ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CHAP 5 ECEG-4241

DAMBI DOLLO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 5- Electrical Construction and documentation

5.1 Electrical Contracting Works:
Work coordination process

Team coordination is a process that involves the use of strategies and patterns of behavior aimed
to integrate actions, knowledge and. goals of interdependent members, in order to achieve
common goals

Co-ordination in an organization
Co-ordination is the unification, integration, synchronization of the efforts of group members so
as to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals.
Management seeks to achieve co-ordination through its basic functions of planning, organizing,
staffing, directing and controlling.

Important Elements of Coordination Benefits:

manner as to accomplish the job efficiently.

Need for coordination

Coordination helps to bring together the human and material resources of the organization. It
helps to make optimum utilization of resources. These resources are used to achieve the
objectives of the organization. Coordination also minimizes the wastage of resources in the
organization.
The four common elements of an organization include

Coordinated effort,
Division of labor, and
Hierarchy of authority.

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Role of Consultant:
The consultant's primary role is to assist your work with certain areas of your inclusiveness
work. While the consultant may act as an educator, a catalyst for deeper change, a resource, or a
facilitator, the leadership of the process remains within your organization.


Consulting effectively:

Eight Steps to Consultancy Success

1. Build a balanced relationship. ...
2. Clarify the role. ...
3. Define direction. ...
4. Practice scope control. ...
5. Get them up and running quickly. ...
6. Cement trust with the team. ...
7. Provide feedback. ...
8. Be vigilant

Key skills Consulting Firms Look For:

cial Awareness. ...

-awareness

5.2 How to Create an Approval Process and Workflow:

In any organization, work often needs to be formally approved before it can begin. Budgets,
creative projects, marketing initiatives, invoices, and many other work items all move through a
series of approvals before they are considered either ready for kick-off or complete. Many
organizations create specific approval processes or workflows that dictate how work should be
approved (or rejected) every time to save time and ensure standardization.

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What Is an Approval Process?

An approval process is the method an organization uses to approve anything from documents,
invoices, budgets, and purchase orders, to a new process that a company wants to institute.
Implementing an approval process can standardize an organization’s internal processes, and also
save time by creating a dependable, repeatable system.

Approval processes are a type of workflow, which is any sequence of work from initiation to
completion, that you can create to ensure work is approved the same way every time.

Creating an approval process can simply mean defining the procedures that you will follow to
approve work.

Elements of an Approval Process:

While each approval process will differ based on its purpose or the organization’s specific
requirements, there are some general tasks that you will likely include when designing your own.
These include:
Submission: An approval process usually begins with someone submitting something. You’ll
need to create a submission portal where users go to submit their work.
Assign Approvers: you’ll need to identify the person or people who have the final say. If
your process has multiple approval levels, define who will approve which aspects of work at
each level.
Set Permission Levels: Define the level of authority each user should have. Most systems
have features to delineate among viewer, editor, and administrator permissions, so you can
control who edits, rejects, or approves submissions.
Set Due Dates: As with any project, it’s important to set deadlines to keep your workflows
moving and prevent work backlogs.
Record/Log: Having a record of every step in the approval process is one of its greatest
benefits for increasing transparency and ensuring consistency. If you plan on using an automated
solution, look for a program that offers the following capabilities:
View User History: See who has made changes, to what, and when.
Lock Record: This will make the record uneditable, so that no user can change the log of
actions.
Edit Record: In some cases, you might want the record to be kept editable - for instance, if
you made a mistake or need to keep certain information private from other parties. While we’re
on the topic of automated workflows, it’s important to note that some programs also offer
additional functionality that can create a more customized feel, or help disrupt some of the
inflexibility that can come with automation. Some of these functions include:
Task Lists: It can be helpful to build task assignment into the approval process, allowing each
employee to clearly see their responsibilities, and informing management of resource allocation.
Many of these elements will be present in the approval process you design, regardless of the

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specific project or type or organization. In the next section, we’ll discuss the software programs
that allow you to build approval processes and workflows, and additional features to consider.

