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Measurements

1. A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m with an accuracy of 1 mm. Precautions must be taken to avoid errors from the object not touching the ruler, parallax errors, or using the worn ends of the ruler. 2. A vernier caliper can measure objects up to 12 cm with an accuracy of 0.01 cm. It has two pairs of jaws, main and vernier scales, and the reading is the sum of the two scale readings. 3. A micrometer screw gauge can measure lengths from 0.1 mm to 25 mm with an accuracy of 0.01 mm using a main scale and thimble scale. The reading is the

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775 views

Measurements

1. A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m with an accuracy of 1 mm. Precautions must be taken to avoid errors from the object not touching the ruler, parallax errors, or using the worn ends of the ruler. 2. A vernier caliper can measure objects up to 12 cm with an accuracy of 0.01 cm. It has two pairs of jaws, main and vernier scales, and the reading is the sum of the two scale readings. 3. A micrometer screw gauge can measure lengths from 0.1 mm to 25 mm with an accuracy of 0.01 mm using a main scale and thimble scale. The reading is the

Uploaded by

shuganesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measuring Instruments

Ruler
1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from
a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an
accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).

Measuring Instruments

Ruler
2 Precautions to be taken when using a ruler:
(a) Ensure that the object is in contact with the ruler to
avoid inaccurate readings.
(b) Avoid parallax errors.

Measuring Instruments

Ruler
Parallax errors in measurement arise as a result of taking
a reading, with the eye of the observer in the wrong
position with respect to the scale of the ruler. Figure 1.7
shows the correct position of the eye when reading the
scale.
Error = 0.1 cm

Error = 0.1 cm

Measuring Instruments

Ruler
(c) Avoid zero and end errors.
The ends of a ruler, which may be worn out, are a source
of errors in measurement. Thus it is advisable to use the
division mark `1' of the scale as the zero point when
taking a measurement.

Measuring Instruments

Ruler

(c) Length of the block, l =3.2cm-1.0cm = 2.2 cm

Measuring Instruments

Vernier Caliper

1 Lengths
smaller than 1
mm can be
measured with
the help of an
instrument
called a
vernier
caliper.

Measuring Instruments

Vernier Caliper
2 A vernier caliper is used to measure an object
with dimensions up to 12 cm with an accuracy of
0.01 cm.

Measuring Instruments

Vernier Caliper
3 There are two pairs of
jaws, one is designed to
measure linear dimensions
and external diameters
while the other is to measure
internal diameters.

Measuring Instruments

Vernier Caliper
4. To measure with a vernier caliper, slide the vernier
scale along the main scale until the object is held firmly
between the jaws of the caliper. The subsequent steps are
as follows.

Measuring Instruments

Vernier Caliper

(a)The reading on the main scale is determined with


reference to the `0' mark on the vernier scale. The reading
to be taken on the main scale is the mark preceding the
Figure 1.10 shows that the '0' mark on the vernier scale
lies between 3.2 cm and 3.3 cm. The reading to be taken
on the main scale is 3.2 cm (the `0' mark on the vernier
scale acts as a pointer).

Measuring Instruments

Vernier Caliper

(b) The reading to be taken on the vernier scale is indicated by the


mark on the vernier scale which is exactly in line or coincides with
any main scale division line. Figure 1.10 shows that the fourth mark
on the vernier scale is exactly in line with a mark on the main scale.
Thus the second decimal reading of the measurement is:
Vernier scale reading = 4 x 0.01 cm
= 0.04 cm

Measuring Instruments
0.04

Vernier Caliper

3.2

(c) The reading of the vernier caliper is the result of the


addition of the reading on the main scale to the reading on
the vernier scale.

Measuring Instruments
0.04

Vernier Caliper

3.2

(c) The reading of the vernier caliper is the result of the


addition of the reading on the main scale to the reading on
the vernier scale.
Caliper reading = Main scale Reading + Vernier scale
reading
Thus the reading of the vernier caliper in Figure 1.10 is
= 3.2 + 0.04 = 3.24 cm

Measuring Instruments

Vernier Caliper
5. A vernier caliper has a zero error if the `0'
mark on the main scale is not in line with the '0'
mark on the vernier scale when the jaws of the
caliper are fully closed

Measuring Instruments

Vernier Caliper
(a) Positive zero error
Zero error = +0.04 cm.

Measuring Instruments

0.02cm

0.70 cm
0.72 cm

Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper
(b) Negative zero error
Zero error = -0.02 cm.

Measuring Instruments

Micrometer Screw Gauge

1 A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure


small lengths ranging between 0.10 mm and
25.00 mm.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
2 This instrument can be used to measure diameters
of wires and thicknesses of steel plates to an
accuracy of 0.01 mm.

Measuring Instruments

Micrometer Screw Gauge

The micrometer scale comprises a main scale marked on


the sleeve and a scale marked on the thimble called the
thimble scale.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
4 The difference between one division on the upper scale
and one division on the lower scale is 0.5 mm.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
5

The thimble scale is subdivided into 50 equal divisions.


When the thimble is rotated through one complete turn,
i.e. 360, the gap between the anvil and the spindle
increases by 0.50 mm.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
6 This means that one division on the thimble scale
0.5mm
is
= 0.01 mm.
50

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
7 When taking a reading, the thimble is turned until
the object is gripped very gently between the
anvil and the spindle.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
8 The ratchet knob is then turned until a `click'
sound is heard.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
9 The ratchet knob is used to prevent the user
from exerting undue pressure.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
10 The grip on the object must not be excessive as
this will affect the accuracy of the reading.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
11 Readings on the micrometer are taken as follows.
(a) The last graduation showing on the main scale
indicates position between 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm.
Thus the reading on the main scale is read as 2.0
mm.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
11 Readings on the micrometer are taken as follows.
(b) The reading of the micrometer screw gauge is the
sun of the main scale reading and the thimble
scale reading which is:
2.0 + 0.22 =2.22 mm

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
11 Readings on the micrometer are taken as follows.
(b) The reading on the thimble scale is the point where the
horizontal reference line of the main scale is in line with
the graduation mark on the thimble scale Figure 1.15(b)
shows this to be the 22nd mark on the thimble scale,
thus giving a reading of 22 x 0.01 mm = 0.22 mm.

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
12 Readings on the micrometer are taken as follows.
(a) Positive zero error
In Figure 1.16, the horizontal reference line in the main
scale is in line with the 4th division mark, on the positive
side of the `0' mark, on the thimble scale. The error of
+0.04 mm must be subtracted from all readings taken.
Zero error = +0.04 mm

Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
13(b) Negative zero error
In Figure 1.17, the horizontal reference line on the main
scale is in line with the 3rd division mark, below the `0'
mark of the thimble scale.
Zero error = -0.03 mm

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