ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

MA PROGRAM OF ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

MA THESIS

“Examining the Attitude and Perception of Stakeholders on Sustainable Urban Green In-
frastructure Development in Addis Ababa.”

BY: MANAYE MAGESO

ID NO: GSE/3448/14

ADVISOR: EPHREM ASSEFA (PHD)

JUNE 2024, ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA

Examining Attitude and Perception of Stakeholders on Sustainable Urban Green Infra-
structure Development in Addis Ababa

A Thesis Submitted To Center For Environment And Development Studies, School Of Grad-
uate Studies, Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirement For Degree of
Master Of Art in Environment and Sustainable Development.

By: Manaye Mageso

Advisor: Ephrem Assefa (PhD)

June, 2024

Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Ethiopia

DECLARATION

I, Manaye Mageso hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis entitled ―Examining
attitude and perception of stakeholders on sustainable urban green infrastructure develop-
ment in Addis Ababa” is the product of my original research work. To the best of my knowledge
this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due
acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted as
part of the requirements of any other academic degree or non-degree program. I solemnly declare
that the information in this resume is true to the best of my knowledge and believe. The research
procedures do imitate the expected standards and regulations of Addis Ababa University.

Name: Manaye Mageso Mada

Signature: ___________

Date of Submission: June 2024

Program in Environment and Sustainable Development

Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

EXAMINING ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION OF STAKEHOLDERS ON SUSTAINABLE
URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN ADDIS ABABA

MANAYE MAGESO MADA

Approved by:

Thesis Advisor Signature Date

-------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------

Internal Examiner Signature Date

-------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------

External Examiner Signature Date

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Chairman, Department Signature Date

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and for most I would like to thank GOD for his kindness, his mute pledge and preserve,
his Mother and our Lady Virgin Saint Mary for her intervention, Saint Angels for aid through
all the processes from the beginning to till.

This paper and the research behind it would not have been possible without the exceptional
support of my supervisor, Ephrem Assefa (PhD), his enthusiasm, knowledge and exacting
attention to detail have been an inspiration and kept my work on track from my first encoun-
ter with the log proposal to the final draft of this paper.

I would like to express my deepest thank to my grand/parents and families for their continu-
ous contribution, my stature wife Abezgu Weldegerima for her hopeful inspiration and untir-
ing effort, my best friends deacon Johannes Asfaw, deacon Tamirat Tadele, Tamirat Tilahun
and Afrano Shiwmolo especially deacon Johannes Asfaw for his limitless and turn by turn
contribution through the processes. Finally, all my bureaucrats and those of you had direct or
indirect participation in this work; it gives me pleasure to thank you.

i
Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................. vi
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.5 The Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................. 6
1.6 The scope of the study ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.7 Organization of the study .................................................................................................................... 7
1.8 Operational definitions........................................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 9
2.1 Conceptual review .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.2 Theoretical literature ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.3. Empirical Literature ......................................................................................................................... 20
2.4 The Conceptual Framework of the Study ......................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 24
3.1 Description of the study area ............................................................................................................ 24
3.2 Research Approach and Design: ....................................................................................................... 25
3.3 Population, Sample Size and Sampling Procedure ........................................................................... 25
3.4 Data Source and Data Collection Methods ....................................................................................... 27
3.5 Reliability and Validity of Data Collecting Instruments................................................................... 28
3.6 Methods of Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 28
3.7 Ethical Considerations ...................................................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 30
4.1. Profiles of the research participants ................................................................................................. 30
4.2 The main principles of urban green infrastructure ............................................................................ 31
4.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................ 57
5.1 The study findings............................................................................................................................. 57
5.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 60
5.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 62
5.5 suggestions for further researches ..................................................................................................... 63
REFERENCE.......................................................................................................................................... 64
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................. 74
ANNEX .................................................................................................................................................. 84
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 sampling technique .................................................................................................................. 27

Table 2 reliability of variables .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 3 demographic data ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 4 perceptions ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 5 understands about UGI ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 6 attitudes towards UGI .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 7 descriptive statistics for main principles. ................................................................................. 38

Table 8 Multi-functionality ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 9 connectivity.............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 10 environmental factors ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 11 inclusiveness .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 12 associated challenges ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 The coceptual framework .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 2 map of addis ababa .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS

AACUBGDB Addis Ababa City Urban Beautification and Green Development Bureau

ANOVA Analysis Of Variance

ASDEPO Action for Social Development and Environmental Protection organ

CAP Concept, Attitude and Perception

ECRC Environment and Climate Research Center

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ES Ecosystems Services

FFE Forum for Environment

GI Green Infrastructure

HNCT Human Nature Connection Theory

GIS Geographic Information System

IBM International Business Machine

NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

SEA Social Environmental Assessment

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

SUDS Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

UGI Urban Green Infrastructure

UP Urban Parks

UN united nations

URT Urban Resilience Theory

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Authority

ABSTRACT

Urban green infrastructure development is a strategic approach that requires the harmoni-
ous concept, attitude and perception of stakeholders to footprint sustainability. However, the
urban green infrastructure (UGI) faces challenges in implementation either knowingly or un-
knowingly. This study aimed to examine the concept, attitude and perception of stakeholders
towards sustainable urban green infrastructure development in Addis Ababa. Pertinent data
gathered using survey questionnaire from 121 respondents were processed through SPSS
version 29 and analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics. Moreover, qualitative data
collected from 26 key informant interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The re-
sults reveal that respondents stimulate principles of UGI and perceive the existence and ben-
efits with low level incorporation in current practices. The current urban planning process
failed to consider stakeholder perspectives when developing or expanding urban green infra-
structure projects. Furthermore, most of the stakeholders have positive attitude towards UGI
Multi-functionalities of UGI especially green accessibility is incorporated in low level in cur-
rent practices. The study also found that the major challenges associated with UGI are lim-
ited public education about the benefits of urban green infrastructure followed by lack of
funding/resources, technical difficulties in implementation, lack of political will/support for
such initiatives and resistance from local communities or stakeholders in the implementation.
To curb these problems, research recommends respective authorities or responsible organs
to advance the information/communication to the public regarding the main principles to in-
crease the concept/ knowledge of urban green infrastructure to enhance from stimulation lev-
el to determination and internalization.

Keywords: - attitude, ecosystem services, perception, principles, urban green infrastructure

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) development is a strategic approach to develop intercon-
nected and multifunctional networks of blue and green spaces that potentially provide a wide
range of environmental, social and economic benefits and simultaneously enhance the climate
resilience of cities. Green infrastructure (GI) is increasingly acknowledged as fundamental
for the adaptation of cities to climate change (Ramyar, Ackerman, & Johnston, 2021). The
study of green infrastructure is based on concept development and evolution and focuses on
the research trends of a certain branch of green infrastructure or certain region. Its elements
include a variety of green spaces such as parks, open spaces, playing fields, pocket spaces,
small incidental green space and neighborhood gardens that are linked by tree-lined streets
and waterways, around and between urban areas (Said &Mansor, 2011).

Green infrastructure is a crucial node in the exploration of ―harmonious coexistence between

human and nature,‖ and its formation has experienced lengthy concept preparation and accu-
mulation (Benedict & McMahon, 2002). UGI design, provision, maintenance, conservation
and restoration are being more recognized as critical components of any holistic and realistic
strategy for urban sustainability (Rusche, K.; Reimer, M.; Stichmann, R., 2019).Urban green
spaces in Addis Ababa include public and private green areas or belts which include urban
forest, urban agriculture, gardens, squares, roadside and road median tree plantation, trees
and gardens within individual households, shade trees, windbreaks and shelterbelts, church-
yards and buffer zones (to provide separation between conflicting land uses or to protect vul-
nerable areas), natural reserves (protected areas), etc (Addis Ababa Urban Age Task Force,
2022).Currently, data indicate that of the total area of Addis Ababa (52,292 Area/ha), urban
green area covers 16262.8Area/ha. More specifically, urban forest accounted for 19.7% fol-
lowed by river and river buffer green (7.7%), urban agriculture (1.9%), and urban parks
(1.8%) (Azagew.S & Worku.H., 2020).
MacKay (1994) states, "Just as we carefully plan the infrastructure our communities need to
support the people who live there the roads, water and electricity so must we begin to plan
and manage Florida‘s green infrastructure. Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC), were designed
to allow native plant species to thrive in their natural conditions and appear untouched by
humans. This created ecological havens within the city. In 2009, the burst word ―sustainabil-

1
ity‖ appeared, and the study mainly explored sustainable development. In 2010, the burst
words ―urban area,‖ ―storm water management‖ and ―ecological network‖ appeared. In 2011,
the burst words ―energy‖ and ―urban ecosystem‖ occurred. The research is in the stage of
―explosive exploration.‖ A series of problems brought by rapid urbanization has become the
bottleneck of urban sustainable development (Votinovet al., 2020), and the ―sustainable de-
velopment concept‖ contained in green infrastructure has been widely recognized. In 2009,
the theme of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) was ―Green Infra-
structure.‖

In the transitional stage (2013-2014), the research on green infrastructure was continuously
developed and deepened. For example, the concept of green infrastructure has attracted con-
tinuous attention in the field of ―landscape architecture‖ and reflected in ―park‖ design.
Meanwhile, substantial focus was attached to ―water quality.‖Keywords in this (2015–2019)
stage included ―urban green infrastructure,‖ ―restoration,‖ and ―green roof.‖ In 2015, the 6th
International Conference on Restoration Ecology was held in Manchester, with the theme
―Improving the Rapid Restoration Ability of Ecosystem: Restoring Cities, Villages and
Countryside (Peng&Wu, 2015).‖ Roof greening and green building became emerging hot
spots.

It can be seen from the evolution of the research that the practice of green infrastructure has
been widely applied in three scales: site, city and region. Site scale is the micro scale of green
infrastructure research, which refers to a kind of ecological cycle of storm water control and
rainwater utilization facilities. The city level (Macro-scale) regional green infrastructure re-
fers to the natural continuous green network structure, which can maintain spatial stability,
protect species diversity and have overall ecological benefits. ―Urban area,‖ ―park,‖ and ―res-
toration‖ have considerably higher burst intensity than other keywords, thereby indicating
that urban ecological restoration is one of the core objectives of green infrastructure research
on city scale (Wu et al., Citation2019).The urban scale, as the meso-scale of green infrastruc-
ture, is essentially the natural system which can be relied upon to maintain the sustainable
development of urban environment. Many studies have been conducted on the factors that
contributed to the inaccessibility and undersupply of UGI in cities of developed countries.
Development of accessible UGI remains a major challenge of the capital city Addis Ababa as
well.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The concept of urban green infrastructure development is the relative construct of the
knowledge of the different disciplines as such landscape architecture, greenery, water man-
agement, climate change adaptations and mitigations measures and etc…there are acknowl-
edged principles of UGI Multifunctionality, connectivity, inclusiveness and consideration of
urban environmental factors. Attitude towards the principles of urban green infrastructure and
the public perceptions are the major issues in shaping the supports and the contributions as
such whether initiative is successful or not. However, there are the major challenges associat-
ed with the implementation of urban green infrastructure developments both in global level
and in Ethiopia especially in Addis Ababa in which the society living in various of social di-
versity, economical difference, and many environmental factors in line with the needs.

There are a number of factors that contributed to the degradation and inaccessibility of UGI
in the city. Some of the major driving factors responsible for the current state of UGI may
include; built up area expansion and density, insufficient operation of urban planning regula-
tions, and lack of priority and attention given for UGI development (Azagew and Worku,
2020). Moreover, limited awareness and understanding of the benefits provided by UGI com-
ponents among the communities and decision makers are also factors for inadequate provi-
sion of high-quality UGI components (Lamson-Hall, P, 2019). Beside these, there is limited
literature on the knowledge, attitude and perception of stakeholders towards UGI in Ethiopia.
The available literature is focused on issues such as adaptation to climate change (Lindley et
al., 2015) and conditions and opportunities of green infrastructure in relation to water resili-
ent cities (Herslund et al., 2017).

Nevertheless, the results of previous studies did not fully address how the current urban green
infrastructure implementations consider the main principles of urban green infrastructure de-
velopment. Therefore, this study will contribute to bridging these gaps through examining the
stakeholders‘ concept, attitude and perception towards UGI development principles (connec-
tivity, multi-functionality, consideration of urban environmental factors and cooperation with
local stakeholders (Monteiro and Ferreira, 2020).

A study conducted by Gelan.E & Girma.Y (2021) on sustainable urban green infrastructure
development and management system in rapidly urbanized cities of Ethiopia indicated that
strategic approaches which improve the quantitative, qualitative, and accessibility standards
on the provision of urban green infrastructure is needed for sustained development. Moreo-
ver, advanced development in budget allocation, capacity building, legal and institutional
framework, awareness creation, and stakeholder‘s involvement are also needed to promote a
sustainable development and management system of urban green infrastructure in the urban
centers of Ethiopia in general and emerging towns in particular.