5.3 Inspect and notify completion of work:

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following learning outcome and content coverage:

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome and contents stated in the cover
page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to:

he installed apparatus

5.31 Inspection of installed apparatus:

Step 1 - before you start inspecting switch off the power and unplug the equipment. Never
open the casing of the equipment. If you suspect there is a fault inside the casing you should seek
help from someone appropriately qualified.

Step 2 - the electrical cable Run the cable slowly through your hands and feel for any lumps,
cuts or rough areas. At the same time inspect all round the cable whilst working down it a little
section at a time. Watch out for any areas that are discoloured, this might indicate an area of
damage. Be particularly vigilant with any part of the cable that may be prone to having
equipment sat on it or that may be habitually curved or twisted. These are sections that are likely
to become damaged.
If any part of the outer insulation of the cable is breached, or if you have reason to believe that
the wires within it may be damaged, refer immediately to Step 5.

Begin your inspection of the plug by looking at the point where the cable enters it. The outer
insulation of the cable should be tightly gripped by the plug cable grip and none of the thinner
internal wires should be visible from the outside of the plug.

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Figure 5.1

STEP 3:
The plug casing: Next look at the plug itself. The casing should not be cracked, chipped or
damaged. There should be no bent pins. If the plug is not permanently bonded to the cable you
should be able to open the casing using a small screwdriver. Again look closely at the point
where the cable enters the plug through the cable grip, this time examining it from the inside of
the plug. As before, the outer cable should be securely gripped and the thinner inner cables
should emerge from the outer only beyond this point.

The wires within the plug: Next examine each of the individual thinner cables. It is not
necessary to unwire the plug to do this. Make sure that the BROWN wire (RED in older
equipment) is connected to the LIVE terminal (usually labelled L), that the BLUE wire (BLACK
in older equipment) is connected to the NEUTRAL terminal (usually labelled N) and that the
GREEN and YELLOW wire is connected to the EARTH terminal (often labelled E, this is at the
top of the plug). Ensure that there are no damaged parts on any of the cables and make sure that
there is no excess cable that may snag or be trapped when the plug is re-assembled. If any of the
smaller cables are too long you may see rub or pinch marks on the outer insulating surface. You
should check the point where the inner wires are connected to the plug terminals and ensure that
there is not an excessive amount of bare wire exposed. Ideally the insulating outer should cover
the inner conducting wire entirely and no conducting wire should be visible. In practice this is
often difficult to achieve and it may be necessary to have a gap of about one millimetre of
conductor showing between the insulating material and the terminal.

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Figure 5.2
Finally check the connections at each terminal. Ensure that the conducting wire is securely
housed and that no stray wires are sticking out. Make sure that the terminal screws are securely
tightened.

Step 4 - The fuse Any plug that is designed to make a connection between a piece of equipment
and a mains socket should be fitted with a cartridge fuse. In the case of sealed plugs this fuse is
located in a compartment that can be opened from outside the plug. This compartment is located
on the face of the plug from which the pins protrude. In unsealed plugs the fuse is located inside
the body of the plug and is connected to the LIVE terminal next to the BROWN wire. When you
open an unsealed plug to inspect the cables and connections the fuse should be readily visible.

