UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI

DIVISION OF GENERAL STUDIES

COURSE TITLE: PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
GST 224 (2 UNITS)
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Basic Concepts in Peace Study and Conflict Resolution
a. What is Peace?
b. What is Violence?
c. Types of Violence
2. Peace as Vehicle of Unity and Development
a. Peace and Unity
b. Peace and Development
c. Conflict Issues
d. Theories of Conflicts
(i) Stages of Conflicts
(ii) Consequences of Conflicts
3. Types of Conflicts
a. Ethnic Conflicts
b. Religion Conflicts
c. Political Conflicts
d. Economical Conflicts
4. Root Causes of Conflict and Violence in Africa
a. Indigene/Settler phenomenon
b. Farmers/Cattle herders phenomenon
c. Minority/Majority Tribal phenomenon
d. Religious domination phenomenon
e. Political party power struggle
5. Peace Building
6. Case Study of Conflict
a. Domination
b. Avoidance
c. Compromising
d. Confrontation/fighting
7. Management of Conflict and Security
8. Alternative Dispute Resolution
a. Conflict Resolution
b. Conflict management
c. Conflict suppression
d. African Traditional Dispute Resolution (ATDR)
e. Dialogue/habilitation in Conflict Resolution
f. Peace mediation and Peace keeping
9. Alternative Dispute Resolution

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a. Multi-tract approach tips
10. Role of International Organisation in Conflict Resolution e.g. UN, AU, ECOWAS

PEACE

Peace is defined as the absence of war, fear, conflict, anxiety, suffering, violence and disputes. The
following are also meanings of peace:

 Peace as absence of war

 Peace as absence of direct violence
 Peace as absence of injustice
 Peace as absence of fear
 Peace as absence of respect and
 Peace as absence of tolerance

VIOLENCE

Violence as the absence of peace can be defined as any act of aggression and abuse which causes or
intends to cause injury or harm to persons, and animals or property.
It can be planned or unplanned, viable or physical, inter-personal or inter-group. Violence can
also be “an aggressive tendency to act out destructive behaviours. We also have “random” and
“coordinated” violence.

Forms of violence
 Abuse
 Aggravate assault
 Assault and battery
 Property damage
 Cruelty to animals
 Child abuse
 Domestic violence
 Murder
 Rape

Types of Violence

The Norwegian Peace Theorist, Johar Gultung distinguished three types of violence. They are:
1. Direct Violence
2. Structural Violence
3. Cultural Violence

 Direct violence: These include physical, emotional and psychological aggression

 Structural Violence: They includes bad policies, bad structures and bad governance

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 Cultural Violence: Cultural bad norms, bad practices, discrimination, injustice and human
suffering.

PEACE AS VEHICLE OF UNITY AND DEVELOPMENT

When the society has no justice, no development, no respect for human dignity, no tolerance between
people, no balanced political power, no total freedom, then there is a necessity for the intervention of a
third party which connotes the peace making, peace keeping, peace enforcement, peace building, peace
intervention, preventive diplomacy and conflict mediation and negotiation.

CONFLICT AND CONFLICT ISSUES

Conflict
The origin of the word conflict is traced to the 15 th century Latin word which means to “Strike
together”, or “fight”.
McNamara (2006) contends that conflict emanates “when two or more values, perspectives and
opinions are contradictory in nature and haven’t been aligned or agreed about ….” Conflict is certainly
an intrinsic and inevitable part of human existence.
Conflict, can be constructive (positive) or destructive (negative)

According to Scarborough (2002) in situations where existing structures are tilted in favour of
one group while putting the others at a disadvantage as amply illustrated in Khotaris.

THEORIES OF CONFLICT
Coher (1968), observed that the goal of any theory is to explain something which has occurred with a
view to dealing with problems which arise as a result of explanations, predictions and suggestions on
unidentified or unobservable processes which are known. The theories include:

1. Structural Conflict Theory

a. Radical structure
b. Liberal structure
2. Realist Theory
a. Descriptive realism
b. Explanatory realism
c. Perspective realism
It states that human nature is selfish individualistic and naturally conflictive.
3. Biological Theory: Human kind is evil by nature and has a long tradition. According to Cham,
since our ancestors were instinctively violent, and since we elided from them, we too are also
destructive in our genetic makeup.
4. Frustration – Aggression Theory:
a. Expected need satisfaction
b. Actual need satisfaction
E.g. crises of Niger Delta Area of Nigeria
5. Physiological Theory: Human brain reacts when people are under stress and threat
a. Stress – nurses in America, wrong medication/death threat

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6. Economic Theory: People in conflict are not brought as a result of economic difference but
rather the conflict is as a result of greed. E.g.
a. American greed in oil in Middle-east
b. Armed formations
7. Psycho-cultural Conflict Theory includes:
a. Discrimination
b. Deprivation
c. Humiliation
d. Oppression
e. Victimization
f. Feeling of inferiority
8. Human needs Theory: All human beings have basic needs they need to fulfill and that the denial
of the need may result to conflict. They include:
a. Physical needs (shelter, food, health)
b. Psychological (protection, affection)
c. Social (freedom to move)
d. Spiritual (freedom to worship)
e. Physiological needs (safe, belongings, live, esteem and self actualization).
9. Systemic Theory which includes:
a. Environmental degradation
b. Population growth
c. Modernization
d. Political disorder
10. Relational Theory which includes:
a. Sociological
b. Political
c. Economic
d. Historical

CONFLICT ISSUES
1. Discrimination
2. Injustice
3. Farmers/Herdsmen disputes
4. Power mongers
5. Religious Liberty

TYPES OF CONFLICTS
Conflict is inevitable when there is existence of injustice and lack of freedom, conflict occurs when two
or more people engage in a struggle over values and claims to status, power and resources. We have 3
types:
1. Ethnic conflict
2. Political conflict

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3. Economic conflict

Ethnic Conflicts
They are also communal conflicts and they are usually between neighboring communities. The following
promote the interest of ethnic groups:
 Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) in Eastern Nigeria
 Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOP) in Southern Nigeria
 The Ijaw National Congress (INC) in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria
 O’dudua People Congress (OPC); Western Nigeria
 Arewa Consultative Forum (ACF); Northern Nigeria
 Niger Delta Volunteer Force (NDVF)
 Niger Delta Defence Force (NDDF)

Political Conflicts
 1986 – 1992 riots over the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)
 Frequent Labour Strike
 Mass Protests over increase in fuel price
 Inter and intra-religious intolerance
 Electoral Crisis (1983) against the ruling National Party of Nigeria (NPN)

Economic Conflicts
Nigeria’s economic crisis has long been implicated and complicated by the tangles of what is generally
referred to as “the debt trap”, “debt over hangs” and “National debt question”.