Another study by Azagaw.S&Worku.H (2020) assessed the status, accessibility and con-
straints of UGI in rapidly urbanizing city Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and examined the challenges
behind the current states of UGI based on document review, expert interview and field obser-
vation. They assessed the status of UGI in Addis Ababa city and examined the land use con-
dition of UGI for the last 13 years from 2003 to 2016 through Normalized Difference Vegeta-
tion Index (NDVI).The study used the land use map that was extracted from the structural
plan of the city for quantifying different components of UGI in Arc GIS tool. The results re-
vealed a dramatic decline of urban agriculture and forest land uses in the city during the last
thirteen years. They recommended the accessibility of UPs is generalized in terms of objec-
tive measurement, and the needs, preference, and perception of different population segments
were not considered. Furthermore, Yirga.B, Lika.T&Yeshitela.K, (2021) studied the govern-
ance of green infrastructure planning in Addis Ababa. The study reported that relying on an
authoritarian model of output-legitimacy, sect oral approach, and uncoordinated land-use led
to weak governance of UGI.

Moreover, Yared Girma, et al (2018)studied urban green infrastructure planning in Ethiopia

in the case of emerging towns of Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinne, evaluated the
integration of urban green infrastructure planning principles in the current green space plan-
ning practices in an urban center of Ethiopia. This study employed a documents analysis,
which was underpinned by interviews and observation. The study result indicate that lack of
awareness, financial constraints, insufficient professional knowledge, absence of collabora-
tion and poor public involvement are the most influential factors hindering the integration of
green infrastructure planning principles into urban development.

Molla, et al (2017) also analyzed the pattern of utilization of urban green infrastructure in
Southern Ethiopia. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, key informant inter-
view and focus group discussion and analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The
pattern of utilization of green infrastructure types varies significantly among the three urban
centers.
The above empirical studies focused on urban green infrastructure planning, challenges, sta-
tus, services and some opportunities. Some of the results show lack of awareness and insuffi-
cient professional knowledge. Significantly they recommended future researches on opportu-
nities of existing UGI program and strategic approaches, perception of different population
segments, awareness creation and stakeholder‘s involvement those are not considered in their
work. Unfortunately, there is knowledge gap regarding the concept, attitude and perceptions
of the stakeholders toward UGI in Addis Ababa city. Therefore, this study is conducted to fill
this knowledge gap.

1.3 Research Questions

1 How do the stakeholders understand and perceive the current practices of sustainable urban
green infrastructure development in Addis Ababa?

2 To what extent the main principles of sustainable urban green infrastructure have been in-
corporated in current green space planning practices in Ethiopia?

3 Do stakeholders have balanced/harmonious Attitude with the principles of UGI?

4 What are the challenges associated with sustainable urban green infrastructure development
in Addis Ababa?

1.4 Research Objectives

1.4.1. General objective

The general objective of the study was to examine the concept, attitude and perception of se-
lected stakeholders towards sustainable urban green infrastructure developing in Addis Ababa

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

1 To assess the understanding of stakeholders on the current practices of urban green infra-
structure in Addis Ababa

2 To analyze the extent to which the main principles of urban green infrastructure are incor-
porated in current green space planning practices in Addis Ababa?

3 To assess the attitude level of the stakeholders toward selected UGI principles

4 To identify the major challenges associated with sustainable urban green infrastructure de-
velopment in Addis Ababa
1.5 The Significance of the Study
Urban green infrastructure management, operation complexity and wide in scope to realize its
multifunctional processes it needs the integration and also accepted common concepts and
perceptions as well as attitude level should be balanced. Studying CAP helps to know where
and what is the problem with the implementation of UGI. Well-designed urban green spaces,
(parks, gardens, green roofs, allotment, etc.) can contribute to protecting biodiversity, while
helping to tackle climate change, keeping cities cool, reducing flood risks and enhancing the
health and well-being of urban residents. Urban planners and policymakers, however, face
the challenge of identifying the magnitude of multi-functionality based on the trade-offs and
synergies in services and functions (Korkou.M, Tarigan.Ari.K.M.,2023). Furthermore, the
findings of the study will add new information to the urban green infrastructure literature in
order to understand how the main principles of urban green infrastructure have been incorpo-
rated in current green space planning practices in Ethiopia. Moreover, the findings will in-
form policy makers in their decision making process on how to consider green infrastructure
planning principles to sustain green spaces management in the physical landscape of Ethiopia
in general and the study area in particular. It is could be a data source for research s interested
in the further studying the CAP in relevant to urban green infrastructure development. And
for practitioners is helpful to look at their mindset, skill, knowledge and evaluate themselves
as well as the performance and in addition to assess the stakeholders‘ capacity toward princi-
ples.

1.6 The scope of the study

The scope of the study can be discussed in terms of the major issue under investigation (con-
ceptual scope), geographical area, and the methodology adopted.

Conceptually, this study is delimited to analyze the concept, attitude and perception of
stakeholders towards UGI principles namely connectivity, multi-functionality, consideration
of urban environment and cooperation with local stakeholders or groups.

Geographically, the study is delimited to Addis Ababacity located at an elevation of 2,355

meters(7,726 ft) and is a grassland biome, located at 9°1′48″N 38°44′24″E. The city lies at
the foot of Mount Entoto and forms part of the watershed for the Awash. The study will cover
or uses data‘s only in the area.
Methodologically, the study applied mixed research approach, and quantitative data gathered
using structured questionnaire substantiated with qualitative data collected using key inform-
ant interview, focus group discussion and physical observation.

Analytical scope, data were gathered from different stakeholders(experts, end-users, gov-
ernmental officials, and political leaders and environmental organizations).The investigation
area focused on the main principles of urban green infrastructure, assessment approaches of
urban green infrastructure, ecosystem services and their benefits, sustainability and climate
adaptation, and urban agriculture.

1.7 Organization of the study

This study is organized into five chapters. The first chapter discusses introduction to UGI,
background of the problem, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research ques-
tions, and significance of the study, definition of terms, limitations, and delimitations. The
second chapter will review related literatures introduction, search description, conceptual or
theoretical framework, organized by variable or themes. The third chapter discusses the re-
search methodology including the research approach and design, setting, participants, data
sources and collection methods, methods of data analysis. Chapter four deals with data
presentation, analysis and interpretation of the research findings, finally, in chapter five, the
student researcher discussed summary, conclusion and recommendation, suggestions for fu-
ture research.

1.8 Operational definitions

Attitude: In this study, attitude is feeling about urban green infrastructures developments
principles in accordance with current practices. Feeling or opinion about something or some-
one, or a way of behaving that is caused by this (Richards wood, 2017).

Concept: - is relative awareness about urban green infrastructure benefits by combining mul-
tiple particular knowledge‘s from different disciplines.

Development: is the practice or action of implementing the principles of urban green infra-
structure development. The expansion of people's capabilities and freedoms to live lives they
value (Sen., 1999).

Perception: is of the people‘s mental grasp of perceiving on sustainable urban green infra-
structure developments whether or not the current practices are important or what could be
done as to them.
Urban green infrastructure: is the interconnection of green areas with other built land-
scape architectures.

Sustainable urban green infrastructure: a strategically planned network of natural and

semi-natural areas that are designed to provide needed ecological, social, and economic bene-
fits within an urban context.

Multi-functionality: in this study, it indicates that the multiple functions of urban green in-
frastructures simultaneously providing to benefit people and the ecosystem.

Connectivity: is the extent, in which the current urban green infrastructure is integrated to
other infrastructures such as gray, electric, urban plan and design and etc…
CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter discusses the concept and principles of urban green infrastructure, sustainability
of UGI, challenges as well as the trends and theories that are concerned to UGI and reviews
literature related to the study. Overall, the chapter reviews conceptual, theoretical and empiri-
cal literature related to UGI.

2.1 Conceptual review

UGI is a tool that provides ecological, economic and social benefits through this type of solu-
tions. In other words, UGI provides a network of urban interconnection with nature, semi-
natural areas and green spaces, which provide ecosystem services that support human well-
being and quality of life (Chuttersnap,2018).According to an IDB study, green infrastructure
can be managed more adaptively than investments in gray infrastructure, which tend to be
more expensive to modify after initial construction.

2.1.1 The concepts of urban green infrastructure

Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) refers to the interconnected network of natural and semi-
natural elements within urban areas that are designed or managed to provide multiple envi-
ronmental, social, and economic benefits. It includes green spaces such as parks, gardens,
street trees; blue-green features like rain gardens or bio swales; green roofs/walls; and other
nature-based solutions integrated into urban planning processes. UGI aims to enhance ecosys-
tem services provision (e.g., air purification), mitigate climate change impacts (e.g., tempera-
ture regulation), and support biodiversity conservation efforts in cities while promoting hu-
man health/wellbeing through increased access to nature.

Urban green infrastructure can be interpreted as a hybrid infrastructure of green spaces and
built systems, e.g. forests, wetlands, parks, green roofs, and walls that together can contribute
to ecosystem resilience and human benefits through ecosystem services (Marthe et al., 2016).
urban infrastructure as the physical systems and networks that support the functioning of cit-
ies, including transportation, water supply, energy distribution, waste management, commu-
nication networks (such as telecommunications and internet), and social infrastructure like
schools or healthcare facilities (Graham and Marvin,2001)..
2.1.2 Sustainable urban green infrastructure
The sustainable development of urban areas is crucial since more than 56% of the world's
population lives in cities. Cities are in the lead of climate action, while being responsible for
an estimated 75% of the world's carbon emissions (UN news 2019). The United States Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency maintains that the planning process of sustainable design can
lead to the development of a community that is ecologically, economically, and socially sus-
tainable (US EPA, 2015).According to Ahern (2007): urban green infrastructure is defined as
the interconnected network of green spaces, including parks, gardens, street trees, and natural
areas within an urban environment. It serves multiple functions such as storm water manage-
ment, biodiversity conservation, climate regulation and providing recreational opportunities
for residents.

Cilliers et al. (2013): UGI refers to the planned integration of natural elements into the built
environment to create multifunctional landscapes that enhance ecological sustainability while
improving human well-being in cities. Tzoulas et al. (2007):UGI encompasses all types of
vegetation in urban areas along with associated water bodies and open spaces that provide
ecosystem services such as air purification, noise reduction or temperature regulation while
enhancing social cohesion and cultural values (Pauleit et al.,2010). UGI includes both physi-
cal features like parks or green roofs but also non-physical aspects like policies or governance
structures that promote sustainable land use planning practices integrating nature-based solu-
tions into cities for environmental benefits alongside societal needs.

2.1.3. The principles of UGI

The basic principles for ensuring the sustainability of landscape and water features in urban
and suburban environments are multi-functionality, interconnection, biodiversity, considera-
tion of urban environment factors, and cooperation with local stakeholders or groups(Paulette
et al., 2011;Ely and Pitman, 2014).

2.1.3.1. Multi-functionality

Multi-functionality is a key principle in the design and implementation of urban green infra-
structure (UGI). It refers to the ability of UGI to serve multiple functions simultaneously, ad-
dressing various environmental, social, and economic needs within urban areas. According to
Cilliers et al. (2013), Multi-functionality recognizes that UGI should not be limited to provid-
ing a single benefit but should aim for synergistic outcomes by integrating different functions
into its design. For example, green spaces can provide recreational opportunities for residents
while also mitigating storm water runoff through their capacity for water absorption. Litera-
ture emphasizes that multifunctional UGI can contribute towards achieving sustainability
goals in cities by optimizing resource use and enhancing overall resilience. A study by Haase
et al. (2014) highlights how multifunctional green roofs can reduce energy consumption
through insulation properties while also improving air quality and biodiversity conservation.
Furthermore, Pataki et al. (2011) argue that considering multiple benefits helps justify in-
vestments in UGI as it demonstrates its value beyond individual objectives such as aesthetics
or recreation alone. Overall, the principle of Multi-functionality underscores the importance
of designing UGI systems with an integrated approach that maximizes their potential contri-
butions across various dimensions including ecological health, human well-being, and socio-
economic development within urban environments.