If you know the energy usage then the correct fuse rating can be calculated using the table
below:
'Wattage' of Equipment = Fuse Rating
'Wattage' of Equipment Fuse Rating
Up to 600 Watts 3 Amps
Between 600 Watts and 1000 Watts (1KW) 5 Amps
Between 1KW and 3KW (3000 Watts) 13 Amps

Figure 5.3

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Step 5 - Putting the equipment back into service

No faults observed
If you have found no faults it is now a simple matter to reassemble the plug. Before putting the
equipment back into use you should label the plug to show that an inspection has been carried
out. This label should give details of the date of inspection and who carried out the inspection.
Proprietary labels may be purchased, but it is perfectly acceptable to use self-adhesive labels so
long as they remain attached to the plug until the next inspection.
If you found one or more faults:
If you found any of the following simple faults you are likely to be competent to correct the by
Yourself:
• Incorrect fuse
• Missing fuse
• Connections inside the plug are loose
• Outer cable is not gripped tightly by the cable grip.
After a little practice most people are able to rewire a plug if they have the correct equipment. If
you do not have the correct equipment to do this job, or if you feel it is beyond your ability you
should seek assistance. If the cable is damaged you should not attempt to repair this and should
seek assistance. If you have identified faults during the inspection that cannot be immediately
fixed then the equipment should be taken out of service until the necessary repairs can be
undertaken. This can be achieved by removing it to a secure storage area. If this is not possible
the plug should be removed to prevent use. In all cases the equipment should be labelled to
indicate that it should not be used.

Step 6 - Keeping records: The department should keep a record of all of the equipment
inspected. This record should include a description of the equipment, dates of each inspection
and information about who carried out the inspection. You may also find it useful to record the
size of fuse the equipment should have in its plug and to keep a record of any major faults and
the steps taken to repair these.

5.4 Functional test of installed apparatus:

5.41 Initial Testing of an Installation

Before a utility will connect an installation to its supply network, strict pre-commissioning
electrical tests and visual inspections by the authority, or by its appointed agent, must be
satisfied. These tests are made according to local (governmental and/or institutional) regulations,
which may differ slightly from one country to another. The principles of all such regulations
however, are common, and are based on the observance of rigorous safety rules in the design and
realization of the installation.

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IEC 60364-6-61 and related standards included in this guide are based on an international
consensus for such tests, intended to cover all the safety measures and approved installation
practices normally.

Required for residential, commercial and (the majority of) industrial buildings. Many industries
however have additional regulations related to a particular product (petroleum, coal, natural gas,
etc.). Such additional requirements are beyond the scope of this guide.

The pre-commissioning electrical tests and visual-inspection checks for installations in buildings
include, typically, all of the following:

between phases and earth.

-bonding conductors

allowable number of socket-outlets per circuit

-sectional-area check of all conductors for adequacy at the short-circuit levels prevailing,
taking account of the associated protective devices, materials and installation conditions (in air,
conduit, etc.)
- and extraneous metallic parts are properly earthed (where
appropriate)

5.42 Periodic Check Testing of an Installation

In many countries, all industrial and commercial-building installations, together with

installations in buildings used for public gatherings, must be re-tested periodically by authorized
agents.

5.43 Testing of the Wiring Installation:

The test to be performed before a new installation or an addition to an existing installation is

connected to the supply mains are as follows.
1) Testing insulation resistance between the wiring and the earth with all fuses and lamps in and
all switches 'ON'.
2) The insulation resistance between the conductors with all lamps out and all switches 'ON'.
3) Testing of polarity of non-linked pole switches.
4) Testing of earth continuity path.
5) Testing of earth resistance.

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5.44 Inspection of Internal Wiring Installation

Internal wiring should be inspected once a year and the following points should be checked
while carrying out inspection of the wiring installation.
1. Service Connections: In case of overhead line, check and ensure that
i. The lines are terminated a sufficient distance away from the building
ii. The fuse wire of correct rating is provided on the phase line
iii. The lead-in-wires are of size sufficient to carry the full load current

2. Main Switch Board: In case of, main switch board please check up and ensure that
i. The voltage available is correct
ii. The main switch is provided close to the point of commencement of supply
iii. The fuse of correct size is provided on the live pole
iv. The phase and neutral wires are clearly marked for identification
v. Caution notice in English or other local language is placed.

3. Miscellaneous: The points to be checked are

i. No branch circuit feeds more than the breaker can feed
ii. The single pole switches are provided on the live conductor
iii. The metallic frames of all power equipment are earthed by the independent earth conductors.

