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SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 4 (2)

This document provides an overview of single-phase transformers, focusing on their construction, voltage regulation, and efficiency through load testing. It outlines the objectives, apparatus, theory, and procedures for conducting experiments to measure voltage regulation and efficiency. The report includes observations and graphs that illustrate the relationship between output power, voltage regulation, and secondary current.

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Kevin Mutai
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5 views

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 4 (2)

This document provides an overview of single-phase transformers, focusing on their construction, voltage regulation, and efficiency through load testing. It outlines the objectives, apparatus, theory, and procedures for conducting experiments to measure voltage regulation and efficiency. The report includes observations and graphs that illustrate the relationship between output power, voltage regulation, and secondary current.

Uploaded by

Kevin Mutai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Introduction
Transformers are fundamental components in electrical systems, used to either increase (step-
up) or decrease (step-down) voltage levels in power transmission and distribution networks.
The performance of a transformer is often evaluated based on its voltage regulation and
efficiency under varying load conditions. Voltage regulation is a measure of the change in
secondary voltage as the load changes, and it is critical for ensuring consistent voltage supply
to electrical devices. This report focuses on understanding the construction of a single-phase
transformer and performing load tests to determine its voltage regulation and efficiency.

OBJECTIVES

 To understand the construction of a transformer


 To perform load test to obtain voltage regulation & efficiency of a single–phase
transformer

APPARATUS

1. Two Voltmeters (0 – 300V), (0 – 150V)


2. Two Ammeters (0 – 1A)
3. Step- down transformer
4. Variable load

THEORY

Transformer Construction (single-phase)

• Where:
• VP – is the Primary Voltage
• VS – is the Secondary Voltage
• NP – is the Number of Primary Windings
• NS – is the Number of Secondary Windings
• Φ (phi) – is the Flux Linkage

Notice that the two coil windings are not electrically connected but are only linked
magnetically. A single-phase transformer can operate to either increase or decrease the voltage
applied to the primary winding. When a transformer is used to “increase” the voltage on its
secondary winding with respect to the primary, it is called a Step-up transformer. When it is
used to “decrease” the voltage on the secondary winding with respect to the primary it is
called a Step-down transformer
Voltage Regulation of single-phase transformers is the percentage (or per unit value) change
in its secondary terminal voltage compared to its original no-load voltage under varying
secondary load conditions. In other words, regulation determines the variation in secondary
terminal voltage which occurs inside the transformer as a result of variations in the
transformers connected load thereby affecting its performance and efficiency if these losses
are high and the secondary voltage becomes too low.

A step-down transformer transforms the high voltage at primary side to a lower voltage at the
secondary side. It works on the principle of mutual induction i.e. the transformer secondary
winding has an induced emf due to the change in voltage across the primary winding.
The efficiency of a transformer at a particular load and pf is defined as the ratio between
output power and input power.
η= (VS IS / VPIP) × 100 %
When we increase load at the secondary terminals of a transformer, current drawn by
transformer will increase. This increase in current will cause will increase in load dependant
losses, Cu loss and leakage magnetic loss, hence causes decrease in output voltage. The
change in secondary voltage from no load to full load with respect to no load voltage or with
respect to full load voltage is called voltage regulation.

(Voltage Regulation) VR = [(VSN – VSL) / V SN] × 100 %


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PROCEDURE

1. The connections were made as shown in the provided diagram.


2. The rated voltage (220/240V) was applied to the primary side.
3. The secondary voltage under no-load conditions was measured and recorded.
4. A resistive load was connected across the secondary winding.
5. The load on the secondary side was increased in steps.
6. The readings of the instruments for different load conditions were recorded.
7. The load was removed and the power supply was switched off.
8. The results were tabulated.

OBSERVATION

Transformation ratio of the transformer(TR) TR =U2/U1


where U1 is the primary voltage and U2 is the secondary voltage under no-load
condition
No load primary voltage VpN = 125.7 Volts

Observation table for voltage regulation(VR)

Load (W) Vs(V) Is(A) %VR Power


out(W)
168W 125.5 0.257 0.1591 32.25
336W 124.4 0.608 1.034 75.64
504W 123.4 0.955 1.83 117.85
672W 122.2 1.301 2.784 158.92
840W 122.0 1.636 2.944 199.6
1008W 121.7 1.966 3.182 239.26
WERYJKL;
GRAPHS

Output power against


voltage regulati on.
3.5
3
Power out(W)

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
%VR

Output power against voltage regulation.

Voltage regulation against


secondary current
2.5

1.5
%VR

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Is(A)

Voltage regulation against secondary current


Discuss the curves
1. Why core is made from silicon steel alloy and not ordinary steel?
3.Why the core is made from thin laminations and not a solid steel core?
4. Why core losses remain almost constant at any load?
6.What are the various causes of voltage drop in a transformer?
7 Why the transformer rating in KVA?

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