2.1.3.2. Interconnection

The principle of interconnection in urban green infrastructure (UGI) emphasizes the need for
a connected and integrated network of green spaces within an urban context. It recognizes
that individual UGI elements, such as parks or street trees, are more effective when they are
part of a larger interconnected system. According to Tzoulas et al. (2007), interconnection
refers to the physical and functional linkages between different UGI components, allowing
for movement of species, flow of ecosystem services, and connectivity between human com-
munities. Literature highlights several benefits associated with interconnecting UGI elements.
For instance, interconnected green spaces can facilitate wildlife movement across urban areas
by providing corridors for biodiversity conservation (Ahern 2007). This promotes ecological
resilience by maintaining gene flow among populations and supporting diverse ecosystems.
Interconnected UGI also enhances accessibility and usability for residents by creating contin-
uous pathways or networks that encourage walking or cycling while improving social cohe-
sion within neighborhoods (Paulette et al., 2010).

Moreover, research suggests that interconnected storm water management systems incorpo-
rating features like bios ales or rain gardens can effectively manage runoff at multiple scales
while reducing flood risks through distributed infiltration strategies (Benedict & McMahon
2006). By promoting connectivity both ecologically and socially, Urban Green Infrastructure
contributes towards creating sustainable cities where nature is seamlessly integrated into the
built environment.
2.1.3.3. Biodiversity

Biodiversity is a crucial principle in the design and implementation of urban green infrastruc-
ture (UGI). It refers to the variety of plant and animal species, their genetic diversity, and the
ecosystems they form within urban areas. The inclusion of biodiversity in UGI planning rec-
ognizes its importance for ecological functioning, resilience, and overall sustainability. Re-
search has shown that incorporating diverse native plant species into UGI can support local
wildlife populations by providing food sources, nesting habitats, and shelter (Cilliers et al.,
2013). By creating suitable habitats for various organisms, Urban Green Infrastructure con-
tributes to maintaining biodiversity within cities while also promoting ecosystem services
such as pollination or pest control (Tzoulas et al., 2007).

Furthermore, bio diverse UGI elements enhance aesthetic value by introducing seasonal vari-
ations through flowering plants or attracting colorful bird species (Paulette et al., 2010). This
not only improves residents' quality of life but also fosters a sense of connection with nature.
To ensure effective integration of biodiversity in UGI, it is important to consider factors like
habitat connectivity, suitable planting techniques, and maintenance practices that support
long-term survival and growth of native flora and fauna (Ahern 2007). Overall, the principle
of biodiversity highlights the need for urban green infrastructure to be designed as a living
system that supports diverse ecosystems while providing benefits for both humans and the
natural worlds.

2.1.3.4. Consideration of urban environment factors,

Consideration of urban environment factors is a crucial principle in the planning and imple-
mentation of urban green infrastructure (UGI). It involves understanding and addressing the
specific characteristics, challenges, and opportunities presented by urban areas. Here are
some key considerations under this principle:

Land Availability: Urban environments often have limited available land for UGI imple-
mentation. Therefore, it is important to optimize space utilization through innovative design
approaches such as vertical gardens or rooftop greening (Cilliers et al., 2013). This allows for
maximizing green coverage within constrained areas while providing multiple benefits.

Pollution Levels: Urban areas can experience high levels of air pollution from vehicular
emissions, industrial activities, or other sources. UGI should be designed to mitigate these
environmental issues by incorporating vegetation that helps improve air quality through pol-
lutant absorption and filtration (Paulette et al., 2010). Noise Reduction: Cities are character-
ized by high noise levels due to traffic, construction activities, and other human-related fac-
tors. Taking in to account noise reduction measures when designing UGI can help create qui-
eter spaces within the city scale, such as using vegetation buffers or sound-absorbing materi-
als (Paulette et al., 2010).

Water Management: Effective water management is essential in urban environments where

storm water runoff can lead to flooding and strain on existing drainage systems. Urban Green
Infrastructure should incorporate features like rain gardens, bio swales, and permeable sur-
faces that promote infiltration, reducing the burden on storm water infrastructure (Benedict &
McMahon2006).

Social Equity: The consideration of social equity is important in UGI planning to ensure that
all residents have equal access and benefits from green infrastructures. Research has shown
that disadvantaged communities often face disparities in access to green spaces (Tzoulasetal,
2007). Therefore, it‘s crucial to prioritize equitable distribution of UGI across neighborhoods
with lower socio-economic status, identifying areas with inadequate green space provision.

Cultural Sensitivity: Urban environments are diverse culturally, and it is important to incor-
porate cultural considerations into UGI designs to reflect the values and preferences of differ-
ent communities (Paulette et al., 2010).This may include incorporating elements like commu-
nity gardens or culturally significant plant species that resonate with local traditions and prac-
tices. This fosters a sense of ownership and social cohesion while promoting cultural diversi-
ty with in urban areas.

Governance and Participation: The involvement of local communities in the planning pro-
cess is crucial for the successful implementation of UGI. Research has emphasized the need
for good governance structures, inclusive participatory approaches, and collaboration be-
tween stakeholders (Ahern2007).This ensures community engagement, support sustainable
management practices, and enhances long-term maintenance efforts for urban green infra-
structure projects. By considering these urban environment factors in UGI planning and im-
plementation, cities can create inclusive, resilient, and sustainable green infrastructure that
addresses unique needs, challenges, and opportunities within urban areas while improving
quality of life for all residents.
2.1.3.5. Cooperation with local stakeholders or groups

Cooperation with local stakeholders or groups is a critical aspect of the planning and imple-
mentation of urban green infrastructure (UGI). It involves actively engaging and collaborat-
ing with individuals, organizations, community groups, and residents who have a vested in-
terest in UGI projects. Here are some key considerations related to cooperation with local
stakeholders.

Community Engagement: Effective engagement of local communities is essential for the

success and long-term sustainability of UGI initiatives. This can be achieved through various
methods such as public consultations, workshops, focus group discussions, and participatory
design processes (Ahern 2007). By involving residents from the early stages of planning and
design, stakeholders can provide valuable insights, integrate their needs and preferences, and
foster a sense of ownership over the UGI project.

Partnerships with Local Organizations: Collaborating with local organizations, such as

nonprofit groups, civic associations, businesses, and educational institutions, is important for
leveraging resources, knowledge sharing, and ensuring the long-term success of sustainable
green infrastructure projects (Pauleitet. al.,2010).These partnerships can bring expertise,
funding opportunities, volunteer engagement and support networks that enhance the imple-
mentation process.

Knowledge Exchange and Capacity Building: cooperating with local stakeholders also in-
volves knowledge exchange and capacity building efforts. These can include providing train-
ing programs or workshops for resident‘s or community groups on topics related to UGI such
as gardening techniques, native plant selection; water sustainability practices (Bene-
dict&McMahon, 2006).

Maintenance Responsibilities: A crucial specs of cooperation is to develop clear communi-

cation channels between all parties involved in the maintenance and supervision of the UGI
sites. This includes establishing responsibilities, duties, timelines, and maintenance protocols,
to ensure that these green infrastructures are properly cared for and remain functional over
the long-term (Cilliers, etal., 2013).

Monitoring and Evaluation: Cooperation with local stakeholders also involves ongoing
monitoring and evaluation of UGI projects to assess their effectiveness, identify areas for im-
provement, and incorporate feedback from residents and users (Tzoulasetal., 2007). This pro-
cess can help inform future planning decisions, adaptation strategies, and ensure sustainabil-
ity of UGI initiatives. By actively cooperating with local stakeholders or groups in the plan-
ning, implementation, maintenance, and evaluation of UGI projects, cities can benefit from
diverse perspectives, knowledge‘s haring, social cohesion and support that lead to the crea-
tion of sustainable, genuinely inclusive green infrastructure that meets local needs and im-
proves quality of life for all residents.

2.1.4 The challenges of UGI

There are challenges in urban green infrastructure that emanate from different factors. The
following are some of those that UGI faces, Lack of collaboration and communication, lack
of knowledge regarding green spaces and qualities; and the inefficient use of Environmental
impact assessment tools (Sara et al., 2015).

2.1.4.1. Collaboration and Communication

Weak collaboration and communication were found for creating professional barriers as well
as hindering the exchange of knowledge between them. As stated by Håkansson (2000), ―a
municipal public administration is not a unified organization, but is instead populated by a
number of different professional groups, each an expert in its own field. Experts belong to
various municipal administrative units, all of which have developed their own traditions and
procedures, which influence their work.‖ This separation amongst the municipal departments
was quite evident in the municipalities. Each department was focused on their specific spe-
cialization, often overlooking and not showing interest in issues outside of their professional
knowledge, such as green qualities. With improved communication and collaboration the dif-
ferent municipal departments could share and develop knowledge and thereby bring their pro-
fessional expertise to bear on integrating green qualities. However, even with the understand-
ing and acceptance of the importance of collaboration and communication, methods for col-
laboration were not well developed (Sara et al., 2015).

2.1.4.2. Lack of knowledge

Another challenge is lack of knowledge regarding the value of existing urban green spaces, as
well as the qualities associated with them. This problem led to many other challenges. The
lack of knowledge on green qualities of cities or urban regions leads to land use planning and
management decisions based on inadequate information on the benefits that humans can de-
rive (Niemelä et al., 2010). As stated by Sara et al. (2015), lack of knowledge regarding the
value of certain green spaces led to challenges in decision-making regarding where to devel-
op for human benefits rather than biodiversity and vice versa. Moreover, it was difficult for
the municipal planners to decide which urban green spaces to enhance, preserve, or integrate
in the municipal densification plans and projects. Furthermore, this lack of knowledge led to
a conflict of views between the developers and planners. This was mostly due to developers
not being aware of the long-term benefits of enhancing, preserving, or integrating green qual-
ities simultaneously with the development. The planners revealed that in most cases the de-
velopers were more concerned for the short term-economic benefits, rather than the long-term
environmental and social benefits.

2.1.4.3. Limited use of Policy and Tools

Policies and tools are not well developed for green space planning (Paulette et al., 2003).
Baker et al. (2013) also mention that IA tools are being viewed more as a hurdle rather than a
useful tool for decision-making. When the municipalities were asked specifically about the
role of SEA and EIA for the integration of green qualities into their densification plans and
projects, many revealed the limited use of these tools. In most cases, the proposed develop-
ment projects were foreseen to not have negative impacts, overlooking the potential impacts
on surrounding urban green spaces; and so they were screened out at a very early stage. Also,
most of the municipal comprehensive plans lacked focus on green qualities. In the instances
when EIA or SEA was used, they were limited to the assessment of impacts while poorly ad-
dressing mitigation and compensation measures, as well as monitoring plans

2.2 Theoretical literature

There are relevant theories that are helpful to conceptualize urban green infrastructure devel-
opment. The major theories in relation to urban green infrastructure development are urban
resilience theory (URT), human nature connection theory (HNCT), Biophilic Design, Ecolog-
ical Urbanism, Landscape Urbanism, Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), Social-
Ecological Systems Theory, Transition Towns Movement and etc.
2.2.1. Urban Resilience Theory (URT)

Measurable ability of any urban system, with its inhabitants, to maintain continuity through
all shocks and stresses, while positively adapting and transforming towards sustainability.
This theory was developed in the late 20th century and early 21st century by various scholars
and researchers in the fields of urban planning, geography, environmental studies, and sus-
tainability. As to While it is difficult to attribute its development to a single person or group,
several influential figures have contributed significantly to shaping this theory. One notable
contributor is C.S. Hollings, an ecologist who introduced the concept of "resilience" in eco-
logical systems during the 1970s. His work on ecosystem dynamics laid some foundational
ideas for understanding resilience within urban contexts.

Another key figure is Brian Walker, who expanded upon Hollings‘s ideas and applied them
specifically to social-ecological systems. He emphasized that cities are complex adaptive sys-
tems that can adapt and transform themselves when faced with shocks or disturbances. Other
prominent contributors include David Harvey (geographer), Peter Newman (urban planner),
Timon McPhearson (environmental scientist), Thomas Elmqvist (ecologist), among many
others who have further refined our understanding of urban resilience through their research
contributions. It's important to note that while these individuals played significant roles in
developing concepts related to urban resilience theory over time; it has been a collaborative
effort involving numerous scholars from different disciplines working together towards ad-
vancing our knowledge on this topic.
The theory of urban resilience is closely related to Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) as both
concepts aim to enhance the sustainability and adaptability of cities. Urban Green Infrastruc-
ture refers to a network of green spaces, such as parks, gardens, street trees, wetlands, and
green roofs within an urban area. These natural elements provide multiple benefits including
improved air quality, reduced heat island effect, storm water management through absorption
and filtration capabilities. UGI also supports biodiversity conservation by providing habitats
for various species. The integration of UGI into urban planning aligns with the principles of
urban resilience theory. Resilient cities are those that can withstand shocks or disturbances
while maintaining their essential functions and adapting to change effectively. By incorporat-
ing UGI into city design and development processes:

1. Climate Adaptation: Urban green spaces help mitigate climate change impacts by reducing
temperatures through shading effects or evaporative cooling from vegetation transpiration.
2. Disaster Risk Reduction: Natural features like wetlands act as buffers against flooding
events by absorbing excess water during heavy rainfall.

