LABORATORY MANUAL

NETWORK ANALYSIS LAB

NAME: .......................................................................................................................

REGD. NO: ...............................................................................................................

BRANCH: .................................................................................................................

SEMESTER: .............................................................................................................

YEARS: .....................................................................................................................

DEPRARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

C.V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, ODISHA

1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl. Page Date of Date of Mark
Experiment Remarks
No. No. Experiment Submission Secured
Verification of Maximum
1
Power Transfer Theorem
Verification of Thevenin’s
2
Theorem
Verification of Norton’s
3
Theorem
Verification of super position
4
theorem
Determination of open
5 circuit parameters of a
passive two port network.
Determination of Short
6 circuit parameters of a
passive two port network.
Determination of Hybrid
7 parameters of a passive two
port network
Determination of
8 Transmission parameters of a
passive two port network.
To study the Star-delta
9
connection of three phase
electric load
Study the transient response
of a series & parallel RLC
10 circuit for under-damped,
critically damped and over-
damped cases
Determination of self-
inductance, mutual-
inductance and coupling
11 coefficient of a single phase
two winding transformer
representing a coupled
circuit
To study the resonance in R-
12
L-C series circuit

2
To study the Resonance in
13
R-L-C parallel circuit

3
C. V. Raman Global University
Odisha Bhubaneswar India

Network Analysis Laboratory

To emerge as a global leader in the area of technical education

commensurate with the dynamic global scenario for the benefit of
Vision of the Institute mankind.

• To provide state-of-art technical education in the

undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
• To work collaboratively with technical Institutes /
Universities / Industries of National and International
repute.
Mission of the Institute • To keep abreast with latest technological advancements.
• To enhance the Research and Development activities.

To be a premier department known for its quality, cutting edge

Vision of EE Department research and accomplished graduates.

Mission Mission Statements

No:
M1 To provide the best possible education facilities
and to guide the students to become performing
professionals in the international arena.
M2 To create a conducive atmosphere in which higher
studies and research can thrive and prosper.
M3 To establish and maintain the state-of-the-art
Mission of EE Department research facilities for dissemination of knowledge
in engineering and science
M4 To render service to the industry and community
through educational, technical, and entrepreneurial
activities and innovations.
M5 To prepare a cadre of engineers and scientists to
cater to the industrial development and economic
growth of the country
DOS AND DON’TS IN LABORATORY
GENERAL

1. Do not handle any equipment before reading the instructions/Instruction manuals.

2. Apply proper voltage to the circuit as given in procedure.
3. Check CRO probe before connecting it.
4. Strictly observe the instructions given by the teacher/Lab Instructor.
5. Substantial footwear is required. No flip-flops or sandals are allowed.
6. Chairs and stools should be kept under laboratory benches when no one is sitting on them.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT SAFETY

1. Do not work alone on energized electrical equipment.

2. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled. Discharge any high voltage points to ground with a well-insulated jumper.
Remember that capacitors can store dangerous quantities of energy.
3. Make measurements in live circuits with well insulated probes and one hand behind your back.
Do not allow any part of your body to contact any part of the circuit or equipment connected to
the circuit.
4. Never touch electrical equipment while standing on a damp or metal floor.
5. Never handle wet, damp or ungrounded electrical equipment.
6. Wearing a ring or watch can be hazardous in an electrical laboratory since such items make
good electrodes for the human body.
7. Never lunge for a falling part of a live circuit such as leads or measuring instruments.
8. Never touch two pieces of equipment simultaneously.
9. Never touch even one wire of a circuit; it may be “hot” (i.e. capable of delivering an electric
shock).
10. Ask the instructor to check out your constructed circuit before applying power.

LABORATORY INSTRUMENT SAFETY

1. Fuse circuits to protect ammeters and wattmeter for the current range being used.
2. Do not drop or bang instruments on the lab tables. They are delicate.
3. Never short circuit a power source.
4. When using instruments which are connected to the power line, connect all ground leads to the
same point. Otherwise, a short circuit may result.
5. When using a voltmeter or ammeter, begin with the highest.
6. When using an ohmmeter, never measure resistance in a live circuit.
7. Keep instruments away from the edge of the work bench.