ROOT CAUSES OF CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE IN AFRICA

1. Indigene/Settler phenomenon
2. Farmers/cattle herders phenomenon
3. Minority/majority tribe phenomenon
4. Religious domination phenomenon
5. Political party power struggle
6. Corruption: Misuse of office for personal gains (Klitgaavd, Abaroa and Parries 2002)

THE WAY FORWARD

1. Peace Making Through Advocacy
It covers practices and activities like active non-violence, peace and environmental activism, human
rights protection and peace campaigns against the proliferation of small arms and light weapons and
economic injustice.
 Restructuring of political parties
 Funding or peacemaking through providing resources
 Religious leaders of both Christians and Muslims should teach their followers to be tolerant of
their religious creed by words and examples.

2. Peace Building

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Peace building is about the attempts to overcome the structural, relational and cultural contradictions
which lie at the root of conflict in order to underpin the processes of peacemaking and peace keeping
(Francis). It is simply a combination of the fields of development studies and conflict resolution.

MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICT AND SECURITY

Management of conflict could be attained through the following processes:

1. Conflict Resolution
This is the approaches aimed at terminating conflict through the constructive solving of
problems, distinct from management or transformation.
2. Conflict management
This is the process of reducing the negative and destructive capacity of conflict through a
number of measures and by working with and through the parties involved in that conflict.
3. Conflict transformation
The aim of conflict transformation is to change the parties, their relationship and the conditions
that create the conflict.
4. Conflict suppression
It is used to portray the unwillingness of more powerful parties, or stronger interveners who
have the ability to transform or manage a conflict situation, to take necessary measures leading
to the management and resolution of conflict.
5. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
It is about the search for an application of “non conventional” peaceful methods or settling
disputes and resolving conflict situations using the least expensive method, and in ways that
satisfy the parties as well as ways that preserve relationship after a settlement might have been
reached.
6. African Traditional Dispute Resolution
Due to the power conferred on traditional chiefs in Africa, dispute resolution system is rigid. It
takes the form of judicial arbitration.
7. Western Alternative Dispute Resolution (WADR)
This promote the use of non-violent approaches to conflict

MAJOR CAUSES OF CONFLICT IN NIGERIA (1980 – 06)

 Ethno-political conflict
 1995 – Ogoni crisis, 1995 – 2000 = Ife-Modakeke
 1995 – 2000 : Niger Delta, 2005 = OPC
 Ethno-political-economic conflict against oil companies in the Niger Delta. It causes large scale
self-destruction as a result of illegal siphoning of petroleum.

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ADR)

ADR is specially meant to serve as an alternative to the official conventional means of settling
disputes, mainly through litigation and the courts, but with preference for non-violence. The following
are adopted for (ADR)

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1. Religion
a. Islam
b. Christianity
c. African Religion
2. Elders of the Community
3. Associations
4. Media
5. Press

ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION

The aim of these organizations is to enhance and maintain economic stability, to strengthen relations
between its members and contribute to progress and development of the entire world.

1. ECOWAS
The main aim of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is to promote co-operation
and development in all fields of economic activity, particularly in the field of industry, energy,
agriculture, commerce, telecommunication, natural resource, monetary and finance for the purpose of
raising the standard of living of Africa.
Established in Lagos Treaty in 1975 and have 15 members

2. African Union (AU)

By mid-1961, Africa was divided into three distinct camps with respect to pan-African movement. These
are:
a. Casablanca
b. Monrovia
c. Brazzaville groups
A. Casablanca group include Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Morocco, the United Arab Republic and Libya.
They were called Radical States which believed that African unity could come about only first
through political unity involving all independent African nations.
B. Monrovia group include Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Liberia, Tunisia, Togo and Somalia. They
favoured a steb-by-step approach to political unity on the continent.
C. Brazzaville group comprised of 12 former French colonies namely Cameroon, Central African
Republic, Chad, Congo, Brazzaville, Dahomey (now Benin), Gabon, Ivory Coast (Code d’Ivoire),
Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso). Declaration of
December 1960, favoured the retention of close links with their former colonial power, France.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF OAU now AU

 To promote the unity and solidarity of African States
 To defend their sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence
 Coordinate and intensify their cooperation and efforts to achieve a better life for the people of
Africa.
 To eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa

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 To promote international cooperation, having due regard to the United Nation (UN)

3. The United Nations (UN)

The aim is to maintain international peace and security by taking “effective and collective measures” to
prevent or remove threats to peace.
To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights
and self determination of peoples to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems
e.g. economic, social or cultural, political.
To provide a forum for the harmonization of policies, and attitudes, of member nations in the
resolution of common ends.

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
First Semester (main) Examination 2006/2007 Session
GST 224: PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
SECTION A: STATE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) AGAINST EACH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT
1. The world is seen as an arena of conflict according to the explanatory realism
2. Peace is something that exist alongside violence and war
3. The Hutu are the primary parties is Somali crisis
4. The February 18th 2006 crisis in Maiduguri is purely an ethnic conflict
5. The shadow in conflict are the primary parties
6. The involuntary process of conflict management is those that parties have control over the outcome
7. The structural conflict theorist blamed federalism as a system for providing a source of conflict
8. Peace is not an insatiable phenomenon
9. Women are part of Africa traditional dispute resolution process

Advocacy is important in the achievement of peace. This is often done primarily by non-governmental
organizations and some government agencies. Advocacy can be achieved through electronic media and
point media.
“The electronic media include television, radio etc”. “The point media are the newspaper, magazine”.
Politics has been identified as one of the major causes of conflict in Nigeria. Constitutionally, any
movement or association that wants to be registered as a political party must have geographical spread.
It must not be identified to represent either an ethnic group or a religion or a region. Considering the
historical evolution of political parties in Nigeria, the constitutional regulates the formation as well as
activities of political parties.
Christianity and Islam have contributed greatly to the development of the Nigerian state.
Unfortunately, they are equally the major causes of conflict in Nigeria.
Religious leaders are very important instrument in conflict prevention, management and peace
building (confidence building)
There are two broad approaches to conflict management

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1. Top approach: This is the use of external bodies, or professional or expert in the resolution of
conflict scenario.
2. Bottom approach: This is the use of local people particularly members of the communities in
conflict like the elders or elite, the Chiefs or the Bulamas. Conflict can be resolved or prevented
through proactive measure and reactive measure
Proactive: This can also be referred to as preventive measure. This is only obtainable in a peaceful
environment
Reactive: This can be referred to as response to conflict management.