5.45 Fault-Tracing in Circuits and Equipment:

The types of fault which may occur in an electrical circuit fall into four general groups:

1. Open – circuit fault (loss of continuity)

2. Earth fault (low resistance between live conductor and earthed metal work)

3. Short- circuit fault (low resistance between phase and neutral conductors)

4. High- value series – resistance fault (bad joint or loose connection in conduction path)

Open-circuit faults
The instrument used to locate this type of faults is the continuity. The usual effect of this fault is
that the apparatus or lamp in the circuit will not operate.
The fault can be:
(a) a break in a wire;
(b) a very loose or disconnected terminal or joint connection;
(c) a blown fuse;
(d) a faulty switchblade contact.

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The fuse should always be easily inspected. The cartridge type can be tested for continuity of the
fuse-element. If the fuse has operated, the reason why it has done so must be found out. It is not
enough to repair or replace the fuse and leave it at that. A broken wire or a disconnection will
show on the continuity tester as an extremely high resistance in the khoum or Meg ohm ranges.

Before each wire in the faulty circuit is tested in turn (live feed, switch- wire and neutral) all
mechanical connections should be inspected (lamp holders, junction box, plug or the metal
sheeting of convenient return when testing the continuity of very long conductors. In an all
insulated wiring system, other healthy conductor can be used as returns for testing purposes
making sure that the aright al connections are restored once the fault has been found.

Earth faults:

An earth fault between alive conductor and earthed metalwork will have the same effect as a
direct short – circuit: the circuit fuse will blow. To trace the fault. It is necessary to isolate the
live conductor from the neutral by removing all lamps etc, and placing all switches in the ON
position. An isolation- resistant (IR) tester is used to trace this fault circuits should be subdivided
as far as is possible to finally locate the position of the fault.

The reading obtained on the instrument used will be in the low- ohms range. An earth fault on
the neutral conductor seldom shows up except by an IR –to earth test on the neutral conductor in
most instances this type of fault does not affect the operation of the circuit or the devices or
equipment connected to it. However, it is important to rectify any such fault found, otherwise if
it is ignored it may cause a shock and fire hazard.

Short – circuit fault: On testing the insulation resistance between the live and neutral
conductors with an IR tester, the reading will show itself in the low ohms range .again,
subdivision of the installation at the distribution board, and subdivision of the faulty circuit is the
only way to locate and confirm the position of the faults . Short circuits can occur as the result of
damaged insulation bare wire in junction boxes and fittings, or by a conductor becoming loose
from terminals and moving so as to come into contact with a conductor of opposite polarity. The
result of short circuit is a blown fuse , though if there is a sufficiently current can flow to blow
the circuit fuse ) the result will be over heating of the conductors and sparking or arcing at the
point of contact .

The test involves the removal of all lamps and appliances from the faulty circuit, open all
switches, and carry out an IR test between the live and neutral conductors. If the reading
obtained is satisfactory, close each circuit switch in turn until the faulty conductor, a switch wire,
is located. If a low or near-zero reading is obtained on the first test, the circuit will have to be
disconnected at convenient points until the faulty wire is isolated.

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High- value series –resistance faults:

This type of fault is most difficult to trace as it usually means that a connection, joint or
termination has become loose. The effect of this is invariably dim lights; or motor going very
slowly and heating up: in new installations the demises of the lamps may well be caused by a
wrong connection in junction box resulting in two or more lamps being connected in series.

Main faults in new wiring:

Faults in new wiring are generally the of careless or inadvertent wrong connections which will
either blow a fuse , cause lamps to operate dimly as above, not work at all or work only when
another circuit switch is placed on the ON position . If a lamp lights only when another switch in
the same final circuit is ON this indicates that the live feed to the faulty lamp has been looped
from the switch – wire side of the previous circuit switch instead of from the live- feed side.
The fact that overloading a circuit will blow a fuse should not be overlooked.