5
OTHER RULES

1. Use safe laboratory practices at all times.

2. No food or drink is allowed in the laboratory.
3. Do not write on bench surfaces or equipment.
4. Report defective equipment and blown fuses to the instructor.
5. Students must not replace blown fuses, move instruments from one station to another, or turn
on the main or secondary circuit breakers.
6. The instructor has to inspect and initial your data before circuit disassembly.
7. Put all wastepaper, newspapers, etc. in the wastebasket.
8. Return all equipment and supplies to proper storage locations.

THE EXPERIMENTS

With the preliminaries out of the way, you are ready to begin the experiments. Remember:
1. Read each week’s experiment before coming to lab. Try to understand the objectives of the
experiment and determine what information you should gather (in your laboratory notebook, of
course).
2. Note the questions that are asked within the experiment description, especially those that are
bold-faced. Make sure you understand these questions and know how to get the information to
answer them.
3. Do any pre-lab calculations and be prepared to show these to your instructor.
4. Make sure you bring your notebook with you to the lab! . You can’t do the experiment without
it.

Essential Electronics Laboratory Equipment

Setting up an electronics laboratory requires just a few essential pieces of equipment and tools.
While specialty pieces of equipment may be essential for your application, the essential pieces of
equipment are the same for nearly any electronics lab.

Multimeter

A multimeter's measurement flexibility combined with their precision and accuracy make
multimeters an essential tool in any electronics lab. Multimeters will typically be able to measure
both AC and DC voltage and current as well as resistance. Multimeters are often used in
troubleshooting designs and testing prototype circuits. Multimeter accessories include transistor
testing modules, sensor probes, high voltage probes, and probe kits. Multimeters are available for
as little as $10 and can run several thousand for a high accuracy, high precision bench top unit.

6
LCR Meter

As versatile as multimeters are, they cannot measure capacitance or inductance which is where the
LCR meter (Inductance (L), Capacitance (C), and Resistance (R)) comes in to the picture. LCR
meters come in two variants, a lower cost version that measures the total impedance of a
component and a more expensive type that measures all of the components of the impendence of
the component, equivalent series resistance (ESR) and the Quality (Q) factor of the component.
Accuracy of low cost LCR meters is often quite poor, with tolerances as high as 20%. Since
many capacitors have a 20% tolerance themselves, compounding the tolerance of the meter and
component can cause additional problems in designing and troubleshooting electronics.

Oscilloscope

Electronics are all about the signals and the oscilloscope is the primary measurement tool to
observe the shape of signals. Oscilloscopes, often called oscopes or just scopes, display signals in
a graphical format on a pair of axis, generally with Y as the voltage and X as the time. This is a
very powerful way to quickly see the shape of a signal, determine what is going on in an electronic
circuit and monitor performance or track down problems. Oscilloscopes are available in digital
and analog variants, starting at a few hundred dollars and running in to the tens of thousands for
the top of the line models. Digital scopes have several measurement and trigger options built in to
the system which make measurement of peak-to-peak voltage, frequency, pulse width, rise time,
signal comparisons, and recording waveforms simple tasks.

Soldering Iron

The core tool for assembling electronics is the soldering iron, a hand tool used to melt solder to
form an electrical and physical connection between two surfaces. Soldering irons come in a few
forms, with the cheapest being plugged directly in to an outlet from the hand tool. While these
soldering irons work, for most electronics work a temperature controlled soldering station is much
preferred. The tip of a soldering iron is heated by a resistive heater and often monitored by a
temperature sensor to keep the temperature of the tip steady. Soldering iron tips are often
removable and are available in a range of shapes and styles to accommodate different types of
soldering work.

Precision Mechanical Tools

Every electronics labs needs a few key mechanical hand tools to help with the basic tasks and
make the more complex tasks much easier. Some of the key tools include shear cutters, wire
strippers, ESD-safe tweezers, needle nose pliers, precision screw driver set, "third hand" tools, and
alligator/test clips and leads. Some tools, such as the ESD safe tweezers, are essential for surface
7
mount work while other tools, such as the "third hand" tool are very useful when soldering
components to a PCB and the component, PCB, soldering iron and solder all need to be held in
place.