3. Environmental Sustainability: Incorporating UGI promotes sustainable practices such as

rainwater harvesting systems or using recycled water for irrigation purposes.

4. Community Well-being: Accessible green spaces improve residents' physical health

through opportunities for recreation activities while enhancing mental well-being by provid-
ing aesthetically pleasing environments. Furthermore, Urban Green Infrastructure contributes
towards social cohesion in communities where people can gather together in shared public
spaces fostering community engagement,resilience,and sense-of-place Overall, the integra-
tion between the theories on Urban Resilience &Urban Green infrastructure provides a holis-
tic approach towards creating more sustainable, capable &livable cities capable enough not
only tackle present challenges but also future uncertainties

2.2.2. Human Nature Connection Theory (HNCT)

The Rockefeller Foundation states that the Human Nature Connection Theory (HNCT):- hu-
mans' innate need to affiliate with other life such as plants and animals means that humans
have a desire to be near nature. The environmentalism perspective suggests that humans tra-
ditionally had a relationship with nature being one of power and dominance (Hancock,
T.1985, 8, 1–10). Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-
natural areas that are designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services. It
incorporates green and blue spaces and other physical features in terrestrial and marine are-
as.(Ferreira, J.C.; Monteiro, R.; Silva, V.R., 2021).This study is incorporate with the above
theory that explores the ecosystem services with the urban system that along with the ability
of the human to manage the services in sustainable way.

2.2.3. Biophilic Design:

This theory is based on the concept of biophilia, which suggests that humans have an innate
connection and affinity for nature. It was popularized by biologist Edward O. Wilson in his
book "Biophilia" (1984). The theory argues that incorporating natural elements into the built
environment can improve human well-being, productivity, and overall quality of life.
2.2.4. Ecological Urbanism:
This theory draws from ecological principles and systems thinking to guide urban planning
and design practices towards creating sustainable cities. It was developed by landscape archi-
tect Mohsen Most afaviin collaboration with various scholars through a series of conferences
at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design starting in 2009.

2.2.5. Landscape Urbanism:

Landscape Urbanism emerged as a response to conventional approaches in urban planning
that focused primarily on buildings rather than open spaces or landscapes within cities. The
foundation lies in landscape architecture principles such as connectivity, resilience, and
adaptability. It advocates for using landscape as a framework for organizing urban develop-
ment while promoting sustainability through green infrastructure networks. This approach
has been championed by Charles Waldheim, a prominent scholar who published "Landscape
as Urbanism: A General Theory" (2016).

2.2.6. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS):

SUDS is rooted unsustainable water management practices aimed at reducing storm water
runoff impacts on drainage networks while enhancing biodiversity within cities. The founda-
tion lies in recognizing traditional engineering methods may not be sufficient enough hence
integrating more natural techniques like permeable pavements, rain gardens etc., to mimic
natural hydrological processes. Several researchers, such as David Butler and Richard Ashley
among others, have contributed significantly to advancing this field.

2.2.7. Social-Ecological Systems Theory:

This interdisciplinary field recognizes the interdependence between social systems (such
communities) and ecological system (such ecosystems), highlighting how they interact within
an urban context. This theoretical framework acknowledges complex interactions among var-
ious components including people, nature, policies, governance structures etc., in shaping re-
silient, sustainable, and livable cities. The concept of social-ecological systems has been de-
veloped by scholars such as ElinorOstrom, CarlFolke, LanceGunderson,C.S.Holling and oth-
ers.

2.2.9. Transition Towns Movement:

The Transition Towns movement originated from Rob Hopkins' book "The Transition Hand-
book"(2008).It focuses on community-led initiatives aimed at building resilience against cli-
mate change impacts by transitioning to more sustainable and self-reliant local economies.
The foundation lies in the belief that communities can come together to create positive
changes through grassroots actions, including urban greening efforts. Rob Hopkins is a key
figure associated with this movement. These theories have different foundations ranging from
ecological principles, human-nature connections, sustainability goals, and community em-
powerment. They were developed or popularized by influential individuals who have con-
tributed significantly to their respective fields.

2.3. Empirical Literature

Several studies have been conducted in relation to urban green infrastructure development,
both in Ethiopia and abroad. Wang and Banzhaf (2018) summarized the evolution of green
infrastructure by searching papers on green infrastructure in four databases, including Web of
Science (WOS), as well as books and documents published by international organizations,
government agencies, and research institutions as of 2016; and emphasized the importance of
multifunction for the study and development of green infrastructure. In Ethiopia, urbanization
is largely taking the place through unplanned urban growth which aggravates environmental
problems (MUD, 2015).Addis Ababa proposes development of a green infrastructure based
on principles such as integration and multi functionality; but, the proposal is rarely imple-
mented (Herslund et al., 2017).

Alemaw Kefale (2017) assessed the challenges and Opportunities of Urban Green Infrastruc-
tures in inner sub cities of Addis Ababa. The study has revealed physical, management, tech-
nical, and environmental challenges are the challenges of street sides and medians trees, and
cobblestone roads in the study areas. On the other hand the study has identified opportunities
of UGIs such as UGI proclamations, standards, strategies, policies, and principles among oth-
er. Another study by Sileshi Zagew&HailuWorku (2020) examined the challenges behind the
current states of UGI. And but these scholars didn‘t insight the CAP of stakeholders or public
due to this study examines the current practices through assessing concept attitude and per-
ception of stakeholders on urban green infrastructure.

The degradation and inaccessibility of urban green infrastructure (UGI) in the city can be at-
tributed to factors such as expansion of built-up areas, inadequate urban planning regulations,
and insufficient attention given to UGI development. Limited awareness and understanding
of the benefits of UGI among communities and decision-makers also contribute to the inade-
quate provision of high-quality UGI components. Previous studies in Ethiopia have focused
on climate change adaptation and water resilience, but there is a knowledge gap in under-
standing stakeholder attitudes and perceptions towards UGI development principles. This
study aims to bridge these gaps by examining stakeholders' concept, attitude, and perception
towards UGI development in Addis Ababa.

2.4 The Conceptual Framework of the Study

This study is mainly aimed to examine the concept, attitude and perception of stakeholders on
developing urban green infrastructure development in Addis Ababa. More specifically it is
aimed to assessing the conceptual perceptions on the current practices of urban green infra-
structure, analyze the extent to which the main principles of urban green infrastructure are
incorporated in current green space planning practices in Addis Ababa, to assess the attitude
level of the stakeholders toward selected UGI principles, and to identify the major challenges
associated with sustainable urban green infrastructure development in Addis Ababa

The concept of urban green infrastructure advocates the planning of multifunctional green
networks which contribute to the sustainable development of urban areas by promoting bio-
diversity and providing essential ecosystem services (Paulette. S., 2021).Knowledge of stake-
holder perception of ES in different UGI types could serve as a basis for improving the con-
sideration of ES in urban planning processes and strategy development.
Ecosystem Services

Perceptions,
Concepts about and
Attitudes Towards Urban
Greenery
Overcoming

Urban Green The challenges

Infrastructure principles
In implementation

Implementation Strategies

Urban Green Infrastructure

Management

Figure 1 conceptual framework of the study. Source:-computed by researcher 2024.

The above framework illustrates, first there should be perception, relative knowledge and atti-
tudes on benefits of ecosystem provided by urban green infrastructure and the implementa-
tion strategies should be based on principles in order to overcome the challenges in imple-
mentation for attaining sustainability. Thus, the concept development, enhancing perceptions
and attitudinal changes on the benefits of ecosystems comes first followed by UGI develop-
ment. Then, the implementation strategies should address the challenges through success
management. Finally, the sustainability of urban green infrastructure development is realized.
The variables are related to one another in the context of sustainable development and envi-
ronmental planning.

Ecosystem Services: Ecosystem services refer to the benefits that humans derive from eco-
systems such as clean air, water purification, climate regulation, biodiversity support, etc.
Urban green infrastructure plays a crucial role in providing these ecosystem services within
cities.

Principles of UGI: The principles of UGI guide the design and implementation strategies for
creating effective green spaces within urban areas. The strategies consisting of holistic plan-
ning and design, community engagement and participation, integration with existing infra-
structure, policy and governance support and long term maintenance and monitoring. These
principles often include concepts like connectivity between different green spaces or habitats
for wildlife conservation.

Urban Green Infrastructure Management: Urban Green Infrastructure Management involves

planning and implementing strategies to maintain or enhance existing natural systems within
an urban environment while considering factors like land use patterns; maintenance practices;
stakeholder engagement; monitoring & evaluation techniques.

The Concept, Attitude and Perception: Attitude refers to individuals' opinions or feelings to-
wards certain objects or ideas in this case towards sustainable development practices involv-
ing urban green infrastructures. Perception refers to how individuals interpret information
about their surroundings including attitudes they hold regarding specific issues.

In relation with Sustainable Urban Green Infrastructures, attitudes can influence public ac-
ceptance, support, and participation in initiatives aimed at developing greener cities. There
are challenges which retard the practices of sustainable urban green infrastructure develop-
ment, they may as the results of less capability of interpretation of main principles in lack of
concepts/knowledge, negative attitude and false perception etc. Sustainable Urban Green In-
frastructure focuses on designing, governing and managing green spaces in urban areas in
ways that are environmentally friendly, economically viable, and socially equitable. It aims at
integrating nature-based solutions into city planning processes, to improve quality of life and
resilience while addressing challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution miti-
gation etc.

Overall, the relationship among these variables lies in understanding how incorporating well-
designed, Urban Green Infrastructures can contribute positively to the provision of ecosystem
services with in cities, while considering the principles of UGI and managing them sustaina-
bly. Attitudes and perceptions play a role in shaping public support for such initiatives, which
can influence their success or failure. In cause and effect relationship, the public perception
and knowledge about the benefits of ecosystem and the attitudes toward UGI have magnitude
to support the development initiatives. Implementing the principles of urban green infrastruc-
ture through strategies while the challenges are in considerations has effect on the sustainabil-
ity of urban green infrastructure.
CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes different sub sections those were linked each other. More specifically, the chapter
describes the study area, research design, research approach, population, sample size and sampling
technique, data sources and data collection instruments , and methods of data analysis.

3.1Description of the study area

Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia, located in the geographic epicenter of the coun-
try, and surrounded by the regional state of Oromia. It is the largest city in the country and
plays a central political, economic and symbolic role in Ethiopia. The current metro area
population of Addis Ababa in 2024 is 5,704,000, a 4.45% increase from 2023(world popula-
tion prospect, 2022).Addis Ababa, capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is located on a well-
watered plateau surrounded by hills and mountains in the geographic center of the country.
The latitude of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is 9.005401, and the longitude is 38.763611. Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia is located at Ethiopia country in the Cities place category with the GPS co-
ordinates of 9° 0' 19.4436'' N and 38° 45' 48.9996'' E. Addis's areas are subdivided in to 11
sub cities named; Addis Ketema, Akaki Kaliti, Arada, Bole, Gullele, Kirkos, KolfeKeranio,
Ledeta, Nifas Silk Lafto, Yeka and the recently added LemiKura. Addis Ababa has a subtrop-
ical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb) with precipitation varying considerably by the month.
The city has a complex mix of alpine climate zones, with temperature differences of up to 10
°C (18 °F), depending on elevation and prevailing wind patterns.

Urban green spaces in Addis Ababa include public and private green areas or belts which in-
clude urban forest, urban agriculture, gardens, squares, roadside and road median tree planta-
tion, trees and gardens within individual households, shade trees, windbreaks and shelter-
belts, churchyards and buffer zones (to provide separation between conflicting land uses or to
protect vulnerable areas), natural reserves (protected areas), etc. Addis Ababa gets most of its
water supply from reservoirs that are located some 20 km northwest and 10 km northeast of
the city and from groundwater around the southern part of the city boundary. Addis Ababa
needs to manage the problems of green area and water resource depletion, water pollution,
and flooding associated with increased population growth and increased urbanization, indus-
trialization, and development (BGI report, 2020).
Geographical Map of the Study Area

Figure 2 the map of Addis Ababa with sub cities Source: Ethio GIS, 2022)

3.2Research Approach and Design:

This study applied mixed research approach that allow using a diversity of methods, combin-
ing inductive and deductive thinking, and offsetting limitations of exclusively quantitative
and qualitative research through a complementary approach that maximizes strengths of each
data type and facilitates a more comprehensive. The data organized and arranged according
the scientific, logical, theoretical and conceptual category of the research question. Moreover,
the study followed descriptive research design to describe the concept, attitude and percep-
tion of stakeholders towards urban green infrastructure in Addis Ababa. It was useful be-
cause, there was insufficient knowledge about the topic or problem.