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
First Semester (main) Examination 2007/2008 Session
Type A
GST 224: PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
SECTION A: CIRCLE THE LETTER TO THE CORRECT ANSWER
1. Scholars of peace have generally agreed on some attributes of peace (a) 6 attributes (b) 5 attributes
(c) 3 attributes
2. Direct violence includes (a) physical and psychological (b) emotional and bad norms (c) all of the
above
3. The Norwegian conflict theorist Johanw Galtung distinguished some types of violence (a) 3 types (b) 4
types (c) 2 types
4. The word conflict in a Latin word meaning (a) both B & C (b) to strike together (c) to fight
5. In Jewish “SHALOM” means (a) peace (b) conflict (c) mediation
6. Realist theory of conflict has categorized conflict into (a) 3 segments (b) 2 segments (c) 5 segments
7. Economists see conflict as having (a) functional utility (b) dysfunctional utility (c) marginal utility
8. Human needs theory is similar to (a) frustration aggression theory (b) realist theory (c) economic
theory
9. Conflict is innate among animals including human being according to (a) Biological theory (b)
physiology theory (c) human needs
10. AAPW means (a) academic associate peace works (b) academic associate’s peace workers (c)
academic association peace works
11. In conflict analysis, fact finding differs from case study because is (a) is less thorough (b) less time
consuming (c) both A & B
12. Simon fisher et al (2000) identified some stages of conflict (a) 4 stages (b) 6 stages (c) 5 stages
13. ADR is a method of settling dispute through the (a) conventional means (b) coercive method (c) non-
conventional means
14. Conflict transformation means (a) resolving conflict (b) terminating conflict (c) changing attitude and
perception
15. ECOMOG means (a) ECOWAS monitoring organ (b) ECOWAS management organ (c) ECOWAS
monitoring group
16. How many major elements of ATDR? (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 4

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17. Which among these is a component of “PEACE” under (ADRR)? (a) Talks (b) venue (c) materials
gathering
18. Diamond and McDonald (1996) summarized how many multi-track approaches to peace making
activities? (a) 2 approaches (b) 8 approaches (c) 9 approaches
19. Analysis meeting in conflict analysis is mostly done by (a) government (b) law enforcement agents (c)
NGOs
20. Crises stage in conflict circle represents (a) the stage of confusion (b) the stage of movement (c) the
peak stage
SECTION B: STATE TRUE OR FALSE AGAINST EACH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT
21. Indigene/settler conflict in Nigeria is attributed to “push” and “pull” factors ( )
22. The “SHADOWS” in conflict are the secondary parties ( )
23. Approaches differ as conflict becomes more and more sophisticated ( )
24. The February 19th 2006 crisis in Maiduguri is a religious conflict ( )
25. The “CLANS” are the primary parties to Somali conflict ( )
26. WADR seeks to promote the use of violent approaches ( )
27. While proactive method of conflict resolution is also called curative method ( )
28. Reactive method of conflict resolution is also called preventive method ( )
29. Lenin is one of the exponents of human needs theory ( )
30. Johan Gultung is an American conflict theorist ( )
31. Conflict is seen by the realists theorist as having a functional utility ( )
32. The word is seen as an arena of conflict according to prescriptive realism ( )
33. Conflict suppression means conflict management ( )
34. When conflict becomes open and manifest is called the crisis stage ( )

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
First Semester (main) Examination 2007/2008 Session
Type B
GST 224: PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
1. AAPW means (a) academic associate peace works (b) academic associate’s peace workers (c)
academic association peace works
2. Conflict is innate among animals including human being according to (a) Biological theory (b)
Physiological theory (c) human needs
3. Human needs theory is similar to (a) frustration aggression theory (b) realist theory (c) economic
theory
4. Economists see conflict as having (a) functional utility (b) dysfunctional utility (c) marginal utility
5. Conflict is innate among animals including human being according to (a) Biological theory (b)
Physiological theory (c) human needs
6. In Jewish “SHALOM” means (a) peace (b) conflict (c) mediation
7. AAPW means (a) academic associate peace works (b) academic associate’s peace workers (c)
academic association peace works

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8. The Norwegian conflict theorist Johanw Galtung distinguished some types of violence (a) 3 types (b) 4
types (c) 2 types
9. Realist theory of conflict has categorized conflict into (a) 3 segments (b) 2 segments (c) 5 segments
10. Scholars of peace have generally agreed on some attributes of peace (a) 6 attributes (b) 5 attributes
(c) 3 attributes
11. How many major elements of ATDR (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 4
12. ECOMOG means (a) ECOWAS monitoring organ (b) ECOWAS management organ (c) ECOWAS
monitoring group
13. Crises stage in conflict circle represents (a) the state of confusion (b) the stage of movement (c) the
peak stage
14. Analysis meeting in conflict analysis is mostly done by (a) government (b) law enforcement agents (c)
NGOs
15. Simon fisher et al (2000) identified some stages of conflict (a) 4 stage (b) 6 stages (c) 5 stages
16. In conflict analysis, fact finding differs from case study because is (a) is less thorough (b) less time
consuming (c) both A & B
17. Diamond and McDonald (1996) summarized how many multi-track approaches to peace making
activities (a) 2 approaches (b) 8 approaches (c) 9 approaches
18. Which among these is a component of “peace” under ADRR? (a) Talks (b) venue (c) materials
gathering
19. Conflict transformation means (a) resolving conflict (b) terminating conflict (c) changing attitude and
perception
20. ADR is a method of settling dispute through the (a) conventional means (b) coercive method (c) non-
conventional means
SECTION B: STATE TRUE OR FALSE AGAINST EACH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT
21. The “CLANS” are the primary parties to Somali conflict ( )
22. The February 19th 2006 crisis in Maiduguri is a religious conflict ( )
23. Approaches differ as conflict becomes more and more sophisticated ( )
24. The SHADOWS in conflict are the secondary parties ( )
25. Indigene/settler conflict in Nigeria is attributed to “push” and “pull” factors ( )
26. When conflict becomes open and manifest is called the crisis stage ( )
27. Conflict suppression means conflict management ( )
28. The world is seen as an arena of conflict according to prescriptive realism ( )
29. Conflict is seen by the realists theorist as having a functional utility ( )
30. Johan Gultung is an American conflict theorist ( )
31. Lenin is one of the exponents of human needs theory ( )
32. Reactive method of conflict resolution is also called curative method ( )
33. WADR seeks to promote the use of violent approaches ( )
34. While proactive method of conflict resolution is also called curative method ( )