Power Supply

In the end, it's difficult to test a circuit without applying power to it. Several types of power supplies
are available to support electronics design and testing with a number of features. For a general
purpose laboratory power supply, variable voltage and current controls are one of the most
important features. This allows one supply to provide a wide range of voltages that can be adjusted
for any application. Often these power supplies can operate in either a constant voltage or constant
current mode, allowing rapid testing of components or portions of a design without building a
specific power regulation circuit.

Other Equipment

The equipment above only scratches the surface of the equipment that is available and might be
critical for your application. Some of the other common equipment with more of a focused use
includes:
• Function Generators
• Signal Generators
• Spectrum Analyzers
• Signal Analyzers
• Pattern Generator
• Protocol Analyzer
• Network Analyzer
• Transistor Tester

8
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
Resistances
1.

2. Digital Multimeter

3. Patch Cord

THEORY:

9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SPACE FOR DRAWING CKT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS

10
PROCEDURE:
1. Remove the load resistance and find the Thevenin’s Resistance (RTH) of the source
network looking through the open circuited load terminals.
2. As per Maximum power transfer theorem this RTH is the load resistance of the network i.e,
RL=RTH, that allows maximum power transfer.
3. Find the Thevenin’s voltage VTH across the open circuited load terminals.
V2
4. Maximum power transfer is given by Pmax = TH
4RTH

OBSERVAION TABLE:

S.NO RL VL Pmax
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

CALCULATION:

11
RESULT:
(Yes/No), the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load resistance, when that load
resistance is equal to the Thevenin resistance of the network supplying the power and the value of
Maximum power dissipated is found equal to ……….

CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.

QUESTIONS:
Q1. Where and why Maximum Power Transfer theorem is applied?

Q2. What will be the value of load impedance for maximum power transfer in case of a complex
source impedance?

12
Q3. Prove how the load impedance will be equal to the source impedance for maximum power
transfer.

Q4. What is load matching?

Student’s details Faculty’s signature

13
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
1. Resistors

2. Digital Multimeter

3. Patch Cord

THEORY:

14
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

(Main Circuit)

(Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit)

SPACE FOR DRAWING CKT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS

15
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1.
2) Measure the current through the load resistor in the linear circuit.
3) Calculate the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance of the circuit, when the source is set to
Zero.
4) Calculate the open circuit voltage across the terminals A & B .
6) Find it to be equal to calculated value of Vth.
7) Now set the voltage to the obtained Vth in the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit using
Variable power supply.
8) Measure the current through the load resistor in the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
9) Note that both current measured through the load resistor in the linear circuit
as well as in the equivalent circuit is same.
Repeat the above procedure for different values of resistors provided on the board.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No IL (Main Ckt) Vth Rth IL (Thevenin’s

Ckt)

RESULT:

Hence Thevenin’s theorem is verified both practically and theoretically.

CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………

16
PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is load resistance?

2. How will you calculate Thevenin’s resistance RTH?

3. How will you calculate Thevenin’s voltage VTH?

4. How will you calculate load current IL?

5. Write the applications of Thevenin’s theorem.

6. Write the limitations of Thevenin’s theorem

Students details Faculty’s signature

17
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Verification of Norton’s Theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
1. Resistors

2. Digital Multimeter

3. Patch Cord

THEORY

18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

SPACE FOR DRAWING CKT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS

19
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS and note down the ammeter readings in the original circuit.
To Find IN:
1. Remove the load resistance and short circuit the terminals.
2. For the same voltage note down the ammeter readings.
To Find RN:
1. Remove voltage source and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note down
the resistance across the two terminals.
Equivalent Circuit:
Set IN and RN and note down the ammeter readings.
Verify Norton’s theorem.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO IL (main Ckt) Isc RN IL(Norton’s Ckt)

RESULT:

Hence Norton’s theorem is verified both practically and theoretically.

CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………

20
PRECAUTION:
2.All connections should be right and tight.
3.Do not touch any live terminal.
4. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is load resistance?

2. How will you calculate Norton’s resistance RTH?

3. Compare Thevenin’s vs Noron’s theorem?

4. How will you calculate load current IL?

5. Write the applications of Norton’s theorem.

6. Write the limitations of Norton’s theorem

Students’ details Faculty’s signature

21
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Verification of the Superposition Theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
Dc Power supply
1.

