EXP-1

PC Hardware

i. Identifying Peripherals, CPU Components, Functions, and

Block Diagram

Peripherals of a Computer:
Peripherals are external devices connected to the computer to
enhance its functionality.

1. Input Devices:

Mouse: Helps navigate the user interface.

Keyboard: Enables typing of data and commands.
Scanner: Captures images and text from physical documents for
digital use. Microphone: Records audio data.

2.Output Devices:

Monitor: Displays visual data such as text, videos, and

graphics. Printer: Produces physical copies of digital
documents.
Speakers: Output sound or audio data
3.Storage Devices:

External Hard Drives: Store large volumes

of data. USB Drives: Portable storage for
transferring files.

1.
4.Communication Devices:

Modems: Connect the computer to the internet.

Network Adapters: Facilitate communication between computers on a
network.

Components of a CPU:
The CPU is the brain of the computer and consists of
several parts:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs

mathematical operations and
comparisons.
2. Control Unit (CU): Manages execution of instructions.
3. Registers: Store temporary data and instructions
for faster access.
4. Cache Memory: Speeds up data retrieval for
frequently used instructions.
5. System Clock: Synchronizes operations within the CPU.
6. Bus: Transfers data, instructions, and signals
between the CPU and other components.
Functions of the CPU:

Executes instructions from sof

Performs calculations and logical operations.

AManages data flow between peripherals and
memory.

Controls all computer

processes. Block
Diagram:
Include a drawing labeled with the following:

CPU Core (ALU, CU, Registers).

Connections to Memory (RAM),
Input/Output Devices, and Storage.
System Bus (Data Bus, Control
Bus, Address Bus).

ii. installing Microsoft Windows Using a Virtual Machine

To install Windows OS:

1. Prepare Your Computer:
Ensure enough RAM (minimum 4GB) and storage space
(minimum 50GB).
Enable virtualization in BIOS settings.

2. Download Virtualization Software:

Install VirtualBox or VMware Workstation Player.

3. Download Windows ISO File:

Get the official Windows ISO file from Microsoft’s website.

4.Set Up a Virtual Machine:

Open the software and select "New" to create a virtual

machine. Name it (e.g., "Windows10_VM") and allocate
resources:

RAM: At least 2GB.

Processor: Allocate one core.
Storage: Create a virtual hard disk (at least 40GB).
5.Install Windows OS:

Boot the virtual machine using the Windows

ISO file. Follow the installation steps:
Choose language and region settings.
Create partitions (use defaults if unsure).
Create a user account and finalize preferences.

6. Finalize Setup:

Customize the desktop environment.

Install drivers and basic software like a browser or media player.

iii. Installing Linux in Dual Boot with Windows

To install Linux alongside Windows:

1. Prepare Your Computer:

Ensure storage space (minimum 50GB) and enable virtualization

settings.

2. Download Linux ISO File:

Get the ISO file from the official Linux distribution website (e.g.,
Ubuntu).

3. Create a Bootable USB Drive:

Use tools like Rufus or UNetbootin with the Linux ISO.

4.Set Up a Virtual Machine for Linux:

Open the virtualization software and select "New" to create a

virtual machine.

Choose Linux as the type and allocate resources:

RAM: At least 2GB

(preferably 4GB).
Processor: Allocate one
core.

Storage: At least 30GB.

5.Install Linux:

Boot the virtual machine using the Linux

ISO file. Follow installation steps:

Choose language and layout.

Create partitions without overwriting
Windows. Install the OS and set up a
user account.
6. Configure the Dual Boot Menu:

Linux will automatically detect Windows and configure a boot menu.

On restarting the computer, you can select Windows or Linux
from the menu.

7. Finalize Setup:

Explore the Linux environment.

Install updates and basic software using the package manager.

EXP-2:

Overview of LaTeX and Microsoft Word

(or Equivalent FOSS Tool)
Importance of LaTeX and MS Word as Word Processors

LaTeX:
LaTeX is a document preparation system widely used for creating
high- quality typeset documents, especially in academia and research.
Its importance lies in:
Precise formatting: Ideal for mathematical equations,
technical papers, and theses.

Professional appearance: Automatically manages elements like

references, tables, and figures.

