HYDRAULICS

MEMBERS
BACONAWA, FRANZ JARVY D.
FAJILAN, KURT ZEDRICK
GONZALES, MAURICE ANN L.
GARCIA, ARMAN VER R.
MARIANO, AJ MCLEAN D.
ORENSE, JEDLYN C.
RADJAIE, HANZ CHRISTIAN F.
TALADTAD, JERICHO N.
VICTORIANO, JONHPOL
FUNDAMENTALS
OF FLUID FLOW
PROBLEM 1: OIL (SG= 0.84) IS FLOWING ON THE PIPE UNDER THE
CONDITIONS SHOWN IN FIGURE.

Q1

P1= 450 kPa, D1= 150mm

Q1+ 2.3 L/s, D2= 250mm

3.5m
Q2
1.2m

REFERENCE DATUM

a. WHAT IS THE VALUE OF Q2 IN L/S?

b. IF THE PRESSURE AT POINT 2 IS 436 KPA, WHAT IS THE HEADLOSS
IN M?

SOLUTION:

Q 1=Q 2
Q 2=2.3 L/s

2 2
0.4089 450 0.1472 436
( + +3.5−HL)=( + +1.2)
2 ( 9.81 ) 0.84 ( 9.81 ) 2 ( 9.81 ) 0.84 ( 9.81 )

HL=4 m

ANSWER:

A. Q1= 2.3 L/s

B. HL= 4 m

SOLVED BY: GONZALES, MAURICE ANN L.

PROBLEM 2: THE FIGURE SHOWN IS A SIPHON DISCHARGING WATER FROM
THE RESERVOIR A INTO THE AIR AT B. IF THERE IS A FRICTIONAL LOSS
OF 1.50 M BETWEEN A AND THE SUMMIT, AND 1.8 M BETWEEN THE SUMMIT
AND B, WHAT IS THE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE AT THE SUMMIT IN KPA? ALSO
DETERMINE THE DISCHARGE IN L/S. THE PIPE DIAMETER IS 150 MM.

0.90m

A
6.0m

SOLUTION:

2 2
v P v P
( + + Z)=( + + z + HL)
2g y 2g y

2
v
=1.8 m
2(9.81)

v=5.943 m/s

Ps
0+ 0+0=1.8+ +0.9+(1.5)
9.81

P A =60.10 KPa

ANSWER:

PA= 60.10 KPa

SOLVED BY: GONZALES, MAURICE ANN L.

PROBLEM 3: A water tank has a sloping inclined at 45° with the
horizontal. The total depth of water in the tank is 8 m. A water
jet issues from an orifice located on the inclined side of the
tank under a hydrostatic head of 5 m. or that orifice is located
3 m. vertically above the bottom of the tank. Coefficient of
velocity is 1.0. Neglecting air resistance on the jet. Determine
the horizontal distance on the ground traveled by the jet from
the center of the orifice in meters.

Vertical height in meters that the jet rises above the level of
the orifice:

Solution:

V =C v √ 2 gh
5m 45 °
8m 45 ° h
V =1.0 √ 2(9.81)(5) 3m
4.2
2m

V =9.9045 m/s

V 1=9.9045sin 45 °=7

2 2
V 2=V 1 −2 gh

0=¿

h=2.5 m

1 2
h=V o t+ a t
2
−4.2=( 9.9045 sin 45 ° ) ( t )−( 9.81 ) t 2

2
9.81t
−4.2=7 t−
2

t=1.88 sec

Horizontal distance on the 5m 45 °

ground traveled by the jet 8m 45 ° h
from the center of the 3m
orifice in meters: 4.2
2m

x=V x t

x=9.9045 cos 45 ° (1.88 )

Answer:

x=13.2 m

SOLVED BY: AJ MCLEAN MARIANO

PROBLEM 4, The sector gate shown consists of a cylindrical
surface of which AB is the base. The length of the gate
perpendicular to the paper is 10 m. Evaluate the horizontal force
on the gage in kN. Radius R = 8 m

Solution:
D B

Fx R=8 m
h
h=8 sin 60 ° A 60 °
h=6.93
F x =γ h A

F x =9.81 ( 6.932 ) ( 6.93)( 10 )

Answer:

F x =2355.6 kN

SOLVED BY: AJ MCLEAN MARIANO

PROBLEM 5. A liquid sp. Of 2.0 is flowing in a 50 mm diameter
pipe. The total head at a given point was found to be 17.5 Joule
per Newton. The elevation of the pipe above the datum is 3m and
the pressure in the pipe is 65.6 kPa. Compute the velocity of
flow and the horsepower in the stream at that point.
Solution:
2
P
Total Energy, E = v + + z
2g Y
E = 17.5 Joule/N x (1N-m/Joule)
E= 17.5 m
2
65.6
17.5= v + + 3
2g 9.81
2
v
= 11.156m
2g
v = 14.79 m/s (velocity of flow)
Power, P = Q y E
π
=[ ((0.5)2(14.79)] x (9810 x 2)x 17.5
4
= 9970.92 watts x (1 hp/ 746 watts)
Power, P = 13.37 hp
SOLVED BY: JEDELYN ORENSE
PROBLEM 6. Water flows at the rate of 7.5 m/s through diameter
pipe (pipe 1) and leaves through 50-mm diameter and 65-mm
diameter pipes at the rate of 3 m/s and 3.5 m/s, respectively as
shown in the figure. Air at the top of the tank escapes through a
50-mm diameter vent. Calculate dh/dt and the velocity of air flow
through the vent. Assume the flow to be incompressible.

SOLUTION:
Assuming the flow to be incompressible:

Q¿ = Qout

π 2 π π 2 π
(0.75) (7.5)= 0.05 (3) + (0.065) (3.5) +
2 2
(0.6) dh/dt
4 4 4 4
dh/dt = 0.0553 m/s
Considering the air above the tank:
[Q4 =¿Q ¿]
air

π 2 π 2
(0.05) v 4 = (0.6) dh/dt
4 4
π 2 π 2
(0.05) v 4 = (0.06) (0.0553)
4 4
v 4= 7.963 m/s (velocity of air flow)
SOLVED BY: JEDELYN ORENSE
PROBLEM 7. Oil flows from a tank through 150 m of 150 mm diameter
pipe and then discharges into air as shown in the Figure. If the
head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 600 mm, determine the
pressure needed at point 1 to cause 17 lit/sec of oil to flow.

SOLUTION:

3
Q=0.017 m /s

Energy equation between 1 and 2:

E1−H L1−2=E2

2 2
v1 p1 v 2 p2
+ + z 1−H L1−2 = + + z2
2g y 2g y
2
p1 8 (0.017)
0+ +20−0.6= 2 +0+30
y π g(0.15)4

p1
=10.65 m of oil
y

p1=10.65(9.81× 0.84)=87.76 kPa

ANSWER:87.76 kPa
SOLVED BY: JERICHO N. TALADTAD
PROBLEM 8. Gas is flowing through a square conduit whose section
gradually changes from 150 mm (section 1) to 300 mm (section 2).
At section 1, the velocity of flow is 7 m/s and the density of
gas is 1 kg /m3 while at section 2 the velocity of flow is 2 m/s.
Calculate the mass flow rate and the density of the gas at
section 2.

SOLUTION:
M =ρ1 A1 v 1

M =1[(0.15)(0.15)](7)
M =0.1575 kg/ sec (mass flow rate)

M =ρ 2 A2 v 2

ρ2 [(0.3)( 0.3)](2)=0.1575
3
ρ2=0.875 kg/m (mass density at section 2)

ANSWER:
Mass flow rate = 0.1575 kg /sec
Mass density at section 2 = 0.875 kg /m3

SOLVED BY: JERICHO N. TALADTAD

PROBLEM 9. A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.8 changes in
size from 140 mm at section 1 and 440 mm at section 2. Section 1
is 3.5 m below section 2 and the pressures are 85kPa and 55kPa
respectively. If the discharge is 145Lit/s, determine the head
lost and the direction of flow.

440 mm
P1=55 kPa
2

140 mm
3.6 m

Datum

P1=85 kPa 1

SOLUTION:
3
Q1=Q2=0.145 m /s
0.145
v 1=
π
¿¿
4
0.15
v 2=
π
¿¿
4
Taking 1 as datum:
2 2
v 1 P1 9.419374183 85
E 1= + + z 1= + +0
2g γ 2 ( 9.81 ) 9.81 ( 0.8 )
E1=11.31087534 m
2 2
v 1 P1 0.9536143284 55
E 2= + + z 1= + +0
2g γ 2 ( 9.81 ) 9.81 ( 0.8 )
E2=7.05675914 m

Since E1 > E 2¿ , the flow of water is from 1 to 2

¿
HL=E1−E 2=11.31087534 m−7.05675914 m=¿4.2541162m
SOLVED BY: HANZ CHRISTIAN RADJAIE
PROBLEM 10. A turbine is rated at 800 hp when the flow of water
through it is 0.9 m3 /s . Assuming an efficiency of 75%, what is the
head acting on the turbine.

