Horsehead Nebula in the
constellation Orion.
4. Planetary Nebulae
Planetary nebulae are shells of gas thrown out by some stars near the end of
their lives. Our Sun will probably produce a planetary nebula in about 5 billion
years. They have nothing at all to do with planets; the terminology was invented
because they often look a little like planets in small telescopes. A typical
planetary nebula is less than one light-year across.

5. Supernova Remnants
Supernovae occur when a massive star ends its life in an amazing blaze of glory.
For a few days a supernova emits as much energy as a whole galaxy. When it's all
over, a large fraction of the star is blown into space as a supernova remnant. A
typical supernova remnant is at most few light-years across.
1. Emission Nebulae

Planetary nebulae, represented here by the Ring Nebula, are examples of emission nebulae.
Rosette is an emission nebula
The Orion Nebula (M42) is possibly the most famous emission nebula.
The Eagle Nebula seen in visible light (true colour)
Eagle Nebula
Cat’s Eye Nebula
2. Reflection Nebulae

The Witch Head reflection nebula (IC2118), about 900 light years from
earth, is associated with the bright star Rigel in the constellation Orion.
The Ghost Nebula, a reflection nebula in Cepheus
The Pleiades is one of the most famous reflection nebulae.
Crab Nebula
Trifid nebula (Messier 20)
Reflection Nebula NGC 7023 – The Iris Nebula
3. Dark Nebulae

Horsehead Nebula
B72, The Snake Nebula
Barnard 72 is the famous "Snake" or "S" dark nebula in Ophiuchus.
It is a concentration of obscuring dust and dark matter in space that is opaque and doesn't
let the stars behind show through it. To the right of the Snake is B68, an extremely dense
dark nebula, and below are B69, B70 and B74.
LDN 673 (Lynds’ Dark Nebula 673) is a highly fractured and very dense dark cloud
complex of about 7 light-years across, located in the center of the Aquila Rift, some 300 –
600 light-years from Earth in the northern constellation of Aquila (the Eagle).
4. Planetary Nebulae

Helix planetary nebula


NGC 6720, The Ring Nebula
Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543)
NGC 2392, The Eskimo Nebula
The Spirograph Nebula, a bright planetary nebula in Lepus
Planetary nebula NGC 6818 lies 6,000 light-years away in Sagittarius.
5. Supernova Remnants

Crab Nebula (also known as Messier 1)


It is the remnant of a supernova explosion at a distance of about 6,000 light-years,
observed almost 1,000 years ago, in the year 1054. It contains a neutron star near
its center that spins 30 times per second around its axis
Cassiopeia A (Cas A) Supernova Remnant in X-ray
Cas A is the youngest known supernova remnant in our Milky Way Galaxy and resides 11,000 light-years away in
the constellation Cassiopeia, so the star actually blew up 11,000 years before the light reached Earth in the late
1600s. The star that created this colorful show was a big one, about 15 to 25 times more massive than our Sun.
Massive stars like the one that created Cas A have short lives. They use up their supply of nuclear fuel in tens of
millions of years, 1,000 times faster than our Sun. With their fuel exhausted, heavy stars begin a complex chain of
events that lead to the final dramatic explosion. Their cores rapidly collapse, releasing an enormous amount of
gravitational energy. This sudden burst of energy reverses the collapse and tosses most of the star's mass into
space. The material from the explosion is moving outward at speeds of over ten million miles an hour, or 1.5% the
speed of light! Therefore the nebula has expanded to about 10 light-years in diameter in the 310 years we have
been watching it.
These are the intricate filaments of faint supernova remnant Simeis 147. Seen
towards the constellation Taurus it covers nearly 3 degrees (6 full moons) on the sky
corresponding to a width of 160 light-years at the stellar debris cloud's estimated
distance of 3,000 light-years. It is one of the faintest objects in the sky
This supernova remnant has an apparent age of about 100,000 years - meaning light from
the massive stellar explosion first reached Earth 100,000 years ago - but this expanding
remnant is not the only aftermath. The cosmic catastrophe also left behind a spinning
neutron star or pulsar, all that remains of the original star's core.
Veil Nebula
This is a small portion of the Veil Nebula — the shattered remains of a supernova that
exploded thousands of years ago. The entire structure spans about 3 degrees on the sky,
corresponding to about 6 full moons.
IC 443
W44

The supernova remnant IC 443, popularly known as the Jellyfish Nebula, is located 5,000
light-years away toward the constellation Gemini and is thought to be about 10,000 years
old. W44 lies about 9,500 light-years away toward the constellation Aquila and is
estimated to be 20,000 years old. Each is the expanding shock wave and debris formed
when a massive star exploded.

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