Scalability: Handles large documents efficiently.

Microsoft Word (or Equivalent FOSS Tool):

Word processors like Microsoft Word (or Free and Open
Source Software alternatives, e.g., LibreOffice Writer) are
essential for creating and editing documents. Their importance
includes:

User-friendly interface: Allows intuitive creation of diverse

document types like essays, reports, and letters.

Rich formatting options: Provides tools for font styles, text

alignment, spacing, and more.
Integration: Offers compatibility with various file formats.

Rulers in Word

Rulers are crucial for aligning and managing the layout of a document.
They help control margins, indents, tab stops, and object positioning
with precision. Here’s a thorough explanation of how they work:

Purpose of Rulers:
1. Control Margins: Adjust the white space around the edges of the
page by dragging the ruler guides.
2. Set Indents: First Line Indent: Adjust the position of the first line in a
paragraph. Hanging Indent: Shift all lines except the first one to a specific
position.
3.Tab Stops: Set markers on the ruler where the text moves when you
press the "Tab" key. For example:

Left Tab: Align text to

the left. Right Tab:
Align text to the right.
Center Tab: Center-
align text.
Decimal Tab: Align
numbers around a
decimal point.

4.Positioning Objects: Precisely place images, tables, or shapes

within the document.

Types of Rulers:
Horizontal Ruler: Found at the top of the document, this
adjusts the width of text or objects horizontally across the
page.
Vertical Ruler: Found on the left side, this adjusts the
height or placement of elements vertically.
How to Enable Rulers:
By default, rulers might not be visible. Here’s how you enable them:
a. Navigate to the "View" Tab.
b. Check the box labeled "Ruler" to display both the
horizontal and vertical rulers.

Using Rulers:
Changing Margins: Click and drag the markers on the ruler to
adjust the top, bottom, left, or right margins of the page.
Setting Indents:
Use the markers on the horizontal ruler:

Top Triangle: Adjusts the first-line indent.

Bottom Triangle: Adjusts the hanging
indent.

Square: Moves the entire paragraph.

Creating Tab Stops:
Click on the ruler to set a tab stop.
Right-click the tab stop on the ruler to adjust its type or remove it.

Format Painter in Word

Format Painter is a powerful tool that allows you to copy formatting from
one section of text or object and apply it to another, saving time and
ensuring consistency

Purpose of Format Painter:

1. Copy Formatting Styles: Quickly replicate font styles, sizes, colors,
paragraph settings, and other attributes without manually reapplying
them.
2. Consistency: Ensures that the same formatting is applied across
different parts of the document, enhancing uniformity.
3. Efficiency: Saves time when working with large documents that
require repetitive formatting.

How to Use Format Painter:

1. Single Use:
Select the text or object with the formatting you want to copy.
Click the Format Painter icon (found in the "Clipboard" section of the
Home Toolbar).
Highlight the text or object where you want to apply the
formatting. The formatting is applied instantly.

2. Multiple Uses:

Double-click the Format Painter icon to lock it for repeated use.

Apply formatting to multiple sections by selecting them one by
one. Press Esc to deactivate Format Painter.

Features of Format Painter:

Copies various attributes, including:

Font Settings: Style, size, color, bold, italics, underline.

Paragraph Settings: Alignment, line spacing, indentation.
Object Formatting: Borders, shading, and more for images, tables,
and shapes.

Creating a Project Certificate

Formatting Features in
LaTeX and Word

Formatting Fonts (Word):

Select text and navigate to the "Font" section on the toolbar to
adjust font style, size, and appearance (bold, italics,
underlining).

Drop Cap (Word):

Go to "Insert" → "Drop Cap" to create an enlarged decorative
letter at the beginning of a paragraph. Choose between
"Dropped" or "In Margin" styles.

Applying Text Effects (Word):

Use "Text Effects" within the "Font" section to add styles like
shadows, glow, or reflection to your text.
.Character Spacing (Word):
Customize spacing between characters via the "Font" →
"Advanced" option for a polished look.

Borders and Colours (Word): Add paragraph borders by navigating to

"Design" → "Page Borders." Use the "Shading" tool to fill areas with color
for emphasis.

Header and Footer (Word):

Navigate to "Insert" → "Header" or "Footer" to add information like
titles, dates, or page numbers.

ii.