2. Resistance

3. Patch Cord

4. Multimeter

THEORY:

22
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SPACE FOR DRAWING CKT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram figure (1).

2. Set V1=10V, for this connection fixed 15V supply.
3. Set V2=10V, for this adjust the variable supply to 10V.
4. Note the current (I) through E & F, when both V1 and V2 are applied.
5. For the same circuit apply voltage V1 and make sure that the V2 to be shorted (V2 =0)
and note down the current (I1) through E & F.
6. For the same circuit apply voltage V2 and make sure that the V1 to be shorted (V1 =0)
and note down the current (I2) through E & F.
7. The Superposition Theorem is verified i.e. I = I1 + I2.
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8. Repeat the above procedure for different variable supplies.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………

PRECAUTION:

24
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.

QUESTIONS:

1. State Superposition theorem.

2. How to find power using Superposition theorem?

3. Write applications of super position theorem.

4. Is it possible to apply Superposition theorem to nonlinear circuit?

5. is it possible to apply Superposition theorem to ac as well as dc circuit?

25
EXPERIMENT NO.5
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Determination of open circuit parameters of a passive two port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
Two Port Network
1.
Trainer Kit
2. Digital Multimeter

3. Patch Cord

THEORY:

26
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SPACE FOR DRAWING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS

PROCEDURE:
1. To measure Z11 and Z21 parameters, let the output port of the network i.e. terminals 3 and 4
remain open. This will make I2 = 0 .
2. Calculating Z11
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd.
c. Measurement of I1: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between
terminal named as +12 V and terminal 1, to measure I1.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
V1
e. Calculate Z11 by the formula, Z11 = Ω .
I1
3. Calculating Z21 :
Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and
terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2.
b. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
c. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4.
d. Measurement of I1: Remove DC Supply connections between +12 V terminal and terminal 1.
Connect an ammeter (DMM) between +12 V terminal and terminal 1, to measure I1.

27
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
V2
f. Calculate Z21 by the formula given in Table 1 i.e., Z 21 = I Ω.
1

4. To measure Z12 and Z22 parameters, let the input port of the network i.e., terminals 1 and 2
remain open. This will make I1 = 0 .
5. Calculating Z12 :
a. Connect +5 V DC Supply to port 2 i.e. terminal named as +5 V to terminal 3 and terminal named
as Gnd to terminal 4.
b. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
c. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 1 and terminal 2.
d. Measurement of I2: Remove DC Supply connections between +5 V terminal and terminal 3.
Connect an ammeter (DMM) between +5 V terminal and terminal 3 to measure I2.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
V1
f. Calculate Z12 by the formula, Z12 = I Ω.
2

6. Calculating Z22 :
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as
+5 V and Gnd.
c. Measurement of I2: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 4. Now connect ammeter
(DMM) between terminal named as +5 V and terminal 3, to measure I2.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
V2
e. Calculate Z22 by the formula Z 22 = Ω ⋅
I2
CALCULATION:

V1 V1
Z 11 = Ω= Z12 = Ω. =
I1 I2
V2 V
Z 21 = Ω. = Z 22 = 2 Ω =
I1 I2

Verify SYMMETRY CONDITION

Verify RECIPROCITY CONDITION

28
CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………….

PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.

QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define Z-parameters.

Q2. List out the dependent and independent variables used in Z-parameter representation.

Q3. Define input and output Driving point impedance.

Q4. Define forward and reverse Transfer impedance.

29
Q5. Write down the condition for reciprocity and symmetry.

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

30
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
Determination of short circuit parameters of a passive two port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
1. Voltage Generator Board

2. Digital Multimeter

3. Patch Cord

THEORY:

31
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SPACE FOR DRAWING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS

PROCEDURE:
1. To measure Y11 and Y21 parameters, the output port of the network i.e., terminals 3 and 4 are
shorted with the help of patch chord. This will make V2 = 0 .
2. Calculating Y11 :
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd.
c. Measurement of I1 : Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Now connect ammeter (DMM)
between terminal named as +12 V and terminal 1, to measure I1.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
I
e. Calculate Y11 by the formula Y11 = 1 .
V1
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12V and Gnd.
c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and
terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2.