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
First Semester (main) Examination 2007/2008 Session

11 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

Type C
GST 224: PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
SECTION A: CIRCLE THE LETTER TO THE CORRECT ANSWER
1. Integrated conflict management circle involves how many stages (a) 3 stages (b) 2 stages (c) 6 stages
2. The Tiv–Jukun crisis is caused by (a) accesses and control over land (b) leadership (c) none of the
above
3. Direct violence includes (a) physical and psychological (b) emotional and bad norms (c) all of the
above
4. Which among these is one of the roles of a mediator? (a) to legitimize (b) problem explorer (c) both A
&B
5. Conflict is innate among animals including human being according to (a) Biological theory (b)
Physiological theory (c) human needs
6. Structural violence comprises of (a) bad policies (b) physical combat (c) structural defects
7. Scholars of peace have generally agreed on some attributes of peace (a) 6 attributes (b) 5 attributes
(c) 3 attributes
8. In “HINDU” peace means (a) Ahimsa (b) shalom (c) Ubuntu
9. In Jewish “SHALOM” means (a) peace (b) conflict (c) mediation
10. The Zangon-Kataf crisis was precipitated by (a) both A & B (b) indigene/settler problem (c) religious
fanaticism
11. ECOMOG means (a) ECOWAS monitoring organ (b) ECOWAS (c) ECOWAS monitoring group
12. How many major elements of ATDR? (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 4
13. In conflict analysis, fact finding differs from case study because is (a) less thorough (b) less time
consuming (c) both A & B
14. Simon fisher et al (2000) identified some stages of conflict (a) 4 stage (b) 6 stage (c) 5 stage
15. Analysis meeting in conflict analysis is mostly done by (a) government (b) law enforcement agents (c)
NGOs
16. Crises stage in conflict circle represents (a) the stage of confusion (b) the stage of movement (c) the
peak stage
17. ADR is a method of settling dispute through the (a) conventional means (b) coercive method (c) non-
conventional means
18. Simon fisher et al (2000) identified some stages of conflict (a) 4 stage (b) 6 stage (c) 5 stage
19. Which among these is a component of “PEACE” under (ADRR)? (a) Talks (b) venue (c) materials
gathering
20. Diamond and McDonald (1996) summarized how many multi-track approaches to peace making
activities (a) 2 approaches (b) 8 approaches (c) 9 approaches
SECTION B: STATE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) AGAINST EACH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT
21. Conflict control abatement is one of the essential of integrated conflict management circle ( )
22. Liberty is one of the cultures of peace building ( )
23. Conflict theories like any other theories are set of preposition ( )
24. The February 19th 2006 crisis in Maiduguri is a religious conflict ( )
25. Approaches differ as conflict becomes more and more sophisticated ( )
26. In Africa cultures women are also parties to conflict resolution ( )

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27. Farmers/Headers conflict is prevalent in all Nigerian societies ( )
28. Pre-conflict state is when parties try to expose their problem for public to know ( )
29. WADR is prescribed by the sanctity of their tradition ( )
30. Johan Gultung is an American conflict theorist ( )
31. Lenin is one of the exponents of human needs theory ( )
32. When conflict becomes open and manifest is called the crisis stage ( )
33. Conflict suppression means conflict management ( )
34. The realist theorist blamed capitalism as the bedrock of conflict in Nigeria ( )

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
Second Semester (Main) Examination 2007/2008 Session
Type A
GST 224: Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution (2 Units)
SECTION A: CIRCLE THE LETTER TO THE CORRECT ANSWER
(1) The origin of the word conflict is traced to the 15th century Latin word called …. which means to
‘strike together’ or ‘fight’ (a) confliction (b) conflicting (c) confer (d) conflicts
(2) Direct violence according to the Norwegian conflict theorist Johan Galtung includes the following: (a)
bad policies and structures (b) bad norms and practices (c) only physical violence (d) physical, emotional
and psychological
(3) Conflict theorists like Galtung have distinguished how many types of violence (a) two (b) four (c) five
(d) three
(4) The proliferation of indigene-settler ‘virus’ among communities in Nigeria is as a result of which of
these factors (a) Political factor (b) Socio-cultural factor (c) Ethnic chauvinism (d) Land ownership and its
occupancy
(5) All these factors were identified as the root causes of violent conflict in Nigeria except (a) Power
struggle (b) Indigene-settler issue (c) Ethnic and religious domination (d) Social status
(6) Conflict analysis is generally considered as the key to understanding the attributes of any because:
(a) is easy (b) interesting (c) is more professional (d) it gives clear information
(7) Individuals, government, NGOs and CSOs identified ….. of conflict analysis (a) five (b) two (c) four (d)
three
(8) AAPW is a peace projects oriented non-governmental organization which stands for which of these:
(a) All Academic Peace Works (b) Advanced Action Peace Workers (c) Advance Action Peace Works (d)
Academic Associate Peace Works
(9) Simon Fisher et-al (2000) identified how many stages of conflict? (a) two (b) six (c) four (d) five
(10) Confrontation is third stage in conflict circle which becomes open and farthest characterized by all
these except (a) Occasional fighting (b) Low levels of violence (c) Search for allies (d) Killings, injuries and
displacement
(11) Taylor’s action to the RUF of Sierra Leone is an example of a …….. ‘ ‘ conflict (a) Direct (b) Primary
(c) Secondary (d) Advance
(12) All these scholars are exponents of structural conflict theory except: (a) Marx (b) Engel (c) Plato (d)
Lenin