3.3 Population, Sample Size and Sampling Procedure

3.3.1. Target population

The target populations of this study include stakeholders (experts, governmental offices, key
informants, environmental organizations, local businesses and end users or residents) in-
volved in developing urban green infrastructure in Addis Ababa city administration. These
stakeholders are supposed to be more relevant and to have knowledge and experiences in
providing information about the variables. The current metro area population of Addis Ababa
in 2024 is 5,704,000(world population prospect, 2022).

There are above 820 experts and officers in Addis Ababa City Administration Urban Beauti-
fication and Green Development Bureau. Of these, the student researcher purposively select-
ed 13 key informants from different categories/quotas were selected and joined for interview-
ee.

3.3.2. Sample size determination

For the objective of the study, research concentrated on experts, environmental protection
organizations, local business and residents. A total of 180 samples (150 residents who are
more close too, accessed urban green infrastructure and expected to be more knowledgeable
were selected from the target population, fifteen government officials, those are currently in
duty entirely one representative from each sub cities, Addis Ababa City Urban Beautification
and Green Development Bureau, out of more than 68 concerned local businesses, eleven lo-
cal businesses mainly associated with ecosystem services especially cultural service. further-
more, four environmental protection organizations were selected depending on their mission
and contribution to UGI development).

The population were selected depending on how different the population is likely to be or
represented. Up on this, the population size along with purposive selection, resources availa-
bility (experience, purpose of the study, knowledge of researcher) is basis for sample specifi-
cation from those encountered stakeholders.

3.3.3. Sampling technique

Non probability sampling methods such as quota and judgment or purposive sampling tech-
nique were applied. Because, this strategy is used in situations where a researcher believes
some respondents may be more knowledgeable than others, and requires an expert to use
their judgment in selecting cases with that purpose in mind. Purposive sampling would seek
out people that have each of those attributes. Quota sampling advances purposive sampling
by identifying categories that are important to the study and for which there is likely to be
some variation.
S.
No Stakeholders Selection Method/Requirement Quantity
-Access to UGI in nearby 11-13 residents
1 Residents -Their practicing experience in com- from each sub cit-
pound. ies
one representative
2 -The relevance and receptiveness‘ to from each sub cit-
officers/leaders/experts the position within office. ies urban beatifi-
cation and green
development of-
fice
The accessibility of green projects for
3 Local businesses their business and peer interactions One representative
with green infrastructure. from each
Environmental organi- Mission and responsibilities One representative
4 zations from each.
Table 1 sampling technique

3.4 Data Source and Data Collection Methods

3.4.1 Data sources

Pertinent data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data sources
were key informants 11 official (experts)one representative from each of the sub city, Addis
Ababa city urban beautification and green development bureau, Addis Ababa urban plan au-
thority, Addis Ababa environmental protection authority, physical audio and visual observa-
tions and questionnaire survey in which 11-13respondents participated from each sub city,
11 local businesses one representative from each sub city and 4 from different environmental
organizations while secondary data sources were documents, scholarly journal articles, con-
ference proceedings, books and statistical data and internet sources.

3.4.2 Data collection instruments

The data collection instruments used in this study were questionnaire that contains socio de-
mographic/biographic data‘s(sex, age and education level), and variables such as concepts,
attitudes and perceptions of the stakeholders about the main principles namely connectivity,
multi-functionality, consideration of urban environment and cooperation with local stake-
holders of urban green infrastructure were collected, Key informant interview questions for
different quotas/representatives about their professional or organizational experience in the
regards to current practices of UGI, observation, document reviewed, researcher physical ob-
servations and insights in consideration of variables were also instruments.

3.5 Reliability and Validity of Data Collecting Instruments

―Data-collection instruments‖ used by Eshtu.G and Yared.G to study The Sustainable UGI
Development and Management System were valid and reliable, in the same senses studying
the concept, attitude and perception of stakeholders in developing UGI were reliable and val-
id which was tested via Cronbach alpha value with minimum acceptable value of 0.7 and
above.

No of items or Reliability coefficient Name of the schol-

Variables statements Cronbachs alpha value ar/s who developed
the scale, year)

Multi-functionality 1o 0.74 Richard A. Zeller, in

UGI Encyclopedia of So-
Connectivity of UGI 10 0.74 cial Measurement,

Urban environmental 10 0.74 2005

factors
Cooperation with 9 0.76
local stakeholders
Perception on UGI 12 0.72

Concepts on UGI 10 0.74

Attitudes on UGI 13 0.71

Table 2 the reliability of data collection instruments sources computed by researcher 2024

3.6 Methods of Data Analysis

In this study, both quantitative and qualitative data gathered to meet the research objectives.
Quantitative data gathered using structured questionnaire was processed via SPSS version 29
software and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard
deviation). Moreover, qualitative data collected with the help of interview and document re-
view was analyzed using thematic analysis. Qualitative data is non-numerical and unstruc-
tured. Qualitative research focuses on words, descriptions, concepts or ideas.

Narrative analysis, that is all about listening to people telling stories and analyzing what that
means was applied. Since stories serve a functional purpose of helping us make sense of the
world, we can gain insights into the ways that people deal with and make sense of reality by
analyzing their stories and the ways they‘re told and Thematic analysis looks at patterns of
meaning in a data set for example, a set of interviews or focus group transcripts. A thematic
analysis takes bodies of data (which are often quite large) and groups them according to simi-
larities in other words, themes. These themes help us make sense of the content and derive
meaning from it (Rautenbach D. Tech, 2020).

3.7 Ethical Considerations

Principles such as voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, po-
tential for harm, and results communication were checked and evaluated accordingly. Before
collecting data, the student researcher got ethical clearance letter from the university. This
letter then was shown to the concerned bodies during data collection stage. Moreover, the
student researcher duly cited sources used in the study.
CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter covers the presentation of data, analysis of the results, and interpretation of the
study findings. The data collected using structured questionnaire were recorded and coded in
excel work sheet and processed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS
v. 29) and analyzed via descriptive analysis.

Out of 150 dispatched questionnaires, 121 were properly collected (80.6% response rate) and
all questionnaires were checked for completeness in order to make the gathered data appro-
priate for analysis. Therefore, 121 questionnaires and 26 interviews were found to be valid
and used for the final analysis. The information obtained from the observation was discussed
to complement the quantitative data.

4.1. Profiles of the research participants

In this section the demographic characteristics of respondents, who are the selected stake-
holders, are generally described in terms of the questionnaires and interview. These variables
includes: sex, age of the respondents, their educational background and the type of business,
the responsibility of environmental organization, name of governmental offices. The subse-
quent section focused on the concepts, attitudes and perception of stakeholders‘ towards UGI
in Addis Ababa. The last section discusses profile of interviewees that was based on research
objectives. The summaries of participants are described in detail on the next subsequent sec-
tions.

4.1.1 The socio demographic data of respondents

Sex Freq % Age Freq % Education Freq %

Male 53 43.8 18-28 42 34.7 Informal 25 20.7
Female 68 56.2 29-39 40 33.1 Elementary 33 27.3
40-49 13 10.7 Preparatory 18 14.9
50-59 16 13.2 First Degree 33 27.3
60 and 10 8.3 Masters and 12 9.9
Table 3 the socio demographic data respondents Source: - computed by researcher 2024.
Out of the total 121 respondents, the relative majority was 56.2% (68) was female respond-
ents With regard to the age; the relative majorities (34.7%) fall between 18-28 years

4.2 The main principles of urban green infrastructure and its incorporation in current
practices

The perception of stakeholders towards UGI was measured using Likert scale items. The stu-
dent researcher used descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) values to assess the
conceptual perceptions of stakeholders towards the current practices of urban green infra-
structure, analyze the extent to which the main principles of urban green infrastructure are
incorporated in current green space planning practices in Addis Ababa, to assess the attitude
level of the stakeholders toward selected UGI principles, and to identify the major challenges
associated with sustainable urban green infrastructure development in Addis Ababa. The cri-
teria by Ghazi (2016) was employed as the guidance that range from 1.00 to 1.80 (Strongly
disagree), from 1.81 to 2.6 (Disagree), from 2.61 to 3.4(Neutral), from 3.41 to 4.20 (Agree),
and from 4.21 to 5(Strongly agree). Moreover, for the attitude analysis the (range of mean
values from 1-2.4 (negative attitude), 2.5-3.4 (neutral attitude) and 3.5-5 (positive attitude)
guide by (Anthony M. Wanjohi and Purity S, 2021) was employed accordingly.

4.2.1 Describing the main principles of UGI

The basic principles for ensuring the sustainability of landscape and water features in urban
and suburban environments are multi-functionality, interconnection, biodiversity, considera-
tion of urban environment factors, and cooperation with local stakeholders or groups(Paulette
et al., 2011;Ely and Pitman, 2014).

The relative awareness (concepts) and public perception regarding the sustainable urban
green infrastructure is important for supporting the success. According to Molla.B (2020), the
participation of all stakeholders and coordination between the institutions involved in the
planning is the way to achieve success for expanding and sustaining the urban green area.
City and town authorities are beginning to practice green space conservation and manage-
ment in collaboration with education and health institutions, but in a context of lack of
awareness of benefits of UGI in the urban environment.
4.2.2. Descriptive statistics for Perception towards UGI
S.No Perception towards UGI Mean Std. Dev.
1 Effectiveness of urban green infrastructure (UGI) in enhanc- 3.97 1.103
ing the quality and livability of cities
2 UGI plays a significant role in mitigating climate change and 4.07 1.050
reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Addis Ababa
3 UGI effectively improves air quality by filtering pollutants 4.20 .862
and providing oxygen.
4 UGI contributes to biodiversity conservation within urban 3.94 1.113
areas
5 UGI's ability to manage storm water runoff and reduce 3.63 1.205
flooding risks
6 Transparency levels maintained by organizations responsible 2.54 1.225
for implementing UGIs while dealing with stakeholder-
related matters
7 I am well-informed about ongoing urban green infrastructure 3.28 1.318
projects managed by relevant authorities in Addis Ababa
8 UGI generates economic benefits such as increased property 4.08 1.029
values, job creation, and tourism opportunities
9 UGI promotes social cohesion and community engagement 4.03 1.211
by providing spaces for interaction and cultural activities.
10 Local governments in Addis Ababa involve communities in 3.13 1.224
shaping policies related to urban green infrastructure
11 Public awareness campaigns in the city are aimed at educat- 2.97 1.316
ing citizens about the importance of supporting sustainable
practices through initiatives like Urban Green Infrastructure
development.
12 Partnerships between government agencies, private organiza- 2.80 .872
tions, NGOs (non-governmental organizations), etc., con-
tribute positively towards successful implementation of Ur-
ban Green Infrastructure projects in Addis Ababa
Aggregate 3.55 1.05
Table 4 descriptive statistics for perception. Source:-computed by research 2024.

As seen in the above table 4, the respondents agrees on the statements with aggregate mean
and standard deviation values 3.55 and 1.05 respectively, implying high variation among in-
dividual items. Furthermore, the results of the likert items shows the relative awareness (con-
cepts) and the perception on the current UGI main principles, the respondents are aware
about Effectiveness of urban green infrastructure (UGI) in enhancing the quality and livabil-
ity of cities with (3.97 and 1.103), UGI plays a significant role in mitigating climate change
and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (4.07 and 1.050), they have general notion about UGI
effectively improves air quality by filtering pollutants and providing oxygen (4.2 and .862) in
the same view they agree on UGIs contribution to biodiversity conservation within urban are-
as (3.94 and1.113) and UGI's ability to manage storm water runoff and reduce flooding risks
(3.63 and 1.205).

The respondents disagree on transparency levels maintained by organizations responsible for

implementing UGIs while dealing with stakeholder-related matters(2.54 and 1.225), they are
neutral whether or not well-informed they feel about ongoing urban green infrastructure pro-
jects managed by relevant authorities with (3.28 and 1.318). however, the economic benefits
generated by UGI, such as increased property values, job creation, and tourism opportunities
perceived (4.08 and 1.029) with its mean and st.dev values respectively, UGI promotes social
cohesion and community engagement by providing spaces for interaction and cultural activi-
ties (4.03 and 1.211).