Faults in motors and circuits:

Effects and remedies associated with motors and their associated circuitry and control gear.
Because the voltage of low – and extra- low voltage circuits is relatively small, small, a poor or
dirty contact will immediately prevent bells and similar devices from operating. These faults are
thus most difficult to trace, and it is often a matter of systematic checking for continuity (zero or
near –zero) readings.

The prevention of faults in ELV circuits is more often than not a matter of regular periodic
maintenance attention (cleaning contacts, tightening connections, etc.) than anything else.

Faults in fluorescent –lamp circuits:

The following table summaries the faults, effects and the remedies associated with fluorescent
lamp circuits.
Fault –finding in fluorescent lamp fittings:

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5.5 Visual Inspection

The quality of visual inspection is dependent on the experience and knowledge of the person
carrying out the inspection. Visual inspection should lead testing with instruments and must of
course be prior to the installation being made live. It may be necessary to inspect some parts of
an installation during the construction phase as these parts may be concealed later. A checklist
for a Domestic Installation might read as follows:

Fixed Wiring
1. Correct type.
2. Correct voltage rating.
3. Correct current rating.
4. Correct color coding.
5. Permitted volt-drop not exceeded.
6. Protected against mechanical damage and abrasion (scrap).
7. Non-sheathed cables protected by enclosure in conduit, duct or trunking.
8. Not exposed to direct sunlight or, if so exposed, of a suitable type.
9. Correctly selected and installed for use on exterior walls etc.
10. Internal radii of bends.

Flexible Cables and Cords

1. Correct type.
2. Correct voltage rating.
3. Correct current rating.
4. Correct color coding.
5. Selected for resistance to damage by heat.
6. Cable coupler used for joints.
7. Final connections to fixed apparatus as short as possible.

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Terminations
1. All terminations enclosed.
2. Conductors doubled back where possible.
3. All strands securely clamped in terminals.
4. No damage to conductor.
5. Proper terminal used.
6. Braid / sheath cut back to identify core color and provide flexibility at the termination.
7. Braid / sheath not removed outside of enclosure.
8. Bare protective conductors sleeved green/yellow.
9. Insulation not clamped in terminal.
10. No mechanical damage on terminations, loose available
11. Terminations accessible for inspection, except as otherwise permitted.
12. Tightened sufficiently, mechanically and electrically sound.
13. Enclosure cover fitted properly.

Lighting Switches
1. Adequate current rating.
2. Readily accessible.
3. Installed at correct height, e.g. centered at 1100 mm.
4. Labeled to indicate purpose, where this is not obvious.
5. Single-pole switches connected only in phase conductors.
6. Earthing of exposed metalwork, e.g. metal switch plate.
7. Protective conductor terminated in an earthing terminal.
8. Not installed in the incorrect zone in a shower or bathroom.

Ceiling Roses
1. Fixed in position.
2. Protective conductor connected to earthing terminal.
3. Phase terminal shrouded to prevent accidental contact.
4. Switch wires identified as live (phase ) conductors.
5. Suitable for the weight suspended.

Trunking
1. Constructed of non-combustible insulating material.
2. Securely fixed and adequately protected against mechanical damage.
3. Covers securely fixed.
4. Holes surrounding trunking made good to prevent spread of fire.

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PROTECTION:

1. Distribution board correct and mounted in suitable location.

2. Earth Electrode connection accessible and correct.
3. Main switch fuse or MCB fitted.
4. Socket circuits protected by an RCD (Residual Current Device). (Some exceptions)
5. Immersion heater circuit protected by an RCD.
6. Shower circuit protected by an RCD.
7. Box or other enclosure securely fixed.
8. Flush box, level with wall surface to ensure non-combustible enclosure.
9. No damage to cables by sharp edges, screw heads etc.