Creating a Project Certificate

Formatting Features in LaTeX and Word

Formatting Fonts (Word):

Select text and navigate to the "Font" section on the toolbar

to adjust font style, size, and appearance (bold, italics,
underlining).

Drop Cap (Word):

Go to "Insert" → "Drop Cap" to create an enlarged decorative
letter at the beginning of a paragraph. Choose between
"Dropped" or "In Margin" styles.

Applying Text Effects (Word):

Use "Text Effects" within the "Font" section to add styles like
shadows, glow, or reflection to your text.

Character Spacing (Word):

Customize spacing between characters via the "Font" →
"Advanced" option for a polished look.

Borders and Colours (Word):

Add paragraph borders by navigating to "Design" → "Page
Borders." Use the "Shading" tool to fill areas with color for
emphasis.

Header and Footer (Word):

Navigate to "Insert" → "Header" or "Footer" to add
information like titles, dates, or page numbers.

Algorithm for Generating a Project Certificate Using LaTeX

1. Initialize Document Setup

a. Define the document class as report with a4paper size and 12pt font size.
b. Load
essential
packages: c.
graphicx for including images.

geometry for adjusting page layout and margins.

d. Set margin dimensions using geometry.

2. Begin the Document
a. Use \begin{document} to start the content of the document.
3. Create a Title Page
a. Use \begin{titlepage} and center the content using \centering.
b. Add
institutio
n logo:
c.
Use \includegraphics to insert a logo image from the local
directory.

Define the image size for proper placement.

d. Add institution name in bold and large font.

4. Generate the Certificate Title
a. Use \Huge for the main certificate heading: "Certificate of Completion".
b. Add spacing for proper formatting.
5. Print Recipient Information
a. Display "This is to certify that" using \Large.
b. Include the recipient's name in bold format.
c. Mention project/course details using \Large.
d. Add the project duration in a new line.
6. Insert Certificate Description
a. Use \parbox to format a paragraph text block.
b. Center-align the description using \centering inside \parbox.
c. Include a motivational statement about the award.
7.Place Signature Block
a. Use \begin{flushright} to align the mentor's name and designation to the
right.
b. Add a professional signature space with the supervisor’s name.
8. Finalize the Title Page
a. Add \vfill to balance vertical spacing.
b. End the title page using \end{titlepage}.
9. End the Document

10.

a. Use \end{document} to complete the certificate file.

\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{report}

\usepackage{graphicx} % For including logos/images

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % For proper encoding

\usepackage{geometry} % To adjust page layout

\geometry{top=1in, bottom=1in, left=1in, right=1in}

% Begin Document

\begin{document}

% Title Page

\begin{titlepage}
\centering

\vspace*{1cm}

% Logo

\includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{generic-logo.png} % Replace with your logo file name

\vspace{0.5cm}

% Institution Name

{\Large \textbf{National Institute of Technology, Random City}} \\[1.5cm]

% Title of Certificate

{\Huge \textbf{Certificate of Completion}} \\[1cm]

% Recipient Information

{\Large This is to certify that} \\[0.5cm]

{\Large \textbf{John Doe}} \\[0.5cm]

{\large has successfully completed the} \\[0.5cm]

{\Large \textbf{Web Development Bootcamp}} \\[0.5cm]

{\large conducted during} \\[0.5cm]

{\Large \textbf{January 2025 – March 2025}} \\[1.5cm]

% Description

\parbox{0.8\textwidth}{%

\centering

\textit{This certificate is awarded in recognition of the dedication and exceptional

performance demonstrated by John Doe during the successful completion of the Web
Development Bootcamp.}
} \\[2cm]
% Signatures

\begin{flushright}

\textbf{Dr. Jane Smith}

\\ Mentor/Supervisor

\end{flushright}
\vfill

\end{titlepage}

iii.Creating a Project Abstract

Formatting a
Project Abstract
Formatting
Styles (Word):
Apply predefined styles under the "Styles" section of the Home toolbar.
Use options like "Heading 1" or "Subtitle" for structured formatting
Inserting Tables: In Word:

Click on "Insert" → "Table" and specify the number of rows and

columns.
Customize the table using "Table Design" options.
In LaTeX:
Use the tabular environment to insert tables. Example:

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
Column 1 & Column 2 \\
\hline
Data 1 & Data 2 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} \hline Column 1 & Column 2 \\ \hline Data 1

& Data 2 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
Bullets and Numbering (Word):

Highlight the text and choose "Bullets" or "Numbering" from the

Home toolbar for organized points.