In addition respondents have no idea/less awareness on the involvement of local communi-

ties in shaping policies related to urban green infrastructure (3.13 and 1.224), the disagree on
public awareness campaigns aimed at educating citizens about the importance of supporting
sustainable practices through initiatives like Urban Green Infrastructure development (2.97
and 1.316).Contrarily, partnerships between government agencies, private organizations,
NGOs (non-governmental organizations), etc., contribute positively towards successful im-
plementation of Urban Green Infrastructure projects (2.80 and .872) is not perceived by re-
spondents.
4.2.3. Descriptive statistics for understandings about UGI
S.No Respondents understanding about UGI Mean Std Dev.
1 Local communities are involved in the planning and imple- 3.61 1.060
mentation of urban green infrastructure projects in Addis
Ababa
2 Urban green infrastructure can enhance biodiversity and 3.80 1.030
support wildlife habitats in cities
3 I value having access to urban parks, gardens, or other forms 3.94 2.055
of green spaces within my city
4 The current urban planning process in Addis Ababa consid- 3.36 1.347
ers stakeholder perspectives when developing or expanding
urban green infrastructure projects
5 Urban green infrastructure can contribute positively to men- 3.98 1.016
tal health by providing opportunities for relaxation and stress
reduction
6 Urban green infrastructure projects should consider the needs 4.00 1.147
and preferences of different age groups (children, adults, el-
derly)
7 Urban green infrastructure projects should address social eq- 3.93 1.070
uity and ensure equal access to green spaces for all members
of the community
8 Urban green infrastructure can contribute to climate change 3.80 .945
mitigation and adaptation in cities
9 The current maintenance and upkeep of existing urban green 3.46 1.025
spaces are being managed in the city
10 Urban green infrastructure has the potential to increase prop- 3.90 .970
erty values within surrounding areas
Aggregate 3.7 1.167
Table 5 descriptive statistics for understandings. Source:-computed by researcher 2024.

As the results in above table reveals, the respondents agree it is important to involve local
communities in the planning and implementation of urban green infrastructure projects (3.61
and 1.060). Urban green infrastructure can enhance biodiversity and support wildlife habitats
in cities. Thus, they place value on having access to urban parks, gardens, or other forms of
green spaces within city (3.80 and 1.030). But, there is disagreement on the statement, the
current urban planning process considers stakeholder perspectives when developing or ex-
panding urban green infrastructure projects (3.36 and 1.347).

Respondents agree on/have concept about Urban green infrastructure can contribute positive-
ly to mental health by providing opportunities for relaxation and stress reduction (3.98 and
1.016).Therefore it is expected that, urban green infrastructure projects to consider the needs
and preferences of different age groups (children, adults, elderly)(4.00 and 1.147), projects to
address social equity and ensure equal access to green spaces for all members of the commu-
nity (3.93 and 1.070), its contribution to climate change mitigation and adaptation in cities
and (3.80 and .945) also perceived.

There is reflection of more absenteeism on the current maintenance and upkeep of existing
urban green spaces is being managed in their city with (3.46 and 1.025).But, agreement on
urban green infrastructure has the potential to increase property values within surrounding
areas with (3.90 and .970) with its respective mean value and standard deviation.

4.2.4. Descriptive statistics for Attitudes toward UGI

S. No Likert items Mean Std. Dev

1 Urban green infrastructure enhances the aesthetic appeal of 4.28 .868

cities.

2 Urban green infrastructure helps mitigate the effects of cli- 3.93 .950
mate change

3 Investing in urban green infrastructure is a cost-effective 3.80 1.046

way to improve overall city well-being.

4 The presence of urban green spaces positively impacts 4.06 .897

mental health and well-being among residents.
5 Local governments should prioritize investment in develop- 3.45 1.147
ing and maintaining urban parks and gardens

6 Urban agriculture initiatives should be encouraged as part 3.99 .871

of sustainable development strategies.

7 The involvement of local communities is crucial for suc- 4.13 .921

cessful implementation and maintenance of urban greening
projects.

8 Educational programs on environmental awareness should 4.08 .833

be integrated into school curricula to promote understand-
ing about the importance of preserving natural resources
through initiatives like planting trees or creating communi-
ty gardens.

9 The presence of urban trees and vegetation reduces noise 4.10 .987
pollution in cities.

10 Investing in urban green infrastructure attracts tourists, 3.90 .961

boosts local economies, and creates job opportunities

11 Community engagement is essential for the successful 3.92 .833

planning, design, implementation, and maintenance of ur-
ban greening projects

12 Urban planners should prioritize integrating nature-based 3.92 .862

solutions into city development plans to maximize the ben-
efits of green infrastructure

13 Public awareness campaigns are necessary to educate resi- 3.93 .920

dents about the importance of preserving existing green
spaces within cities

Aggregates 3.96 0.93

Table 6 descriptive statistics for attitudes. Source:-computed by researcher 2024.

The respective results in the above table 6 shows, the residents have optimistic reaction on
the items Urban green infrastructure enhances the aesthetic appeal of cities (4.28 and.868), its
important in mitigating the effects of climate change (3.93 and.950), Investing in urban green
infrastructure is a cost-effective way to improve overall city well-being (3.80 and 1.04), The
positive impacts on mental health and well-being among residents (4.06 and .897) with strong
agreement between mean and standard deviation.

But they don‘t react to the statement; local governments should prioritize investment in de-
veloping and maintaining urban parks and gardens with (3.45 and 1.14). Unlike priority, their
reaction to the idea Urban agriculture initiatives should be encouraged as part of sustainable
development strategies mean value (3.99 and.87), recognizing the involvement of local com-
munities is crucial for successful implementation and maintenance of urban greening projects
(4.13 and.921).

They inspire integrating educational programs on environmental awareness into school cur-
ricula to promote understanding about the importance of preserving natural resources through
initiatives like planting trees or creating community gardens (4.08 and.833), The presence of
urban trees and vegetation reduces noise pollution in cities (4.10 and .987), Investing in urban
green infrastructure attracts tourists, boosts local economies, and creates job opportunities
(3.90 and .961) Community engagement is essential for the successful planning, design, im-
plementation, and maintenance of urban greening projects (3.92 and .833).

Furthermore, urban planners should prioritize integrating nature-based solutions into city de-
velopment plans to maximize the benefits of green infrastructure (3.92 and .862) and Public
awareness campaigns are necessary to educate residents about the importance of preserving
existing green spaces within cities (3.93 and .920) with its mean and standard deviation val-
ues respectively.

Similarly, the government officials‘ adopts the attitude level of the different stakeholders to-
wards urban green infrastructure developments is in compliance level and they insight the
attitude changes are due to practical and real implementation of urban green infrastructure.
For the past many years many of the stakeholders have cognitive level attitude that was high-
ly affective and behavioral intension. Generally, they are expecting it to escape to high inter-
action levels i.e. identifying and internalizing the benefits of UGI development.
As this research reveals the experts and environmental organizations rates the CAP of differ-
ent stakeholders, it is in affective /behavioral intention and compliance level as more inform-
ants agree.

4.2.5. Descriptive statistics for main principles of UGI

S. Main principles of UGI Mean Std.
NO Dev
1 Multi-functionalities of UGI and its incorporation 3.77 .468

2 connectivity of UGI and its incorporation in the current practices 3.69 .366

3 Consideration of urban environmental factors 3.83 .354

4 Local stakeholders cooperation 3.65 .424

Aggregate 3.74 .403
Table 2 descriptive statistics for main principles. Source:-computed by researcher 2024.

As can be seen from the above table 8,the aggregate mean and standard deviation values for
the principles of UGI are 3.74and .403, respectively. This implies that the respondents recog-
nizes and agree on the incorporation of main principles in current green spaces practices.
Item wise, the mean and standard deviation values for stakeholders‘ perception towards Mul-
ti-functionalities of UGI and its incorporation are 3.77 and 0.468, respectively implying Mul-
ti-functionality principle perceived by respondents or with high agreement with mean value.

Regarding the connectivity of UGI and its incorporation in the current practices, the mean
and standard deviation values are 3.69 and 0.366, respectively. This implies that connecting
urban green infrastructure through green component is perceived by respondents as the result
reveals.

As far as the perception of stakeholders‘ perception towards the consideration of urban envi-
ronmental factors, the mean and standard deviation values are 3.83 and 0.354 implying that
respondents are aware about the environmental functions of urban green infrastructure with
the closest value.

Regarding the perception of stakeholders towards cooperation in UGI, the mean and standard
deviation values are 3.65 and 0.424, respectively. This indicates thatthe significance of the
inclusiveness principle is acknowledged by respondents in high response rate.
4.2.5.1. Descriptive statistics for Multi-functionality of UGI

Likert Items on main principles Mean Std. Dev

Multi-functionality of urban green infrastructure is well recog- 2.99 1.399

nized in Addis Ababa city.

Forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping 3.75 1.227
combat climate change.

Having diverse vegetation within cities contributes positively 3.29 1.357

towards local biodiversity conservation

Parks should be easily accessible 3.96 1.060

Supporting community gardens or rooftop farming projects 3.67 1.300

helps create local food systems with minimal environmental
impact

Creating interconnected pathways lined with vegetation en- 3.83 1.179

hances both human mobility options as well as ecological con-
nectivity

Implementing green infrastructure elements that capture and fil- 3.83 1.276
ter rainwater can help prevent water-related issues during heavy
rainfall

Increasing vegetation in cities can help mitigate high tempera- 4.16 .983
tures during hot weather.

Having well-maintained parks or green areas increases property 4.08 .900

values in surrounding neighborhoods.

Parks or nature reserves should be utilized as educational re- 4.17 .853

sources to raise awareness about environmental issues within
communities

Aggregate 3.77 1.153

Table 8 descriptive statistics for multi-functionality. Source:-computed by researcher 2024.

As shown in table above 8, the Multi-functionality which described by items with high re-
sponse rate of aggregate mean value of 3.77 and standard deviation of 1.153 implying the
high variation among individual responses According to this research, Multi-functionality of
urban green infrastructure in Addis Ababa city is under recognition with response rate of
(2.99 and 1.399) mean and standard deviation respectively. They knew or agreed Forests ab-
sorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping combat climate change (3.75 and 1.227).

Contrarily, they don‘t have sufficient knowledge or information on contribution of having

diverse vegetation within cities positively towards local biodiversity conservation (3.29 and
1.357).They agreed on parks accessibility (3.96 and 1.060) and in sighted Supporting com-
munity gardens or rooftop farming projects helps create local food systems with minimal en-
vironmental impact with response rate of (3.67 and 1.300) and Creating interconnected path-
ways lined with vegetation enhances both human mobility options as well as ecological con-
nectivity with high response rate of (3.83 and 1.179).

The respondents agreed implementing green infrastructure elements that capture and filter
rainwater can help prevent water-related issues during heavy rainfall (3.8and 1.276).shared
their point of view on increasing vegetation in cities can help mitigate high temperatures dur-
ing hot weather with high response rate of (4.16 and .983) mean and standard deviation. The
same to that, having well-maintained parks or green areas increases property values in sur-
rounding neighborhoods(4.08 and .900).They reflected Parks or nature reserves should be
utilized as educational resources to raise awareness about environmental issues within com-
munities (4.17 and .85) as well.

4.2.5.2. Descriptive statistics for Connectivity of UGI

S.No Connectivity of UGI Mean Std dev.

1 I feel that the urban green infrastructure is well connected in 3.05 1.087
Addis Ababa city
2 The connectivity of urban green spaces influence your deci- 3.98 1.179
sion to visit and spend time there
3 It is important for me that different parts of the city are inter- 4.32 .710
connected through green corridors or pathways
4 Improving connectivity between existing urban green spaces 4.17 .879
would enhance their overall value and benefits to residents
/5 I support initiatives aimed at enhancing connectivity within 3.52 1.148
the existing network of urban parks and gardens in your city
6 Barriers currently prevent effective connections between dif- 4.14 .907
ferent parts/elements/components
7 Current design and layout of urban green spaces in Addis 3.36 1.117
Ababa support seamless movement and navigation through-
out different areas
8 There should be dedicated pathways or trails connecting ma- 4.07 .993
jor parks or natural areas within Addis Ababa city‘s urban
green infrastructure network
9 Existing policies/regulations adequately address issues relat- 3.30 1.188
ed to enhancing connectivity within an urban greening
framework
10 Residents in Addis Ababa are aware about ongoing ef- 2.98 1.176
forts/initiatives aimed at improving connectivity within their
local area's network of parks/gardens/urban forests
Aggregate 3.69 1.04
Table 9 descriptive statistics for connectivity. Source:-computed by research 2024.

As seen from above table 9, the respondents don‘t have idea on connectivity of urban green
infrastructure in Addis Ababa city with response rate of (3.05 and 1.087) mean and st.dev
values. They shares idea, the connectivity of UGI influences their decision to visit and spend
time there (3.98 and 1.179).It is important for them that different parts of the city are inter-
connected through green corridors or pathways (4.32 and .710).Respondents agrees improv-
ing connectivity between existing urban green spaces would enhance their overall value and
benefits to residents (4.17 and .87).They agreed supporting initiatives aimed at enhancing
connectivity within the existing network of urban parks and gardens in your city (3.52 and
1.148).