SOLUTION:

GIVEN:
Power output = 800 hp
Efficiency = 75%
800 hp 746 watts
Power input= =1066.6666667 hp x
0.75 1 hp
Power input=795,733.3333 watts
Power input=QγHE
795,733.3333 watts=0.9 ( 9810 ) ( HE )
HE = 90.23723223 m
SOLVED BY: HANZ CHRISTIAN RADJAIE

FLUID FLOW
MEASUREMENT
PROBLEM 1: A fluid flows through a horizontal pipe with an
orifice plate installed. The upstream diameter is 10 cm, and the
orifice diameter is 5 cm. The differential pressure across the
orifice is measured to be 8 kPa. The fluid is water at room
temperature (density = 1000 kg/m³). Calculate the volumetric flow
rate of the water through the pipe using the orifice plate.
Assume a discharge coefficient of 0.61.
SOLUTION:
Use the orifice equation:

Q=C d ⋅ A 2
√ 2∆P
ρ ( 1−β )
4

Where:
 C d=¿ 0.61 (discharge coefficient)

 ∆ P=¿ 8000 Pa(differential pressure)

 ρ=¿ 1000 kg/m³
 D1=¿ 0.10 m, D2=¿ 0.05 m,

D2
 β= =0.5
D1
π 2 π 2 −3 2
 A 2= D = ( 0.05 ) =1.9635 ×10 m
4 2 4

Q=0.61⋅1.9635 ×10−3 ×
√ 2× 8000
1000 ( 1−0.5 )
4

Q=0.61⋅1.9635 ×10−3 ×
√ 16000
1000 ( 1−0.0625 )
−3
=0.61⋅1.9635 × 10−3 × √ 17066.67

−3
Q=0.61⋅1.9635 ×10 × 130.63=0.156 m /s

Answer: Q=0.156 m−3 /s

SOLVED BY: FRANZ JARVY BACONAWA

PROBLEM 2: A rotameter is used to measure the flow of air at 25°C
and 1 atm pressure. The float stabilizes at a height
corresponding to 10 L/min of air under standard conditions. If
the pressure in the pipeline drops to 0.8 atm and the temperature
rises to 35°C, what is the actual volumetric flow rate?

SOLUTION:
Pstandard T actual
Qactual =Qstandard ⋅ ⋅
Pactual T standard
Where:
 Qstandard =10 L/min

 Pstandard =1 atm , P actual=0.8 atm

 T standard =298 K , T actual=308 K

1 308
Qactual =10 ⋅ ⋅
0.8 298
¿ 10 ⋅1.25 ⋅1.0336
¿ 12.92 L/min
Answer: 12.92 L/min

SOLVED BY: FRANZ JARVY BACONAWA

PROBLEM 3: A fluid having v=4 ×10−5 m2 /s flows in a 750 m long pipe
having a diameter of 20 mm. Determine the head loss required to
maintain a velocity of 3 m/s.

SOLUTION:

L=750m

D=20mm

ℜ=
( 3.0 )( 0.02 m )
m
s
=1500
2
m
−5
4 × 10
s

64
f= ≈ 0.042667
1500

2
L V
h f =f
D 2g

2
3m
( )
750 m s
h f =0.042667× ×
0.02m 2 × 9.81m/ s2

ANSWER:
h f =733.95 m
SOLVED BY: GARCIA, ARMAN VER R.
PROBLEM 4: A discharge of 600 l/sec flows through a pipe having a
diameter of 400 mm, length of 40 m. Compute the head loss of the
pipeline using:

a. MANNING’S EQUATION WITH n=0.013

b. DARCY WEISHBACK’S FORMULA WITH f=0.012

SOLUTION: L=40m

D=400mm

MANNING’S EQUATION
2 2
10.29 n L Q
hf = 16
3
D

2
h f =10.29 ( 0.013 ) (40 m)¿ ¿ ¿

DARCY WEISHBACK’S

2
0.0826 fL Q
hf = 5
D

h f =0.0826(0.012)(40 m)¿ ¿ ¿
ANSWER:

MANNING’S EQUATION: h f =3.32 m

DARCY WEISHBACK’S: h f =1.394 m

SOLVED BY: GARCIA, ARMAN VER R.