32
d. Measurement of I2: Remove shorted connections of output port i.e., disconnect terminal 3 and
terminal 4 from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to
measure I2.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
I
f. Calculate Y21 by the formula Y21 = 2 .
V1
4. To measure Y12 and Y22 parameters, the input port of the network i.e. terminals 1 and 2 are
shorted with the help of patch chord. This will make V1 = 0.
5. Calculating Y12:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +5 V and Gnd.
c. Connect +5 V DC Supply to port 2 i.e., connect terminal named as +5 V to terminal 3 and
terminal named as Gnd to terminal 4.
d. Measurement of I1: Remove shorted connections of input port i.e., disconnect terminal 1 and
terminal 2 from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 1 and terminal 2 to
measure I1.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
I
f. Calculate Y12 by the formula Y = 1 .
12
V2
6. Calculating Y22 :
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as
+5 V and Gnd.
c. Measurement of I2: Connect terminals 1 and 2 to make V1= 0 .
4. Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 4. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as
+5 V and terminal 3 to measure I2.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
I
e. Calculate Y22 by the formula Y22 = 2 .
V2

CALCULATION:
I I1
Y = 1 = Y = =
11 12
V1 V2

Y21 I2 Y22 I2
= =
V1 V2

33
Verify SYMMETRY CONDITION

Verify RECIPROCITY CONDITION

CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….
PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.

QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define Y-parameters.

Q2. List the dependent and the independent variables used in Y-parameter presentation.

Q3. Define input and output driving point impedance.

34
Q4. Define reverse and forward transfer admittance.

Q5. Write the condition for reciprocity and symmetry.

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

35
EXPERIMENT NO. 7

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Determination of Hybrid parameters of a passive two port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
1. Voltage Generator Board

2. Digital Multimeter

3. Patch Cord

THEORY:

36
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

R1 R2 R3

100E 332E
750E

V1 1k R4 750E R5 V2

SPACE FOR DRAWING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS

PROCEDURE:
1. To measure h11 and h21 parameters, the output port of the network i.e., terminals 3 and 4 are
shorted with the help of patch chord. This will make V2 = 0 .
2. Calculating h11 :
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd.
c. Measurement of I1 : Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Now connect ammeter (DMM)
between terminal named as +12 V and terminal 1, to measure I1.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
V
e. Calculate h11 by the formula h = 1 Ω.
11
I1
3. Calculating h21
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of I1: Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12V and Gnd.
c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and
terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2.

37
d. Measurement of I2: Remove shorted connections of output port i.e., disconnect terminal 3 and
terminal 4 from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to
measure I2.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
I
f. Calculate h21 by the formula h = 2 .
21
I1
4. 4. To measure h12 and h22 parameters, let the input port of the network i.e., terminals 1 and 2
remain open. This will make I1 = 0 .
5. Calculating h12 :
a. Connect +5 V DC Supply to port 2 i.e. terminal named as +5 V to terminal 3 and terminal named
as Gnd to terminal 4.
b. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
c. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 1 and terminal 2.
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as
+5 V and Gnd.
V
c. Calculate h12 by the formula, h12 = 1 .
V2
6. Calculating h22 :
a. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as
+5 V and Gnd.
b. Measurement of I2: Remove DC Supply connections between +5 V terminal and terminal 3.
Connect an ammeter (DMM) between +5 V terminal and terminal 3 to measure I2.
I2
. Calculate h22 by the formula h =
22
V2
c. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.

CALCULATION:
V V1
h11 = 1 Ω= h12 = =
I1 V2
I2 I2
h 21 = = h22 =
I1 V2

Verify SYMMETRY CONDITION

Verify RECIPROCITY CONDITION

38
CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.

QUESTIONS:
Q1. Define h-parameters.

Q2. What is the significance of the name hybrid parameter.

Q3. Write the expression for h-parameters in terms of z-parameters.

Q4. What is the condition for reciprocity of h-parameters?

Q5. What is the condition of symmetry for h-parameters?

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

39
EXPERIMENT NO. 8

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Determination of Transmission parameters of a passive two port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
1. Voltage Generator Board

2. Digital Multimeter

3. Patch Cord

THEORY:

40
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

R1 R2 R3

100E 332E
750E

V1 1k R4 750E R5 V2

SPACE FOR DRAWING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS

PROCEDURE:
1. To measure A and C parameters, let the output port of the network i.e. terminals 3 and 4 remain
open. This will make I2 = 0 .
2. Calculating A :
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd.
c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12V to terminal 1 and
terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2.
d. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) at the output port of the network i.e., between
the terminal 3 and terminal 4.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
V1
f. Calculate A by the formula A = ⋅
V2
3. Calculating C :
a. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and
terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2.