Beside these, they believe there are barriers currently preventing effective connections be-
tween different parts/elements/components high response rate (4.14 and .907). As to the re-
spondents, current design and layout of urban green spaces support seamless movement and
navigation throughout different areas (3.36 and 1.117) is not well recognized. Even though,
they have idea on having dedicated pathways or trails connecting major parks or natural areas
within your city's urban green infrastructure network (4.07 and .993).

The respondents stayed in reactive to existing policies/regulations adequately address issues

related to enhancing connectivity within an urban greening framework with response rate of
(3.30 and 1.188). There is lack of awareness/information about ongoing efforts/initiatives
aimed at improving connectivity within their local area's network of parks/gardens/urban for-
ests with (2.98 and 1.176) mean and st.dev values respectively.

4.2.5.3. Descriptive statistics for Consideration of urban Environmental factors

S.No Consideration of urban Environmental factors Mean Std Dev.

1 It is important to optimize space utilization through innova- 3.89 1.039
tive design approaches such as vertical gardens or rooftop
greening
2 UGI should be designed to mitigate environmental issues by 4.15 .833
incorporating vegetation that helps improve air quality
through pollutant absorption and filtration
3 Taking into account noise reduction measures when design- 3.70 1.100
ing UGI can help create quieter spaces within the city scale,
such as using vegetation buffers or sound-absorbing materi-
als
4 Urban Green Infrastructure should incorporate features like 3.94 .942
rain gardens, bio swales, and permeable surfaces that pro-
mote infiltration, reducing the burden on storm water infra-
structure
5 It's crucial to prioritize equitable distribution of UGI across 3.78 1.107
neighborhoods with lower socio-economic status, identifying
areas with inadequate greens pace provision.
6 It is important to incorporate cultural considerations into 4.05 .965
UGI designs to reflect the values and preferences of different
communities
7 By considering urban environment factors in UGI planning 3.93 .883
and implementation, cities can create inclusive, resilient, and
sustainable green infrastructure that addresses unique needs,
challenges, and opportunities within urban areas while im-
proving quality of life for all residents.
8 Urban green infrastructure improves air quality in urban are- 3.99 .890
as
9 Urban green infrastructure improves water management by 3.97 .921
reducing storm water runoff and improving water quality
10 Do you believe that the UGI in Addis Ababa city meets the 2.88 1.163
above(1-9)in the current practices
Aggregate 3.83 0.98
Table10descriptive statistics for urban Env’tal factors Source:-computed by researcher 2024.

As illustrated in the above table, Consideration of urban Environmental factors is described

by aggregate mean and st.dev value with high response rate of 3.83 and 0.98 respectively.
The respondents agreed optimizing space utilization through innovative design approaches
such as vertical gardens or rooftop greening (3.89 and 1.039), UGI should be designed to mit-
igate environmental issues by incorporating vegetation that helps improve air quality through
pollutant absorption and filtration (4.15 and .833).Taking into account noise reduction
measures when designing UGI can help create quieter spaces within the city scale, such as
using vegetation buffers or sound-absorbing materials (3.70 and 1.100). Urban Green Infra-
structure should incorporate features like rain gardens, bio swales, and permeable surfaces
that promote infiltration, reducing the burden on storm water infrastructure (3.94 and .942).

According to this study, It's crucial to prioritize equitable distribution of UGI across neigh-
borhoods with lower socio-economic status, identifying areas with inadequate greens pace
provision(3.78 and 1.107).The respondents agreed the importance of incorporating cultural
considerations into UGI designs to reflect the values and preferences of different communi-
ties (4.05 and .965). Moreover, considering urban environment factors in UGI planning and
implementation, cities can create inclusive, resilient, and sustainable green infrastructure that
addresses unique needs, challenges and opportunities within urban areas while improving
quality (3.93 and .88). Urban green infrastructure improves air quality in urban areas (3.99
and .890) and improves water management by reducing storm water runoff and improving
water quality (3.97 and .921). However, they have central idea between agree and disagree on
the UGI in Addis Ababa city meets the environmental factors considerations in the current
practices(2.88 and 1.163),

4.2.5.4. Descriptive statistics for Cooperation with local stakeholders

S.No Cooperation with local stakeholders Mean Std. Dev.

1 By involving residents from the early stages of planning and 3.99 .979
design, stakeholders can provide valuable insights, integrate
their needs and preferences, and foster a sense of ownership
over the UGI project
2 Partnerships can bring expertise, funding opportunities, vol- 3.80 .954
unteer engagement and support networks that enhance the
implementation process.
3 Providing training programs or workshops for residents or 4.09 .885
community group son topics related to UGI such as garden-
ing techniques, native plant selection; water sustainability
practices will help knowledge exchange and capacity build-
ing
4 establishing responsibilities, duties, timelines, and mainte- 4.07 1.074
nance protocols, to ensure that these green infrastructures are
properly cared for and remain functional over the long term
5 Cooperation with local stakeholders also involves ongoing 4.00 1.049
monitoring and evaluation of UGI projects to assess their
effectiveness, identify areas for improvement, and incorpo-
rate feedback from residents and users
6 I have confidence in UGI's ability to provide equitable dis- 3.91 1.252
tribution of green spaces across different neighborhoods
within cities?
7 I am confident that stakeholders' opinions are considered 2.65 1.459
during decision-making processes related to planning and
implementing UGIs
8 Collaboration between different stakeholders (government 3.93 1.184
agencies, NGOs, residents) is vital for effective management
and maintenance of urban greening initiatives
9 Do you agree, the UGI in Addis Ababa city meets the above 2.42 1.181
(1-8) in the current practices?
Aggregate 3.65 1.11
Table 11 descriptive statistics for cooperation. Source:-computed by research 2024.

The results in above table reveals as to respondents, by involving residents from the early
stages of planning and design, stakeholders can provide valuable insights, integrate their
needs and preferences, and foster a sense of ownership over the UGI project with (3.99 and
.979)response rate. Partnerships can bring expertise, funding opportunities, volunteer en-
gagement and support networks that enhance the implementation process (3.80 and .954).
According to this study, Providing training programs or workshops for residents or communi-
ty group son topics related to UGI such as gardening techniques, native plant selection and
water sustainability practices will help knowledge exchange and capacity building (4.09 and
.885).

Establishing responsibilities, duties, timelines, and maintenance protocols, to ensure that the-
se green infrastructures are properly cared for and remain functional over the long term (4.07
and 1.074).Cooperation with local stakeholders also involves ongoing monitoring and evalua-
tion of UGI projects to assess their effectiveness, identify areas for improvement, and incor-
porate feedback from residents and users (4.00 and 1.04). The respondents agreed on UGI's
ability to provide equitable distribution of green spaces across different neighborhoods within
cities (3.91 And 1.252). But, they are not enough confident that stakeholders' opinions are
considered during decision-making processes related to planning and implementing UGIs
(2.65 and 1.459).

Collaboration between different stakeholders (government agencies, NGOs, residents) is vital

for effective management and maintenance of urban greening initiatives (3.93 and 1.184) as
to the results of this study revealed. Furthermore, they disagree on the statement UGI in Ad-
dis Ababa city meets stakeholders‘ cooperation in the current practices with (2.42 and 1.181)
mean and standard deviation values respectively.

4.2.6 The extent of incorporation in current green space planning practices in Addis
Ababa.
Regarding the extent of incorporation of main principles in current green practices; the stu-
dent researcher interviewed the selected representatives from the targeted populations. Re-
search deserves qualitative analysis as the adopted methodology in this study. Thus, the se-
lected stakeholders perceptions, concepts and attitude on current UGI development practices
assessed through interviewee guides, document reviews and physical observation according-
ly.

To pass through thematic analysis steps, first, research familiarized and breakdown large da-
ta into simple and clear categories. Then, the initial codes generated, searched for themes, and
reviewed the theme across the subsequent objectives and documents as well. Finally, the
theme named and defined by the extent of implementation (low, medium and full), Incorpora-
tion in current practices (rarely, sometimes, always and often), stakeholders Involvement (pre
attention, focal attention, comprehension and elaboration), Application level (planning and
execution) Engagement (action, Inform, Consult and Collaborate) and the results reported.

According to the interviewee results, the extent of implementation of main principle of urban
green infrastructure in the current practices is in medium level as to organizations. In their
experience more of the key informants believe that the principles of urban green infrastruc-
ture incorporated some times in the current practices. Moreover, the key informants‘ share
the same idea on involving residents/stakeholders from the early stages of planning and de-
sign.i.e. They agree on the level of involvement is in comprehension level followed by elabo-
ration. Meaning that the current practices are not potentially in standard track, it lacks regula-
tory system and professional outlook. Rather committed to someone‘s will.

Nevertheless, the respondents are no confident enough/not perceive the stakeholders in-
volvement in current practices of UGI development. As to environmental organizations, the
principles of UGI are applied in the current practices in planning and execution in some. Im-
plying that, the consideration of main principles is recorded and thought both in plan and im-
plementation strategies as research confirmed during data collection process. And They rate
engagement practices related to Urban Green Infrastructure projects as it is in consult level
which means the two way information and communication among the rather than informing.
Furthermore, the information of the key interviewee shows the rare incorporation. This im-
plies the main principles of UGI are not fully practicing in current development initiatives.
Hence, it challenges the process to attain sustainability.

With regard to the room for improvement in terms of stakeholder engagement practices em-
ployed during planning and implementation phases related to Urban Green Infrastructure pro-
jects is in Consultation stage. This implies the respective stakeholders are informed about the
ongoing projects and they have the opportunities to express their insight, the decision makers
catch insights from them ass input, meaning two way communication. But, the stakeholders
have no/less room for enforcing rather than inputting. As revealed in above theme, the stake-
holders have idea on the existence and rarely incorporation of urban green infrastructure
principles in the current practices.

4.2.6 Stakeholders conceptual perception on UGI

The stakeholder‘s perception and concepts on the current UGI practices assessed through
thematic analysis in the same way as discussed above by defining the themes as follows Con-
siderations (planning, imagination and creativity), perceptions (stimulation, organization, in-
terpretation and memory and recall), relative awareness/concept (information, feed-
back/consultation, peer interaction/collaboration).

Most the environmental organizations consider the concepts, attitude and perceptions of dif-
ferent stakeholders in urban green infrastructure implementation only in the planning and rare
in imagination and creativity manners. Regarding the accessibility and benefits of sustainable
urban green infrastructure for their business, locals are perceived in organization and integra-
tion level which memory and recall is expected. More specifically, as to the (KI-8) in ad-
vance to this ―stakeholders awareness is increasing and there is maturation of perceptions af-
ter the project.‖

Of course this research shows that the stakeholders‘ have idea/experience/participation in ur-
ban green infrastructure development. And especially, local businesses contribute with varie-
ty of aspects in feedback and consulting level that more of the interviewee believes. Envi-
ronmental organizations considers the concepts, attitude and perceptions of different stake-
holders in urban green infrastructure in planning phase only in the implementation, local
businesses perceive the accessibility and benefits of sustainable urban green infrastructure for
their business in organization level and they contribute in feedback and consultation level or
two way communication.

4.3The challenges associated with sustainable urban green infrastructure development

in Addis Ababa.
Based on the interview data, the finding of the study revealed that the following are the major
barriers/challenges retard the effectiveness of urban green infrastructure in Addis Ababa city:

Responsibility matters regarding the ownership of public green spaces, the monitoring and
controlling weakness, green land spaces holder‘s awareness limitations, malfunctioned of
built up area due to design and less capability, Lack of integration among users as well as re-
spective experts and authorities, Limited awareness regarding benefits from green infrastruc-
ture, Problems in specifying plants for location and natural connectivity systems, Infor-
mation‘s from government doesn‘t match with reality on the ground, Implementation without
profession, Campaign based temporary practices missing the aims of urban green infrastruc-
ture, leading to false report.

The above lists of challenges in current UGI development can be systematically categorized
under one of the underneath table in integration. For example Responsibility matters regard-
ing the ownership of public green spaces, The monitoring and controlling weakness, malfunc-
tioned of built up area due to design and less capability and Lack of integration among users
as well as respective experts and authorities, are a technical difficult in implementation.

