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The document discusses the use of pile tests to achieve accurate predictions of pile performance through trial methods, emphasizing the site-specific nature of load test results. It details the design considerations for tension piles used to resist uplift forces and outlines the calculation of ultimate tension resistance. Additionally, it covers the analysis of laterally loaded piles, highlighting advancements in methods for evaluating their performance under combined axial and lateral loads.

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3 views

doc222

The document discusses the use of pile tests to achieve accurate predictions of pile performance through trial methods, emphasizing the site-specific nature of load test results. It details the design considerations for tension piles used to resist uplift forces and outlines the calculation of ultimate tension resistance. Additionally, it covers the analysis of laterally loaded piles, highlighting advancements in methods for evaluating their performance under combined axial and lateral loads.

Uploaded by

padmanabhdixit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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This number of assumptions is rather large; however, if one has pile tests that can be

used and the method has been programmed, one can by trial obtain good agreement between
predicted and measured values for the pile test under consideration.
Load test results are highly site-specific in the sense they are pile responses only for the
pile in that location—and subject to interpretation. For this reason it is suggested that in the
practical situation if we are able to obtain three or four load-transfer curve profiles we can
then construct two or more trial shear transfer curves and use the simpler procedure outlined
in Fig. 16-18.

16-14 TENSION PILES—PILES FOR RESISTING UPLIFT


Tension piles may be used beneath buildings to resist uplift from hydrostatic pressure. They
also may be used to support structures over expansive soils. Overturning caused by wind, ice
loads, and broken wires may produce large tension forces for power transmission towers. In
this type of situation the piles or piers supporting the tower legs must be designed for both
compressive and tension forces. In all these cases a static pile analysis can be used to obtain
the ultimate tension resistance P t u from Eq. (16-5&), slightly modified as

Ptu = X P s i + ^pb + W ( 16 " 25 >

where X ^*si = skin resistance from the several strata over the embedment depth L and is
computed as
Psi = Asfs
fs = ca + qK tan 8
As = shaft perimeter X AL
^pb = pullout capacity from base enlargement (bell); may also be from suction
but suction is usually transient
W = total weight of pile or drilled pier/caisson

The adhesion ca is some fraction of the cohesion, q is the effective overburden pressure
to middepth of element AL, and K is a lateral earth-pressure coefficient. The large majority
of tension piles/piers are straight shafts, so the term P p b is zero and the principal resistance
to pullout is skin resistance and the shaft weight. For driven metal and precast concrete piles
the same K for compression and tension would seem appropriate—or possibly with a slight
reduction to account for particle orientation during driving and residual stresses. A value of
K larger than K0 should be appropriate in sand since there is some volume displacement. The
API (1984) suggests K = 0.8 for tension (and compression) piles in sand for low-volume
displacement piles and K = 1 for displacement piles. For piles driven in clay one may use
the same methods as for compression piles (a, A, /3 methods).
For short drilled shafts (maximum depth = 5-6 m) that are filled with concrete, as com-
monly used for electric transmission tower bases and similar, we should look at the shaft
diameter. The following is suggested [based on the author's analysis of a number of cases—
the latest being Ismael et al. (1994) where Kme3iS was 1.45, and ^computed was 1.46] for piles
in uncemented sand:
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K = Shaft diameter, mm

Ka D < 300 (12 in.)


\{Ka + K0) 300 < D < 600
\{Ka + K0 + Kp) D> 600 (or any D for slump > 70 mm)

In cemented sands you should try to ascertain the cohesion intercept and use a perimeter X
cohesion X L term. If this is not practical you might consider using about 0.8 to 0.9Kp.
The data base for this table includes tension tests on cast-in-place concrete piles ranging
from 150 to 1066 mm (6 to 42 in.) in diameter. The rationale for these K values is that, with the
smaller-diameter piles, arching in the wet concrete does not develop much lateral pressure
against the shaft soil, whereas the larger-diameter shafts (greater than 600 mm) allow full
lateral pressure from the wet concrete to develop so that a relatively high interface pressure
is obtained.

16-15 LATERALLY LOADED PILES


Piles in groups are often subject to both axial and lateral loads. Designers into the mid-1960s
usually assumed piles could carry only axial loads; lateral loads were carried by batter piles,
where the lateral load was a component of the axial load in those piles. Graphical methods
were used to find the individual pile loads in a group, and the resulting force polygon could
close only if there were batter piles for the lateral loads.
Sign posts, power poles, and many marine pilings represented a large class of partially
embedded piles subject to lateral loads that tended to be designed as "laterally loaded poles."
Current practice (or at least in this textbook) considers the full range of slender vertical (or
battered) laterally loaded structural members, fully or partially embedded in the ground, as
laterally loaded piles.
A large number of load tests have fully validated that vertical piles can carry lateral loads
via shear, bending, and lateral soil resistance rather than as axially loaded members. It is also
common to use superposition to compute pile stresses when both axial and lateral loads are
present. Bowles (1974a) produced a computer program to analyze pile stresses when both
lateral and axial loads were present [including the P — A effect (see Fig. 16-21)] and for
the general case of a pile fully or partially embedded and battered. This analysis is beyond
the scope of this text, partly because it requires load-transfer curves of the type shown in
Fig. 16-18Z?, which are almost never available. Therefore, the conventional analysis for a
laterally loaded pile, fully or partly embedded, with no axial load is the type considered in
the following paragraphs.
Early attempts to analyze a laterally loaded pile used the finite-difference method (FDM),
as described by Howe (1955), Matlock and Reese (1960), and Bowles in the first edition of
this text (1968).
Matlock and Reese (ca. 1956) used the FDM to obtain a series of nondimensional curves
so that a user could enter the appropriate curve with the given lateral load and estimate the
ground-line deflection and maximum bending moment in the pile shaft. Later Matlock and
Reese (1960) extended the earlier curves to include selected variations of soil modulus with
depth.

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