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(13) The realist theory of conflict blamed human nature for been selfish and engaged in the pursuit of
selfish interest defined as (a) Authority (b) Materialism (c) Power (d) Individualism
(14) The realist theory of conflict has …. components in its explanation (a) two (b) five (c) three (d) four
(15) Biological theorist believed that conflict is genetically …… (a) motivated (b) influenced (c) instinct (d)
contrived
(16) Physiologists believed that human brains react when people are under ….. (a) pressure (b) agony (c)
stress and threats (d) anxiety
(17) Economist across the ages viewed conflict as a (a) Public utility (b) dysfunctional utility (c) functional
utility marginal utility
(18) How many elements ATDR have studied? (a) five (b) six (c) four (d) two
(19) All these are elements of ATDR except (a) Mediation (b) Communication (c) Coercion (d)
Adjudication
(20) Diamond and McDonald (1996) summarized …… track of peace making (a) ten (b) seven (c) nine (d)
twelve
(21) Proactive method of conflict resolution means (a) curative (b) preventive (c) conciliation (d)
mediation
(22) While reactive method means (a) arbitration (b) curative (c) preventive (d) mediation
(23) All these are importance of ADR except (a) less cost (b) less talk (c) less time (d) builds stronger
relationship
(24) According to ….. ‘Conflict resolution is a variety of approaches aimed at terminating conflicts
through the constructive ……..’ (a) Diamond (b) Miller (c) McDonald (d) Best
(25) Which among these is an element of ‘setting’ in ATDR? (a) wine (b) neutral venue (c) gender (d)
materials gathering
(26) ECOMOG means (a) ECOWAS Monitoring Group (b) ECOWAS Military Group (c) ECOWAS Mobile
Group (d) ECOWAS Moderation Group
(27) The primary role of ECOMOG is to …. (a) Restore law and order (b) Mediate (c) Reconcile (d)
Negotiate
(28) Crisis stage in conflict circle represents the ….. (a) peak (b) outcome (c) pre-conflict stage (d) post
conflict stage
(29) Which of these theories of conflict combines the doctrines of both theological and biological
theories of conflict? (a) Realist theory (b) Frustration-aggression theory (c) Physiological theory (d)
Psycho-cultural conflict theory
(30) All these are voluntary processes of managing conflict under Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
except (a) Legislation (b) Facilitation (c) Brokerage (d) In-depth research
SECTION B: STATE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) AGAINST EACH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
(31) Conflict management is sometimes called conflict regulation; is a ‘process of reducing the negative
and destructive capacities of conflict through a number of measures including the parties involved in
that particular conflict [ ]
(32) The Hurus are one of the primary parties of Somali crisis [ ]
(33) Military coups and counter coups are more political than economic crisis [ ]
(34) The universal religion of Islam and Christianity has greatly impacted of the approaches used by
Africans [ ]

14 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

(35) Conflicts are destructive (negative) in all ramifications [ ]

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
First Semester (Main) Examination 2008/2009 Session
GST 224: Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution (2 Units)
SECTION A: FILL IN THE BLANK SPACE
1) Peace is defined as ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2) AAPW stands for ……………………………………………………………………………………….......................
3) Secondary parties in conflict are also called the …………………………………………………………………………….
4) Johar Galtung distinguishes 3 types of violence these are i. ……………………………… ii. ……………………………..
iii. ………………………………………..
5) List any 3 root causes of conflict in Nigeria i. …………………………………………………………………… ii.
…………………………………………………………. iii. …………………………………………………………………………………
6) The ‘Wajir’ conflict in Kenya called …………………………………………… is one of the worst in African
Continent.
7) In 2000, the UNO Security Council Resolution 1325 redeclaired the need for full …………………………… of
women in peace process.
8) Write the full meaning of ATDR …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9) List any two NGO you know ………………………………………………………………………………………..
10) Ceasefire means ………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION B: CIRLCE THE LETTER TO THE CORRECT ANSWER
11) The origin of the word conflict is traced to the 15 th century Latin word called ………………… which
means to ‘strike together’ or fight (a) confliction (b) conflicting (c) conflicts (d) configure
12) Diamond and McDonald (1996) summarized ………….. track of peace making (a) ten (b) seven (c) nine
(d) twelve
13) According to Kofi Anan women can serve as (a) wives (b) mothers (c) peace educators (d) teachers
14) The Somalian civil war started in the early (a) 1990s (b) 2000 (c) 1980s (d) none of the above
15) Women have granted one of the following roles in Sudan peace process (a) leading role (b) observer
role (c) peripheral role (d) none of the above
16) The ECOWAS Protocol on non-aggression on member states was signed in (a) 1980 (b) 1979 (c) 1978
(d) 1981
17) Theory is an idea or believes about (a) conflict (b) violence (c) prepositions (d) culture
18) The main argument of the structural conflict theory is hinged upon (a) social problem (b) economic
problem (c) all of the above (d) political problem
19) Human beings are higher species of animals and would fight over things which they ……. (a) need (b)
desire (c) cherish (d) want
20) Basic need theory comprised of (a) physical (b) psychological (c) both a, b & c (d) spiritual
21) Tiv-Jukun conflict of 1990 happened in (a) Benue state (b) Adamawa (c) Both Benue & Taraba (d)
Taraba state
22) Factors that compounded the Zangon-Kataf conflict includes (a) ethnic (b) social (c) economic (d) all
of the above

15 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

23) The leader of Maitatsine group is from (a) Chad (b) Niger (c) Benin (d) Cameroon
24) Conflict resolution is a total ……. of conflict (a) management (b) transformation (c) mitigation (d)
termination
25) Conflict transformation involves change in (a) approach (b) style (c) system (d) perception & attitude
SECTION C: STATE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) AGAINST EACH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
26) It is becoming increasingly accepted that women have unique opportunities for conflict resolution
due to the unique roles they play in the society ( )
27) The conflict in Central African Republic was mainly caused by right over water and grazing ( )
28) The Universal Declaration of Human Right is a statement affirming the dignity and right of human
beings ( )
29) Ife-Modakeke crisis took place in Ogun state ( )
30) ADR seeks to change attitude and perception of parties to the conflict ( )

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
First Semester (Main) Examination: 2009/2010 Session
Type A
GS 224: Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution (2 Units)
SECTION A: CIRCLE THE LETTER TO THE CORRECT ANSWER
1. Conflict can hardly be discussed outside the concept of (a) Society (b) Nationalism (c) Development (d)
Pluralism
2. The perspective of the Jukuns in the Tiv-Jukun crisis was that the Tiv were (a) Aborigines (b) trouble
makers in Wukari (c) Hardworking farmers (d) incomers and settlers in Wukari
3. Peace is primarily concerned with…. just order (a) Inciting (b) Development (c) Introducing (d)
Providing
4. The origin of the word conflict can be traced to the 15 th century Latin word (a) Chaos (b) Strike (c)
Fight (d) Conflicts
5. Peace can be categorized in terms of a compass with two counterbalance pointers (a) Development
and underdevelopment (b) Development and Mobilization (c) Development and Peace (d) Development
and Conflicts
6. The position of human need theory is similar to (a) Frustration aggression theory (b) biological theory
(c) Realist theory (d) Psycho-cultural conflict theory
7. Peacekeeping entails use of peacekeepers to keep conflicting parties (a) Apart (b) Together (c) In
groups (d) In agreement
8. Conflict analysis is generally considered as the key to understanding the attributes of any given
conflict because (a) It gives clear information (b) Is easy (c) interesting (d) Is more professional
9. The annulment of the June 12 Presidential elections in 1993 generated (a) Political conflict (b)
Economic conflict (c) Social conflict (d) Underdevelopment
10. The most remarkable political factor within the area occupied by both Tiv and Jukuns up to 17 th and
into 19th century was the ancient (a) Kwarafa Kingdom (b) Kanem Borno (c) Sokoto Caliphate (d) Gongola
Chiefdom