Changing Text Direction (Word):

Rotate or align text vertically via the "Layout" toolbar under "Text
Direction."
Footnotes:
In Word: Use "References" → "Insert Footnote."
In LaTeX: Insert footnotes with \footnote{Your text
here}. Hyperlinks:
Add hyperlinks in Word by selecting "Insert" →
"Hyperlink." Symbols (Word):

Add special characters through "Insert" → "Symbol."

Enable "Spell Check" under the "Review" toolbar for accuracy.
iv Creating a Newsletter

Essential Features for

Newsletters Table
of Content:
Use "References" → "Table of Contents" in Word to generate an
organized list of sections.

Newspaper Columns:
Set up columns for a newspaper-like layout by navigating to "Layout"
→ "Columns." Choose single, double, or triple columns based on your
preference.

Images and Clipart:

Add visual elements to enhance your document using "Insert" →
"Pictures" (to add from your device) or "Clipart" (in older Word
versions).
Drawing and Word Art:
Incorporate drawings via "Insert" → "Shapes." Use "Word Art" for
creative, decorative text styles.
Textboxes (Word):
Add floating text areas using "Insert" →
"Text Box." Paragraph Formatting:
Adjust paragraph styles, spacing, and alignment through the "Home" →
"Paragraph" section.

Mail Merge (Word):

Use "Mailings" → "Start Mail Merge" to personalize documents for
multiple recipients by merging fields like names or addresses.
How Mail Merge Works
Mail Merge consists of three main components:

1. Main Document – The template for the document (e.g., a letter,

certificate, or report).
2. Data Source – A list containing personalized information, such as
names, addresses, or project details.
3. Merge Fields – Placeholder text that Word replaces with real data
from the data source.

Steps to Perform Mail Merge in Microsoft Word

1. Prepare the Data Source

Open Microsoft Excel or another database tool.

Create a table with headers such as "Name," "Address,"
"Course," etc. Save the file in .xlsx format for
compatibility.
2. Open Mail Merge in Word

Open Microsoft Word and go to Mailings tab.

Click on Start Mail Merge and choose the document type (e.g., Letters,
Labels, or Emails).

3. Select the Data Source

Click Select Recipients → Use an Existing List.
Locate the Excel file you prepared and import the data.

4. Insert Merge Fields

Click Insert Merge Field and choose the placeholders

(e.g., <>, < >).
Place these fields at relevant locations in the document.

5. Preview the Merged Document

Click Preview Results to check if each personalized entry appears

correctly.

6. Complete the Merge

Click Finish & Merge → Print Documents (for hard copies) or Send
Emails (if merging into an email list).

Use Cases of Mail Merge

Certificates – Generate personalized certificates for multiple

recipients. Letters – Create customized letters with names, dates,
and details.
Event Invitations – Send invitations with individualized guest
information. Reports – Merge structured data into predefined report
formats.
EXP-3:

Internet & World Wide Web

Objective: Configure browser settings, understand search engines/netiquette,
and learn about internet threats and safety measures.

(i) Customizing Web Browsers

Step 1: Configure LAN Proxy Settings

1. Open browser Settings (gear icon or menu).
2. Navigate to Network/Proxy Settings.
3. Enter proxy server address and port (provided by IT admin).
Step 2: Manage Bookmarks
• Use the star icon or Bookmarks menu to save/organize favorite sites into
folders.
Step 3: Customize Search Toolbars
• Change default search engine (Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo) in Settings >
Search Engine.
Step 4: Enable Pop-up Blockers
• Enable in Settings > Privacy/Security > Block Pop-ups.
Step 5: Install Plug-ins (If Required)
• Flash/JRE: Download from official sources (avoid unofficial sites). Enable
in browser extensions.
o Note: Modern browsers rarely need Flash.