PROBLEM 5: A pipe line consists of successive lengths of 380-mm,

300-mm, and 250-mm pipe. With a continuous flow through the line
of 250 Lit/sec of water, compute the mean velocity in each size
of pipe.

Solution:

For continuous flow

Q1=Q2=Q3=Q

V1A1=v2A2=v3A3=Q

1 1 1
v1[ π (0.3802 )]=v2[ π (0.3002 )]=v3[ π (0.2502 )]=0.25
4 4 4

4 (0.25)
v1= =2.20 m/sec answer
π (0.3802 )

4 (0.25)
v2= =3.54 m/sec answer
π (0.2502 )

4 (0.25)
v3= ==5.09 m/sec answer
π (0.3002 )

SOLVED BY: MARK JONHPOL S. VICTORIANO

PROBLEM 6: The discharge of air through a 600-mm pipe is 4
m3/sec. Compute the mean velocity in m/sec.

Solution:

Q=vA

1
4=v[ π (0.6 2)]
4

v=14.15 m/sec answer

SOLVED BY: MARK JONHPOL S. VICTORIANO

PROBLEM 7. Calculate the discharge through the 130mm diameter
orifice shown. Assume C = 0.62.

50 kPa AIR AIR 17 kPa

3m
`
WATER

SOLUTION:
H=H upstream−H downstream

50 17
H=3+ −
9.81 9.81
H=6.363914373 m

Q=C A o √ 2 gh

Q=(0.62)¿
3
Q=0.0919559723 m / s

SOLVED BY: KURT ZEDRICK FAJILAN

PROBLEM 8. An open cylindrical tank, 2.4m in diameter and 6m tall
has 2m of glycerin (Sg = 1.5), 2.5m of water, and 3.5m of oil (So
0.82). Determine the discharge through the 125 mm diameter
located at the bottom of the tank. Assume C = 0.64

O=125
SG OIL=0.82 3.5 m
c=0.64 mm

SG WATER=1=0.82 2.5 m

SG GLY =1.5 2m

SOLUTION:
H=H gly + H
water
( )
Sw
Sgly
S
+ H oil ( oil )
Sgly

2 0.82
H=2+ 2.5 +
1.5 1.5
H=7.246666667 mOF GLYCERIN
Q=(0.64)¿
3
Q=0.09365016037 m /s

Q=C A o √ 2 gh

Q=(0.62)¿
3
Q=0.0919559723 m / s

SOLVED BY: KURT ZEDRICK FAJILAN

PROBLEM 9. A tank circular in cross-section is 10 m high. It
takes 10 minutes to empty it through a hole at the bottom when
the tank is full of water at the start. How long will it take to
drop the upper 6 m of water.

SOLUTION:

2 As
t=
C Ao √2 g
[ √ H 1− √ H 2 ]

t =K [ √ H 1−√ H 2 ]

t=0 ¿ H 1=10 m ¿ H 2=0

10=K [ √ 10− √ 0 ]

K = 3.16227766

t=? ¿ H 1=10 m¿ H 2=10−6=4

t=3.16227766 [ √ 10−√ 4 ]

T = 3.67544468 minutes

SOLVED BY: HANZ CHRISTIAN RADJAIE

PROBLEM 10. The initial on an orifice was 9 m and when the flow
was terminated the head was measured at 4 m. Under what constant
head H would the same orifice discharge the same volume of water
in the same interval of time.

SOLUTION:
Under variable head:
2 As As
t=
C Ao √2 g
[ √ H 1− √ H 2 ]

2 As
t= [ √ 9−√ 4 ]
C Ao √2 g 9m

2 As
t=
C Ao √2 g
4m

Under constant head:

Volume = Qt
2 As
t=
C Ao √2 g

2 As
A s ( 9−4 )=C A o √ 2 gH x
C Ao √2 g

5=2 √ H

H=6.25 m

SOLVED BY: HANZ CHRISTIAN RADJAIE