16 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

11. A good example of the way in which frustration leads to aggression can be seen in the activities of (a)
Boko Haram (b) Niger Delta (c) Tiv-Jukun crisis (d) Jos crisis
12. The main reason for the involvement of ECOMOG in the Liberian crisis was to (a) Stop Banditry (b)
Restore peace (c) Replace the UN forces (d) Rescue the Liberia President
13. African Traditional Dispute Resolution is …. in handling conflicts (a) Flexible (b) Rigid (c) Hard (d)
Friendly
14. Building lasting relationship between parties in conflict through attitudinal and perception change is
called (a) Conflict Revolution (b) Conflict Transformation (c) Conflict Management (d) Conflict
Suppression
15. The use of force in settling conflict can be called (a) Conflict Resolution (b) Conflict Suppression (c)
Conflict Transformation (d) Arbitration
16. Political conflict are more often associated with (a) Voting (b) Registration of voters (c) Electoral
process (d) Campaign
17. ECOWAS was primarily established to promote (a) Peace (b) Good neighbourliness (c) Economic
growth (d) Political harmony with the West African Sub-Region
18. OAU’s first practical experience in conflict intervention was in (a) Congo (b) Liberia (c) Tchad (d)
Sierra Leone
19. All these are components of peace except (a) Absence of fear (b) Absence of war (c) Absence of
tolerance (d) Absence of injustice
20. The root cause of conflict according to Realist theorist is …. in human nature (a) Greed (b) Injustice
(c) Flaw (d) Defense
21. Humankind is evil by nature is a position propound by (a) Psycho-cultural theorists (b) Frustration
Aggression theorists (c) Realist theorist (d) Biological theorists
22. Conflict can only be resolved when the parties in the conflict are … with the settlement (a)
Encouraged (b) Aggrieved (c) Discontented (d) Satisfied
23. Mediation is a negotiation in which a …. has a role to play (a) 3 rd Disputant (b) Two parties (c) Three
parties (c) 3rd party
24. All these factors can be attributed to causes of violent conflict in Nigeria except (a) Indigene-settler
(b) Power struggle (c) Ethnic and religious domination (d) Social status
25. There are …. multi-track approaches to peace (a) Eight (b) Five (c) Six (d) Nine
26. At the initial stage of its formation, ECOMOG was made up of troops from …. countries (a) Nigeria,
Gambia, Ghana (b) Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon (c) Nigeria, Liberia, Ghana (d) Nigeria, Ghana, Central
African Republic
27. Proactive method of conflict resolution means (a) Preventive (b) Reactive (c) Curative (d)
Reconciliatory
28. Conflict has been a threat to … in Africa (a) Development (b) Independence (c) Unity (d) United
States of Africa
29. ECOMOG means (a) ECOWAS Monitoring Group (b) ECOWAS Morning Group (c) ECOWAS
Manifestation Group (d) ECOWAS Management Game
30. The term conflict management is an admission of the reality that conflict is …. and not all conflicts
can be resolved (a) Inevitable (b) Impossible (c) Reactive (d) Proactive

17 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

SECTION B: TICK (T) IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE, AND (F) IF THE STATEMENT IS FALSE AGAINST THE
FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
31. McNamara contends that conflict takes place when two or more values contradict each other
(T) (F)
32. For peace to exist between farmers and cattle rearers, there is need for them to understand the
culture of one another (T) (F)
33. It is not true that conflict can only take place at intra-personal and inter-group (T) (F)
34. UN’s intervention in African crises is purely for economic purpose (T) (F)
35. ECOMOG had its first practical experience in peacekeeping in Tchad (T) (F)

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
First Semester (Main) Examination: 2009/2010 Session
Type B
GST 224: Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution (2 Units)
SECTION A: CIRCLE THE LETTER TO THE CORRECT ANSWER
1. There are … categories of conflict intervention in Africa (a) Three (b) Two (c) Nine (d) None of the
above
2. The immediate cause of Zango-Kataf crisis was (a) Relocation of old market (b) Relocation of new
market (c) Relocation of Temporary Market (d) Relation of Missionary School
3. Peace-building involve (a) Top-bottom and Bottom-top approach (b) Peace Development (c) Peace
Negotiation (d) Peace Enhancement
4. The two broad methods through which peace can be resolved are (a) Pro-active and Re-active (b)
Suppression and Domination (c) Alternative Dispute Resolution and African Dispute Resolution (d)
Conflict Management and Peace Promotion
5. The use of force to settle dispute can be call (a) Suppression or Domination (b) Arbitration or
Suppression (c) Transformation or Suppression (d) Domination or Fighting
6. African Traditional Dispute Resolution is said to be (a) Flexible (b) Rigid (c) Dominating (d) Tactical
7. Multi-track approaches to peace are … in number (a) Four (b) Nine (c) Eight (d) Seven
8. The UN operations in African conflict has been in the form of (a) Peace Determinant Operations (b)
Peace Support Operations (c) Crisis Advocate Operations (d) Peace Mechanism Operations
9. The UN mission in Liberia took over from peace keeping force run by (a) OAU (b) ECOWAS (c) AU (d)
ECOMOG
10. The corrupt attitudes of government officials compounds the problem of (a) Conflict studies (b)
Conflict analysis (c) Conflict management (d) Conflict implementation
11. Conflict can hardly be discussed out of the concept of (a) Nationalism (b) Development (c) Pluralism
(d) Society
12. The first OAU experience in Chadian conflict was in (a) 1990 (b) 1960 (c) 1982 (d) 1981
13. ECOMOG forces are constituted by military from (a) East Africa (b) Southern Africa (c) West Africa (d)
North Africa
14. African Traditional Dispute Resolution is … in handling conflicts (a) Flexible (b) Hard (c) Rigid (d)
Friendly