41
b. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
c. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and
terminal 4.
d. Measurement of I1: Remove DC Supply connections between +12 V terminal and terminal 1.
Connect an ammeter (DMM) between +12 V terminal and terminal 1 to measure I1.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
I1
f. Calculate C by the formula C = .
V2
5. Calculating B:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal named as +12 V and terminal
named as Gnd.
c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 of the network i.e. connect terminal named as +12 V to
terminal 1 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2.
g. Measurement of I2: Remove shorted connection of output port i.e. disconnect terminal 3 and
terminal 4 from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to
measure I2.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
V1
e. Calculate B by the formula, B = Ω⋅
− I2
6. Calculating D:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of I1: Connect terminal 3 and terminal 4 to short the output port of the network.
Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +12
V and terminal 1 to measure I1.
c. Measurement of I2: Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 of the network i.e. connect terminal
named as +12 V to terminal 1 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2. Remove shorted
connections of output port i.e. disconnect terminal 3 and terminal 4 from each other. Connect an
ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to measure I2.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
I
e. Calculate D by the formula D = 1 ⋅
− I2
CALCULATION:
V V1
B = 1 Ω= A= =
− I2 V2
I I1
C= 1 = D= =
V2 − I2

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Verify SYMMETRY CONDITION

Verify RECIPROCITY CONDITION

CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.

QUESTIONS:

Q1. Define Transmission parameters and where they are used?

Q2. Why ABCD parameters are also called as transmission parameters.

Q3. Define reverse voltage and reverse current ratio.

43
Q4. Define transfer impedance and admittance.

Q5. Write the condition for symmetry and reciprocity.

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

44
EXPERIMENT NO. 9

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To Study the star-delta connection of three phase electric load

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
1. Three phase Power supply

2. Resistance

3. Digital Multimeter
4. Patch Cord

THEORY:

45
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(STAR)

(OPEN NEUTRAL)

(DELTA)

SPACE FOR DRAWING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS

46
PROCEDURE:

STAR
1. Connect the circuit Given in figure for both symmetric and asymmetric active load connections
2. Measure phase currents and Phase voltages, line voltage in both closed and open neutral
3. Calculate the Powers.

DELTA

1. Connect the circuit Given in figure for both symmetric and asymmetric active load connections
2. Measure phase currents and Phase voltages, line voltage in both closed and open neutral
3. Calculate the Powers

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Star Connection Symmetrical Load Asymmetrical Load

Closed Open Closed Open

neutral neutral Neutral Neutral

Ia
Ib
Phase Ic
Currents(mA) In

Line Volages(V) Vab

Vba
Vca
Phase Volatge Va
Vb
Vc

47
Delta Connection Symmetrical Load Asymmetrical Load
Ia
Ib
Phase Ic
Currents(mA) In

Line Voltages(V) Vab

Vba
Vca
Phase Voltages Va
Vb
Vc

CALCULATION:

48
CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the relationship between line voltage and phase voltage in a star connection?

2. How does the line current compare to the phase current in a delta connection?

3. Why is a star-delta starter used for three-phase induction motors?

4. What is the power formula for a three-phase system in both star and delta configurations?

5. What are the main advantages of a delta connection over a star connection for industrial

applications?

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49
EXPERIMENT NO. 10

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Study the transient response of a series & parallel RLC circuit for under-damped, critically-
damped and over-damped cases.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.
NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
NO.
1. Resistance, capacitance and Inductance

2. Voltage generator Board

3. Cathode ray Oscilloscope

4. Patch Cord

THEORY:

50
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Series RLC Circuit

R L

Parallel RLC Circuit

R L
C

SPACE FOR DRAWING CKT DIAGRAM FOR STUDENTS:

51
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections on the Transient Analysis of RLC Circuits as shown in above Figure.
2. Set the POT at some lower value of resistance (say, 50Ω-100Ω) by connecting multimeter
between terminal 1 and terminal 3.Lower the value of resistance more will be the number
of oscillation
3. Connect terminal 3 and terminal 4.
4. Connect square wave (TTL)to the input of RLC circuit i.e. connect TTL signal terminal to
terminal 1 and Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Square Wave (TTL) is just like manual
switching as it automatically switches on and off.
5. Connect the mains cord to the Trainer and switch on the mains supply.
6. Now switch on the power switch of the trainer.
7. Connect DSO across capacitor i.e. across TP3 and TP4.
Under-damped Case:
8. Keep DSO at 50µsTime Base (for viewing maximum oscillations)or at 20µs Time Base (for
measuring frequency easily).
9. Observe the response on DSO. The response is oscillatory and the system is said to be under-
damped.
10. Measure the frequency of oscillations and compare it with the theoretical value which is given
by
1
2π LC
11. Now we know the value of potentiometer’s resistance. Add the resistance of the potentiometer
with the inductor resistance which is 133Ω and compare with the theoretical condition given below
for under-damped case.
For Under-damped Case
α < ω0
i.e. (R/2L) < 1/ LC
where R/2L = α = Damping Factor
and 1/ LC = ω0= Resonant Frequency

Critically damped Case:

12. Increase the resistance R by rotating the POT in clockwise direction till the oscillations
disappear. This is the critically damped system.
13. Remove the TTL Generator connections and open terminals 3 and 4. Measure the resistance
of POT. Add the resistance of the inductor also which is 133Ω and compare with the theoretical
value for critical damping, R = 2 L/C.
For Critically damped case, α = ω0
i. e, (R / 2L) = 1/

∴R = 2

52
where R/2L = α = Damping Factor
and 1/ LC = ω0= Resonant Frequency

Over damped Case:

14. Now again make the connections as given in the figure.
15. Increase the resistance R(larger than the critical damping value) by rotating the POT in
clockwise direction. This is the over damped system.
16. Remove the TTL Generator connections and open terminals 3 and 4. Measure the resistance
of POT. Add the resistance of the inductor also which is 133Ω and compare with the theoretical
condition given below for over damped case.
For Over damped Case, α > ω0
i. e, (R / 2L) > 1/
where R/2L = α = Damping Factor
and 1/ LC = ω0= Resonant Frequency

OBSERVATION TABLE:

For Series RLC Circuit

ω0 = 1/ LC in
SL NO. Case R'= RL + R(inΩ) α = R / 2L
rad

1. Over damped

2. Critically damped

3. Underdamped

For Parallel RLC Circuit

ω0 = 1/ LC in
SL NO. Case R'= RL + R(inΩ) α = R / 2L
rad

1. Over damped

2. Critically damped

3. Underdamped

53
CALCULATION:
RL=133Ω; C=1000PF; L=25mH

SPACE FOR TRACING PAPER:

54
CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………

PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.

2. Do not touch any live terminal.

3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.
QUESTIONS:

Q1. Define Steady State.

Q2. Define Transient State and Transient time.

Q3. Write the function of Inductor.

Q4. Inductor doesn’t allow sudden changes

a) In currents b) In Voltages c) Both in (a) and (b) d) none of these

Q5. The Transient response occurs

a) Only in resistive circuit b) Only in inductive circuit
c) Only in capacitive circuit d) Both in (b) and (c)

Students Details Teacher’s Signature

55
EXPERIMENT NO. 11

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Determination of self-inductance, mutual-inductance and coupling coefficient of a single phase
two winding transformer representing a coupled circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No. Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1. 1-phase Transformer
2. DC power supply
3. Voltmeter
4. Voltmeter
5. Voltmeter
6. Ammeter
7. Ammeter
8. Ammeter
9. Variac
10. Connecting Wires

THEORY:

56
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig.2for R2
Fig.1,for R1
(0-5)A
(0-5)A
1- A V

ɸ V A A Fuse
a fuse A
R
1-ɸ AC
I
c R
s I HV A Supply
B
u H.V L.V.
p
A
V L.V L
p
B V E

l L (0-50)V (0-50)V D
C
y E
d
Link c
link

230/200V,50Hz,1ɸ Tr
230/200V,50Hz,1ɸ Tr
Fig.3,for Z1 (0-2.5)A Fig.4,for Z2
DPST (0-1)A
A A