(ii) Search Engines & Netiquette

How Search Engines Work
1. Web Crawler: Scans and indexes web pages.
2. Database: Stores indexed content.
3. Search Interface: Retrieves results based on user queries.

Effective Searching
• Basic Search: Type keywords in the address/search bar (e.g., cookie
recipes).
• Refine Results:
o Exclude terms: recipes -chocolate.
o Exact phrase: "sugar cookies".
• Filters: Use search engine tabs (Images, Videos, News).

Understanding URLs
• Scheme: https:// (secure) or http://.
• Domain: e.g., google.com (top-level: .com; second-level: google).
• Path: Specific page (e.g., /search).
• Parameters: Follow ? (e.g., ?q=query).
• Anchor: Follows # (e.g., #section).

(iii) Internet Threats & Safety

Common Threats
• Malware: Viruses, worms, ransomware.
• Phishing: Fake emails/sites stealing data.
• Trojans: Malicious programs disguised as legitimate software.
• Spyware/Adware: Tracks activity or floods ads.
Protection Measures
1. Antivirus Software: Install (e.g., Norton, McAfee) and update regularly.
2. Firewall: Enable (e.g., Windows Firewall) to block unauthorized access.
3. Updates: Patch OS/browsers to fix vulnerabilities.
4. Strong Passwords: Use unique passwords + Two-Factor Authentication
(2FA).
5. Backups: Regularly save data to external drives/cloud.
6. Safe Browsing: Avoid suspicious links/attachments.

Diagnosing Infections
• Symptoms: Slow performance, unexpected pop-ups, unapproved software.
• Solutions: Scan with antivirus, check running processes, monitor network
connections.

Windows Security Tools

• Windows Update: Enable automatic updates (Settings > Update &
Security).
• Firewall Configuration: Allow exceptions only for trusted programs.

•
EXP-4:
CREATING POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
AIM:
The aim of this experiment is to create and maintain a PowerPoint
presentation by applying various features such as slide layouts, inserting and
formatting text, using bullets and numbering, adding auto shapes, lines and
arrows, hyperlinks, inserting images, tables, and charts. This experiment will
help students gain hands-on experience with the basic utilities and tools
available in Microsoft PowerPoint.

PART (i): BASIC POWERPOINT UTILITIES AND TOOLS

SLIDE STRUCTURE:
In this experiment, a PowerPoint presentation is to be created consisting of
five slides. Each slide will contain specific information:
• Slide 1 will contain the contents or table of contents of the
presentation.
• Slide 2 will display the Name of the student or presenter.
• Slide 3 will show the Address.
• Slide 4 will list the Hobbies.
• Slide 5 will include information about Friends.
The presentation should be organized neatly using appropriate slide layouts
and design.

THEORY:
SLIDE LAYOUT:
Slide layouts are pre-designed arrangements of placeholders that help
organize the content on a slide. Choosing the right layout ensures the content
is structured and presented clearly.
1. Go to the Format menu and click on Slide Layout to view available
layouts.
2. In Normal View, select the slides you want to apply a layout to.
3. In the Slide Layout task pane, choose the desired layout and click it to
apply.
4. To insert a new slide, click the arrow next to the selected layout and
choose Insert New Slide to maintain consistency.

INSERT TEXT:
Inserting text involves adding written content into the placeholders or text
boxes on a slide. Text can be aligned and formatted for better readability.
1. Text can be added to any text placeholder in the selected layout.
2. Align text vertically within a cell (top, middle, bottom) or horizontally
(left, center, right).
3. Adjust margins within the cell or text box for better spacing.
4. Use tabs inside a table to align content neatly.
5. To insert symbols, place the cursor in a text box and go to Insert →
Symbol to choose special characters.
6. Fonts can be changed by selecting a different font name from the font
box for better style or emphasis.

FORMATTING TEXT:
Formatting text involves changing its appearance to highlight or organize
information effectively.
1. Select the text to apply formatting like bold, italic, underline, or
superscript/subscript.
2. Go to the Format → Font menu to access more formatting options.
3. Click the Show Formatting button on the standard toolbar to toggle
formatting marks for editing.