Socket Outlets
1. Correct type.
2. 30cm to 40cm above the floor or working surface except in shower or bathroom.
3. Correct polarity.
4. Earthing tail from metal box, to earthing terminal of socket outlet.

Joint Boxes
1. Fixed in position.
2. Accessible for inspection.
3. Protected against mechanical damage.
4. Protective conductors correctly connected.

5.6 Testing:
On completion of the visual inspection the following tests must be completed where applicable:
They must be carried out in the following order.

Tests before connection of the installation to the supply:

1. Continuity of all protective conductors.
2. Continuity of ring final circuit conductors.
3. Insulation Resistance of the electrical installation.
4. Protection by separation of circuits.
5. Polarity test.
6. Electrical strength test.

Tests after connection of the installation to the supply

1. Automatic disconnection of supply including earthing and bonding.
2. Functional tests.

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If the installation should fail any test, the fault must be rectified before any further testing is
done. That test and any preceding tests that may have been affected by the fault should now be
repeated. If all is satisfactory continue with testing as above.

Continuity of Protective Conductors

This test is to ensure that:
protective conductors and bonding conductors are electrically sound and correctly
connected and continuous throughout their length. (Remember that this includes the Main
Protective Conductor and the Earthing Conductor).
e properly connected to the protective conductor where
required.

Figure 5.4 Protective conductor resistance equals Meter reading minus Test lead resistance.

Note: When carrying out this test it is essential to be aware that parallel paths can exist through
extraneous conductive parts. If this is the case the conductor under test should be disconnected
from its terminal and any other conductor.

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5.61 Test of Main Equipotential Bonding on a Domestic System with Metallic Incoming
Services:

Figure 5.5
5.7 Pre Test Procedures and Observations:
1. The installation must be disconnected from the supply.
2. The Main Protective Conductor must be disconnected from the supply neutral.
3. All fuses are intact and all MCBs and switches are closed.
4. All current using equipment including lamps, pilot lights, bell transformers, smoke alarm
units, timers etc. are disconnected or otherwise excluded from the test between live conductors.
5. Note:- Where disconnection or removal of these items is impractical the control switches
should be in the off position. Items left in circuit will cause false low readings.

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6. Any equipment containing electronic circuitry must be disconnected or switched off in order
to prevent damage by the high test voltage.

5.8 Verification and Certification:

New electrical installations and extensions to existing installations must be inspected and tested.
This is done to ensure that all electrical equipment has been correctly selected, installed and
interconnected. Two categories of tests must be carried out on an installation. One test is carried
out prior to the installation being made live for the first time, and the other when the installation
is live. Both tests must be carried out by competent persons using prescribed test equipment.
They also must be carried out in a particular sequence. The results of the tests are recorded and a
copy given to the installation owner.

How to notify work all notifiable work must be notified using one of the three routes

Route 1: Direct notification through Local Authority Building Control: The homeowner
must contact Building Control directly to ensure that a Building Control Officer visits the
installation and issues a compliance certificate. The cost for this can vary depending on area.

Route 2: Self-certification through a recognized scheme.

Route 3: Certification by a registered Third Party In the latest Approved Document, a

provision has been made for an alternative route for installers who are not registered competent
persons (Route 2) and wish to appoint a registered third-party certifier to inspect and test the
work as necessary. Note that there is no process as yet to facilitate this route for building
regulations notification.

The notification process: The core principle of EBCS is to keep the additional paperwork and
hassle that you have to endure to an absolute minimum. To this end, we have implemented a
system whereby all the responsibility of notifying the homeowner and the relevant Local
Authority of the installation is handled by us – all you need to do is inform us once you have
completed the installation. We do not require you to submit the BS7671 test results and
certificates to us.

Who needs to be notified? It is a legal requirement that each notifiable installation carried out
by a registered contractor needs to be notified to three separate bodies:
• The relevant self-certifying scheme
• The relevant Local Authority
• The householder.

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