18 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

15. Building lasting relationship between parties in conflict through attitudinal and perceptional change
is called (a) Conflict Revolution (b) Conflict Management (c) Conflict Transformation (d) Conflict
Suppression
16. The use of force in settling conflict can be called (a) Conflict Resolution (b) Conflict Suppression (c)
Conflict Transformation (d) Arbitration
17. Collaboration style of handling conflict relates disposition of being (a) Cooperative and supportive (b)
Decisive and submission (c) Assertive and cooperative (d) Assertive and diligent
18. ECOMOG means (a) ECOWAS Morning Group (b) ECOWAS Manifestation Group (c) ECOWAS
Monitoring Group (d) ECOWAS Management Group
19. Conflict can only be resolved when the parties in the conflict are … with the settlement (a)
Encouraged (b) Aggrieved (c) Satisfied (d) Discontented
20. All the formative of ECOMOG it was composed of soldiers from (a) Nigeria, Liberia, Ghana (b)
Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon (c) Nigeria, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau (d) Nigeria, Ghana, Central African
Republic
21. The UN mission in Sudan established by the Security Council is to ensure the implementation of (a)
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (b) Peace Enforcement (c) Peace Keeping (d) Effective dialogue
22. ECOWAS was primarily established to promote (a) Peace (b) Good Governance (c) Political harmony
in the West African Sub-Region (d) Economic development
23. OAU’s first practical experience in conflict intervention was in (a) Tchad (b) Liberia (c) Sierra Leone
(d) Congo
24. Mediation is a negotiation in which a … has a role to play (a) A 3 rd party (b) Two parties (c) Three
parties (d) 3rd Disputant
25. The Zango-Kataf crisis occurred in (a) Kaduna State (b) Taraba State (c) Katsina State (d) Zamfara
State
26. Conflict management involves the following except (a) Coercion (b) Talking (c) Listening (d) Asking
questions
27. Direct violence comprise of (a) Emotional (b) Physical (c) Psychological (d) All of the above
28. Proactive method of conflict resolution means (a) Preventive (b) Reactive (c) Curative (d)
Reconciliatory
29. The proliferation of indigene/settler ‘virus’ among communities in Nigeria is as a result of (a) Political
factors (b) Socio-economic factors (c) Ethnic factor (d) Land ownership and its occupancy
30. The following disciplines have different views about peace except (a) Sociology (b) Philosophical (c)
Political (d) Chemistry
SECTION B: TICK (T) IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE AND (F) IF THE STATEMENT IS FALSE AGAINST THE
FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
31. The inability of the OAU to stop fighting in Chad was due to its members’ determination to win the
war (T) (F)
32. Re-active measure in conflict management simply means curative measure (T) (F)
33. The purpose of UN operations in Africa has been to ensure economic development (T) (F)
34. Peace Support Operations include peacekeeping and humanitarian operations (T) (F)
35. The UN presence in Congo was not to ensure the withdrawal of the Belgian troops (T) (F)

19 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
First Semester (Main) Examination: 2009/2010 Session
Type C
GS 224: Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution (2 Units)
SECTION A: CIRCLE THE LETTER TO THE CORRECT ANSWER
1. The essence of the study of peace and conflict resolution is to enable students … and promote
peaceful co-existence (a) Talk (b) Feel (c) Understand (d) See
2. …. is any act of aggression and abuse, which causes or intend to cause injuries (a) Justice (b) Peace (c)
Violence (d) Conflict
3. Scholars of peace studies have attributed …. Meanings of peace (a) Four (b) Three (c) Six (d) Five
4. Peace is primarily concerned with providing, creating and …. a just order (a) Bringing (b) Doing (c)
Observing (d) Maintaining
5. The following are types of violence except (a) Battering (b) Rape (c) Damage of property (d) Chatting
6. In order to reduce the level of ethnic conflicts in Nigeria, which of these associations was formed in
the Southern part of Nigeria (a) Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (b) Odudua Peoples
Congress (c) Ijaw National Congress (d) Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People
7. The stages of conflict are as follows except (a) Tension (b) Confusion and Injustice (c) Discrimination
(d) Confrontation and Adjustment
8. The first electoral crisis was witnessed in (a) 1984 (b) 1986 (c) 1985 (d) 1983
9. The term conflict management is an admission of the reality that conflict is …. and not all conflicts can
be resolved (a) Proactive (b) Impossible (c) Reactive (d) Inevitable
10. Conflict analysis is generally considered as the key to understanding the attributes of any given
conflict because (a) It is more professional (b) It is easy (c) Interesting (d) It gives clear information
11. The annulment of the June 12 Presidential elections in 1993 generated (a) Socio-economic conflict
(b) Political conflict (c) Social conflict (d) Underdevelopment
12. ECOMOG means (a) ECOWAS Morning Group (b) ECOWAS Monitoring Group (c) ECOWAS
Manifestation Group (d) ECOWAS Management Group
13. The most remarkable political factor within the area occupied by both Tiv and Jukuns up to 17 th and
into the 19th century was the ancient (a) Kanem Borno (b) Kwarafa Kingdom (c) Sokoto Caliphate (d)
Gongola Chiefdom
14. A good example of the way in which frustration leads to aggression can be seen in the activities of (a)
Boko Haram (b) Tiv-Jukun crisis (c) Niger Delta (d) Jos crisis
15. The main reason for the involvement of ECOMOG in the Liberian crisis was to (a) Stop Banditry (b)
Replace the UN forces (c) Restore peace (d) Rescue the Liberia President
16. African Traditional Dispute Resolution is …. in handling conflicts (a) Flexible (b) Hard (c) Rigid (d)
Friendly
17. Building lasting relationship between parties in conflict through attitudinal and perceptional change
is called (a) Conflict Revolution (b) Conflict Management (c) Conflict Transformation (d) Conflict
Suppression
18. There are multi-track approaches to peace (a) Eight (b) Five (c) Nine (d) Six