BULLETS AND NUMBERING:

Bullets and numbering are useful for listing points or steps clearly and
concisely.
1. Highlight the lines of text that need bullets or numbers.
2. Click the Bullets or Numbering button on the toolbar to apply them
instantly.
3. Customize the style of bullets or numbering if needed for a more
professional look.

AUTOSHAPES:
AutoShapes allow adding visual elements like rectangles, arrows, or stars to
make the presentation more interactive and visually appealing.
1. Select the AutoShape you wish to use.
2. Double-click the shape or text box to open the Format AutoShape
dialog box.
3. Under the Text Box tab, choose the position (anchor point) where the
text inside the shape will start.

LINES AND ARROWS:

Lines and arrows are helpful for pointing to or connecting different objects on
a slide.
1. Double-click the chart or shape where you want to add or modify lines
and arrows.
2. Go to the Patterns tab to change line colors, patterns, or thickness.
3. For fill effects, click Fill Effect and choose options like gradient,
texture, pattern, or picture fills.
4. Click outside the object to return to the slide view after making
changes.

PROCEDURE:
1. Click the Start button on the taskbar and navigate to Programs →
Microsoft PowerPoint.
2. Create a new presentation by selecting File → New.
3. Choose a blank slide layout from the slide layout panel.
4. Enter the contents on the first slide.
5. Insert a new slide for each of the next slides and input:
a. Name on slide 2
b. Address on slide 3
c. Hobbies on slide 4
d. Friends on slide 5
6. Adjust the layout and formatting for each slide.
7. Apply bullets or numbering where appropriate.
8. Add AutoShapes as required for design.
9. Insert a chart using Insert → Chart, inputting name, roll number, marks
in three subjects, and calculating the total.
10. Save the presentation.

RESULT:
A PowerPoint presentation was successfully created by applying the above-
mentioned techniques, including slide layouts, text formatting, bullets, auto
shapes, charts, and more.

PART (ii): USING HYPERLINKS, IMAGES, CLIPART, AUDIO/VIDEO OBJECTS,

AND CHARTS
AIM:
The aim of this part is to enhance the PowerPoint presentation by using
advanced features like inserting hyperlinks, images, clipart, audio and video
objects, and embedding charts to create a more dynamic and interactive
presentation.

THEORY:
HYPERLINK:
Hyperlinks are used to link text or objects to other slides, documents, or
websites within a presentation, allowing interactive navigation.
1. Select the text or object you wish to turn into a hyperlink.
2. Click Insert → Hyperlink.
3. Under Link To, choose Place in This Document to link to another slide.

INSERT IMAGES:
Adding images makes the presentation visually attractive and informative.
1. Click where you want to insert an image.
2. On the Drawing Toolbar, click Insert Picture.
3. Locate and select the image file from your folder to insert it onto the
slide.
CLIP ART:
Clip Art provides a library of ready-made illustrations or graphics that can be
inserted easily.
1. Go to Insert → Structure → ClipArt.
2. In the ClipArt task pane, enter a keyword related to the image you want.
3. Click on a suitable image from the results to insert it into the slide.

AUDIO VIDEO OBJECTS:

Multimedia objects such as audio and video can enhance presentations by
adding sound or motion.
1. On the Slide Show menu, click Setup Show.
2. Under Performance, check the box to enable multimedia playback.
3. PowerPoint uses hardware acceleration if available for better
performance.

CHART:
Charts are used to present data visually in a graphical format.
1. Click on the slide where the chart should be placed.
2. Go to Insert → Chart.
3. Enter data in the datasheet that appears; click outside the chart when
done to return to slide view.

PROCEDURE:
1. Click the Start button and open Microsoft PowerPoint.
2. Create a new presentation.
3. Add the following slides:
a. First slide: Enter the college name in bold.
b. Second slide: Enter the address in bold.
c. Third slide: List the available courses.
d. Fourth slide: List the extra-curricular activities.
4. Use Insert Slide to add new slides for each topic.
5. Save the presentation.
6. Select Slide Show → View Show to preview the slides.
7. After the presentation ends, click End Show.
8. Insert a table by going to Insert → Table, set the number of rows and
columns, and enter name, roll number, marks in three subjects, and
total.

RESULT:
A PowerPoint presentation was successfully created using various features
including hyperlinks, images, clipart, audio/video objects, and charts to
enhance content and interactivity.