H.V. 1-ɸ AC
H.V. L.V V
1-ɸ AC V L.V.
Supply
Supply (0-300)V (0-300)V

230/200V,50Hz,1ɸ Tr 230/200V,50Hz,1ɸ Tr 230-0-270V,5A,1ɸ

variac

Fig.5,for M
(0-1)A

1-ɸ AC L.V.
V H.V.
Supply V
(0-300)V (0-600)V

230/200V,50Hz,1ɸ
230/115V,50Hz,1ɸ Tr
230/115V,50Hz,1ɸ Tr

Fig.2,for R2

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SPACE FOR DRAWING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM BY STUDENTS:

58
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagrams.
2. Keep the variac at zero position and switch on the supply.
3. Gradually increase the supply voltage to its rated value.
4. Take the corresponding reading of voltmeter V1 & V2 and ammeter I1&I2.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
(For R1,R2,Z1 and Z2)

Voltmeter Reading in Ammeter reading in Resistance/Impedance

Sl.No. Condition
V amp in ohms
1 H.V.

2 L.V.

3 H.V.

4 L.V.

(For M)

Sl Ammeter reading in Voltmeter Reading in V

No. Voltmeter Reading in V (V1) amp(I1) (V2)

CALCULATION:

59
CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.
4. All the voltmeters and ammeters should be chosen carefully, so that their range is suitable to
measure the maximum value.

QUESTIONS:
Q1. What is coefficient of coupling?

Q2. What is coupled circuit?

Q3.What is dot convention and why it is used?

Q4.Determine the total inductance of the three series connected coupled coils as shown in figure
below.

L1=1H L2=2H L3=5H

M12=0.5H M23=1H M13=1H

60
M13

M12 M23

L1 L2
L3

Q5.Differentiate between self and mutual inductance

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

61
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To study the resonance in R-L-C series circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No. Name of the Apparatus Specification Quantity

01 Resistance,Capacitance,Inductance
02 Function Generator
03 Multimeter
04 Connecting Probes
05 Patch Wires

THEORY:

62
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SPACE FOR DRAWING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the frequency to 1kHz in the function generator.
3. Vary the frequency upto 15kHz and take corresponding current readings from multimeter.
4. Plot a graph between frequency and current.
5. Find resonant frequency(fo).

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OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. No. Frequency (f) in kHz Current (I) in mA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

CALCULATION:

64
SPACE FOR GRAPH PAPER:

65
CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.
4. All the voltmeters and ammeters should be chosen carefully, so that their range is suitable to
measure the maximum value.

QUESTIONS:

Q1. Define resonance.

Q2.Define bandwidth.

Q3. Define selectivity.

Q4.In series resonance the current is ……………………… and impedance

is………………………. .

Q5. What is the value of current, reactance and impedance of an ac RLC series circuit resonance.

Student's Details Teacher’s Signature

66
EXPERIMENT NO. 13

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

To study the Resonance in R-L-C parallel circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No. Name of the Apparatus Specification Quantity

01 Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance
02 Function Generator
03 Multimeter
04 Connecting Probes
05 Patch Wires

THEORY:

67
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SPACE FOR DRAWING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM BY STUDENTS:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the frequency to 1kHz in the function generator.
3. Plot a graph between frequency and current.
4. Find resonant frequency(fo).

68
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. No. Frequency (f) in kHz Current (I) in mA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

CALCULATION:

69
SPACE FOR GRAPH PAPER:

70
PRECAUTION:
1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Do not touch any live terminal.
3. Power must be switched off whenever an experiment or project is being assembled or
disassembled.
4. All the voltmeters and ammeters should be chosen carefully, so that their range is suitable to
measure the maximum value.

CONCLUSION:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

QUESTIONS:

Q1. In the parallel resonance the current is …………………. And the impedance
is…………………… .

Q2. What is the value of resonance frequency of a practical parallel R-L-C circuit.

Q3. Does resonance occurs in dc or ac circuits.

Q4. Define Q-factor, and what is its value for parallel R-L-C resonance.

71
Q5. What is the value of admittance, susceptance and current at resonance of a practical parallel
R-L-C circuit.

Student’s Details Teacher’s Signature

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