20 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

19. The use of force in settling conflict can be called (a) Conflict Resolution (b) Conflict Transformation
(c) Conflict Suppression (d) Arbitration
20. Political conflicts are more often associated with (a) Voting (b) Registration of voters (c) Electoral
process (d) Campaign
21. All of these are components of peace except (a) Absence of tolerance (b) Absence of war (c) Absence
of fear (d) Absence of injustice
22. ECOWAS was primarily established to promote (a) Economic growth (b) Good neighbourliness (c)
Peace (d) Political harmony with the West African Sub-Region
23. OAU’s first practical experience in conflict intervention was in (a) Tchad (b) Liberia (c) Congo (d)
Sierra Leone
24. The root cause of conflict according to Realist theorists is …. in human nature (a) Flaw (b) Injustice (c)
Greed (d) Defense
25. The following are issues in conflict except (a) Tolerance (b) Religious liberty (c) Discrimination (d)
Injustice
26. Conflict can only be resolved when the parties in the conflict are …. with the settlement (a) Satisfied
(b) Aggrieved (c) Discontented (d) Encouraged
27. Mediation is a negotiation in which ….. has a role to play (a) A 3 rd party (b) Two parties (c) Three
parties (d) A 3rd Disputant
28. All these factors can be attributed to causes of violent conflict in Nigeria except (a) Social status (b)
Power struggle (c) Ethnic and religious domination (d) Indigene-settler
29. At the initial stage of its formation, ECOMOG was made up of troops from … countries (a) Nigeria,
Gambia, Ghana (b) Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon (c) Nigeria, Liberia, Ghana (d) Nigeria, Ghana, Central
African Republic
30. Disagreement, friction, stagnation, frustration and argument can summarily be defined as (a)
Conflict (b) Fighting (c) Clash (d) Violence
SECTION B: TICK (T) IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE AND (F) IF THE STATEMENT IS FALSE AGAINST THE
FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
31. Conflict is normal (T) (F)
32. Conflict has been a threat to the socio-economic and political development in Africa (T) (F)
33. Pro-active measure in conflict management simply means preventive measure (T) (F)
34. The purpose of UN operations in Africa has been to ensure peaceful co-existence and economic
development (T) (F)
35. When there is absence of peace, unity and development, there is need to introduce injustice (T) (F)

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
(Division of General Studies)
First Semester (Main) Examination: 2012/2013 Session
Type C
GS 224: Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution (2 Units)
SECTION A: FILL IN THE BLANK SPACES PROVIDED BELOW
1. ………................... leads to displacement of people, inflict pains and serious traumatic experience.
2. When ………………………. occurs in the society, there will be no peaceful coexistence

21 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

3. …………………………. is often the bone of contention between indigenes and settlers
4. ………………………. is natural, inevitable and necessary
5. Western Alternative Dispute Resolution emphasizes more on ………………………………………
6. The OAU had its first practical experience in Chad in 19 ……………….
7. Economic theory believes that conflict occurs because of ………………………………..
8. African Traditional Dispute Resolution is ………………. in handling conflict
9. Mediation simply means the involvement of ………… party in the settlement of conflict situation.
10. Building lasting relationship between parties in conflict through attitudinal and perceptional change
is called …………………………………………………….
SECTION B: CIRCLE THE LETTER TO THE CORRECT ANSWER
11. …. is a type of conflict that happens between individuals or fractions within group (a) Intra-group (b)
Inter-group (c) Intra-national (d) International
12. Structural conflict theory is made up of (a) Idealist and Realist (b) Liberal and Radical (c) Realist and
Liberal (d) Radical and Idealist
13. Tiv-Jukun crisis occurred in an area historically referred to as (a) Kwararafa Kingdom (b) Kwarafa
Kingdom (c) Kwararafa-Kingdom (d) All of the above
14. ……. is the stage where people assign blame to one another and permanent harm can be done (a)
Confrontation stage (b) Tension and Development stage (c) Adjustment stage (d) Role confusion stage
15. The capacity for awareness of our moods, attitudes and those of others and the ability to manage
ourselves in our relationships with others is known as the act of (a) Making things possible (b) Taking
stands (c) Creativity (d) Emotional intelligence
16. Political conflict are most often associated with (a) Voting (b) Registration (c) Campaigns (d) Electoral
process
17. The two broad methods through which conflict can be resolved are (a) Suppression and Domination
(b) Alternative Dispute Resolution and African Dispute Resolution (c) Pro-active and Re-active (d) Conflict
Management and Peace Promotion
18. Physical, emotional and psychological aggression is all under (a) Structural violence (b) Cultural
violence (c) Ethnic violence (d) Direct violence
19. Radical and liberal theories are examples of (a) Structural theory (b) Realist theory (c) Biological
theory (d) Human Need theory
20. …… occur at the intra-personal, inter-personal and inter-group level (a) Violence (b) Respect (c)
Peace (d) Love
21. ECOWAS was primarily established to promote (a) Conflict Management (b) Economic Development
(c) Peace and Development (d) Political Harmony in West African Sub-region
22. There are ….. categories of conflict intervention in Africa (a) Three (b) Nine (c) Five (d) All of the
above
23. The following disciplines have different views about conflict except (a) Chemistry (b) Sociology (c)
Political Science (d) Philosophy
24. Collaboration style of handling conflicts relates disposition of being (a) Cooperative and supportive
(b) Decisive and submissive (c) Assertive and diligent (d) Assertive and cooperative
25. The use of force in settling conflict can be called (a) Conflict Suppression (b) Conflict Resolution (c)
Conflict Confrontation (d) Conflict Transformation

22 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]

26. ….. leads to displacement of people, inflicting serious traumatic experiences (a) Politics (b) Rituals (c)
Dialogue (d) Conflict
27. …. may be planned or unplanned, formal or spontaneous, verbal or physical (a) Anger (b) War (c)
Peace (d) Violence
28. …… postulates that man is naturally imperfect so therefore prone to conflict (a) Realist Theory (b)
Frustration Theory (c) Structural Theory (d) Biological Theory
29. Reactive method of conflict resolution means (a) Curative (b) Preventive (c) Reconciliatory (d)
Proactive
30. The forces that makes up ECOMOG are drawn from (a) North Africa (b) Central Africa (c) East Africa
(d) None of the above
SECTION C: TICK (T) IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE AND (F) IF THE STATEMENT IS FALSE AGAINST THE
FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
31. Private citizen cannot be considered as one of the agents of resolving conflicts (T) (F)
32. Zango-Kataf conflict took place in Kaduna City between the Hausas and the Katafs (T) (F)
33. The teaching of GST 224 in Nigerian Universities is a deliberate policy of government to manage
conflicts proactively (T) (F)
34. Conflict management has been one of the main objectives of OAU/AU (T) (F)
35. Religious leaders and advocates of peaceful co-existence and conflict resolution (T) (F)

23 “Greatness is not achieved through violence” [Malawian Proverb]