Green land spaces holder‘s awareness limitations, Limited awareness regarding benefits from
green infrastructure, Problems in specifying plants for location and natural connectivity sys-
tems are consequences of Limited public awareness/education about the benefits of UGI.
Whereas, Information‘s from government doesn‘t match with reality on the ground and Cam-
paign based temporary practices missing the aims of urban green infrastructure, leading to
false report are of the challenges that emanate from Lack of political will/support for such
initiatives. So as to the research results revealed, the challenges are consistent while the case
and effect relationship is under question. The main barriers or challenges from 1(most signif-
icant) to 5 (least significant) to implementing urban green infrastructure in cities as to their
opinion and experience.

Priority as to officials and experts

Informant -10

Informant -11

Informant -13
I1212101011
Informant-12
Informant -1

Informant -2
Informant -3

Informant -4

Informant -5

Informant -6

Informant -7

Informant -8

Informant -9

Challenges
Mode
0

Lack of fund- 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 4 5 3 2
ing/resources
Limited public
awareness/education
1 1 1 4 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1
about the benefits of
UGI
Resistance from lo- 4 4 3 5 5 4 3 4 5 5 5 2 5 5
cal communities or
stakeholders
Lack of political 5 5 5 2 4 5 2 5 4 3 2 3 1 4
will/support for such
initiatives
Technical difficulties 3 2 4 3 2 3 5 3 3 2 1 4 4 3
in implementation
Table 12 ranked challenges as to experts. Source:-computed by researcher 2024.

The above table demonstrates, Limited public awareness/education about the benefits of UGI
is most significant challenge, followed by Lack of funding/resources ,Technical difficulties in
implementation and while Lack of political will/support for such initiatives and Resistance
from local communities or stakeholders are the least significant challenges according to this
study.

As to this study, Weak collaboration and communication were found for creating professional
barriers as well as hindering the exchange of knowledge between them. As stated by
Håkansson (2000), ―a municipal public administration is not a unified organization, but is
instead populated by a number of different professional groups, each an expert in its own
field. Experts belong to various municipal administrative units, all of which have developed
their own traditions and procedures, which influence their work.‖ This separation amongst
the municipal departments was quite evident in the municipalities.

Furthermore, each department was focused on their specific specialization, often overlooking
and not showing interest in issues outside of their professional knowledge, such as green
qualities. With improved communication and collaboration the different municipal depart-
ments could share and develop knowledge and thereby bring their professional expertise to
bear on integrating green qualities. However, even with the understanding and acceptance of
the importance of collaboration and communication, methods for collaboration were not well
developed (Sara et al., 2015)
4.4 Discussion
The widely known principles of UGI (Multi-functionality, connectivity, inclusiveness and its
incorporation in the current UGI practices) are reinforced by consideration of urban environ-
mental factors in recognition as the study result shows. The high response rate (92%) is be-
cause of the respondents interests and volunteer (ethics) were considered during the dispatch
time. Similar to the study reported by (Yeshitila.K, 2020), more female (56.2%) than male
respondents, The high proportion of respondents in the age group 18–28 (34.7%) corresponds
to the proportion of individuals in the same age category in the city as a whole (65%). the
higher number of respondents in this study have a relatively joined elementary (27.3%) and
have degree (27.3%) level of education.

4.4.1Incorporating Principles of urban green infrastructure development and green

space practices

Urban green infrastructure development is strategic tool to provide ecosystem services in sus-
tained way through its pertinent principles such as multi-functionality that is the main con-
ceptual ideas underpinning green infrastructure. Through the development of Greenways, ur-
ban forestry, and urban greening, multi-functionality has become broadly accepted as one of
the main tenets of green infrastructure planning (Little, 1990; Ahern, 1995; Beatley, 2000;
Konijnendijk, 2003). The study results imply that, even the respondents have concepts on the
multi-functionality principle of UGI means there is agreement between ideas on the likert
items, but there is no agreement on the statement Multi-functionality of urban green infra-
structure is well recognized in Addis Ababa city rather they are neutral. Physical connectivity
of green spaces was highlighted by authors (Benedict and McMahon, 2002) as a central prin-
ciple of green infrastructure.

The development of an integrated systems approach to capital flow states that a process of
movement is fundamental to the maintenance of ecological, economic and social systems;
green infrastructure enables people to locate, use, and move through accessible multi-
functional landscapes (Blackman, 2008). Forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,
helping combat climate change and having diverse vegetation within cities positively towards
local biodiversity conservation (Kumar Singh A, Singh H and Singh J, 2018). Research in the
field of ecology suggests that two main strategies, corridors and stepping-stones, can enhance
urban habitat connectivity according to Lynch, A. J. (2019).
Creating Effective Urban Greenways and Stepping-stones: Creating interconnected pathways
lined with vegetation enhances both human mobility options as well as ecological connectivi-
ty. Trees can help mitigate urban heat, but more detailed understanding of cooling effects of
green infrastructure are needed to guide management decisions and deploy trees as effective
and equitable climate adaptation infrastructure (Ettinger, A.K., Bratman, G.N., Carey, M. et
al, 2024). A study emphasizes the correlation between green spaces and property values. Ac-
cording to a study by the Trust for Public Land, properties adjacent to naturalistic parks and
recreational greenways often see a price increase of up to 20%.

The concept of environmental education can also be made clear through its aims objectives
and principles. Parks or nature reserves should be utilized as educational resources to raise
awareness about environmental issues within communities (Delphine. I, Liberty. Mandkai-
ko.M, 2022). Supporting initiatives aimed at enhancing connectivity within the existing net-
work of urban parks and gardens. There are barriers currently prevent effective connections
between different components. The current design and layout of urban green spaces in Addis
Ababa is in able to support seamless movement and navigation throughout different areas.
Policy monitoring and evaluation are important elements of the policy cycle; this help to ini-
tiate policy-makers to assess the proper implementation and adjust it as appropriate(Molla.B
* ,†,§, C. O. Ikporukpo† and C. O. Olatubara,2019),the results of this study reveals existing
policies/regulations not adequately address issues related to enhancing connectivity within an
urban greening framework and there is lack of awareness or information about ongoing ef-
forts/initiatives aimed at improving connectivity within their local area's network of
parks/gardens/urban forests. Optimizing space utilization through innovative design ap-
proaches mitigates environmental issues, prioritize equitable distribution, and incorporate
cultural considerations, respondents in the study.

Regarding urban environment factors they have neutral idea between agree and disagree on
the UGI in Addis Ababa city considers the environmental factors in the current practices, in-
volving residents, Partnerships, establishing responsibilities, Cooperation with local stake-
holders also involves ongoing monitoring and evaluation of UGI projects to assess their ef-
fectiveness, identify areas for improvement, and incorporate feedback from residents and us-
ers are the mains in urban green infrastructure development practices which influences the
attitude and perception of stakeholders that is relevant for the public participation in which
supporting systems employed leads to failure or success. They are not enough confident that
stakeholders' opinions are considered during decision-making processes related to planning
and implementing UGIs, Collaboration between different stakeholders (government agencies,
NGOs, residents) is vital for effective management and maintenance of urban greening initia-
tives and but the current practices lack these principles and also the showed respondents disa-
gree on the statement, the UGI in Addis Ababa city meets stakeholders cooperation in the
current practices.

Among the principle of urban green infrastructure governmental institutions implement Mul-
ti-functionality in medium extent mostly accessing green or realizing green coverage in the
current practices, there is strong agreement among the informants on it. In their experience
they believe the principles of urban green infrastructure incorporated some times in current
practices, Sharing the same idea on involving residents/stakeholders from the early stages of
planning and design in focal attention and comprehension level, in planning and execution
level the principles applied in the current practices as to their organization. There is consult-
ing level room for improvement in terms of stakeholder engagement practices employed dur-
ing planning and implementation phases related to Urban Green Infrastructure projects as the
results showed thematically. The existence and incorporation of urban green infrastructure
principles in the current practices is rare that requires further practices.

4.4.2 Conceptual development of urban green infrastructure and public perceptions.

The concepts of urban green infrastructure has been emerged as a pivotal paradigm in the
pursuit of sustainable urban development (Rayan et al., 2022). Furthermore, the study by Ian
C. Mell, (2010) stated providing an insight into how different user groups, academics and
practitioners address and interact with green infrastructure as a concept and as elements of a
given landscape. The contemporary nature of the concept can be assessed by examining prin-
ciples in interpretations of green infrastructure and the rise in academic and practitioner re-
search relating to it. The results of the likert items reveals the relative awareness (concepts)
and public perception of respondents on the current UGI main principles, Effectiveness of
urban green infrastructure (UGI) in enhancing the quality and livability of cities with and
UGI plays a significant role in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emis-
sions. Green infrastructure offer a process for developing better places to live through the
creation of more appropriate environmental and social design incorporating a ‗greener‘ or
sustainable ethos and also this study examined sustainability is still not viewed by some as a
necessity, meaning there is confusion among the stakeholders.
A further aim of this thesis is to examine outlining how different stakeholders develop their
perceptions and values of green infrastructure in order to assess how these interpretations are
being translated into planning policy, UGI practices and the use of these landscape resources.
According to (Ian C. and Mell, 2010) these are comparisons that will be explored to examine
how, and why, landscapes are developed in different ways in different locations. In this study,
the respondents have general notion about UGI effectively improves air quality by filtering
pollutants and providing oxygen, in the same view they perceive UGIs contribution to biodi-
versity conservation within urban areas, UGI's ability to manage storm water runoff and re-
duce flooding risks.

The respondents disagree on transparency levels maintained by organizations responsible for

implementing UGIs while dealing with stakeholder-related matters and they not well-
informed they feel about ongoing urban green infrastructure projects managed by relevant
authorities, the economic benefits generated by UGI, such as increased property values, job
creation, and tourism opportunities and UGI promotes social cohesion and community en-
gagement by providing spaces for interaction and cultural activities, respondents. This
study‘s result prevails the respondents have no idea on local governments involve communi-
ties in shaping policies related to urban green infrastructure similar to another study Judy
Bush (2020), and disagree on public awareness campaigns aimed at educating citizens about
the importance of supporting sustainable practices through initiatives like Urban Green Infra-
structure development, partnerships between government agencies, private organizations,
NGOs (non-governmental organizations), etc., contribute positively towards successful im-
plementation of Urban Green Infrastructure projects , the respondents agrees it is important to
involve local communities in the planning and implementation of urban green infrastructure
projects supported by ideas‘ i.e. means urban green infrastructure can enhance biodiversity
and support wildlife habitats in cities

Research by Davies C, Hansen R, Rall E, et al., (2015) outlines Green Infrastructure concept
With respect to prior principles connectivity and multi-functionality, and these planning prin-
ciples showed a high degree of uptake across the cases, with little regional variation. They
place value on having access to urban parks, gardens, or other forms of green spaces within
city, Uncomplimentary with the statement, the current urban planning process considers
stakeholder perspectives when developing or expanding urban green infrastructure projects,
respondents agree on Urban green infrastructure can contribute positively to mental health by
providing opportunities for relaxation and stress reduction and urban green infrastructure pro-
jects to consider the needs and preferences of different age groups (children, adults, elderly),
to address social equity and ensure equal access to green spaces for all members of the com-
munity, they perceive urban green infrastructure can contribute to climate change mitigation
and adaptation in cities and, the respondents are neutral on the current maintenance and up-
keep of existing urban green spaces are being managed in their city with and they agree on
Urban green infrastructure has the potential to increase property values within surrounding
areas.

The discourse by other researchers (Derkzen M, van TeeffelenA, Verburg P, 2017) reveals
Respondents had a notion of and concerns about climate impacts, but did not necessarily
acknowledge that GI may help tackle these issues. Yet, when residents were informed about
the adaptation capacity of different GI measures, their preferences shifted towards the most
effective options. Organization believes or considers the concepts, attitude and perceptions of
different stakeholders in planning, imagination and creativity level in urban green infrastruc-
ture implementation, even if the locals recognizing peer interaction, but their participation in
urban green infrastructure development is one way information system and their contribution
is they asked to give feedback and consult some times. The accessibility and benefits of sus-
tainable urban green infrastructure development perceived by local businesses in organization
and implementation level, there was confusion whether or not principles existence and incor-
poration in the current practices.

4.4.3 Stakeholders attitude towards the current practices of sustainable urban green in-
frastructure
Thematically analysis by authors (Jim C, Chen W 2006) on Perception and Attitude of Resi-
dents towards Urban Green Spaces in china has reported more positive attitude than negative
attitude towards UGI. The results of this study shows the residents have positive attitude to-
wards Urban green infrastructure enhances the aesthetic appeal of cities, Urban green infra-
structure helps mitigate the effects of climate change, investing in urban green infrastructure
is a cost-effective way to improve overall city well-being, the presence of urban green spaces
positively impacts mental health and well-being among residents.

But they have neutral attitude towards Local governments should prioritize investment in de-
veloping and maintaining urban parks and gardens with unlikely to the study by (Kaczyn-
skiA, Crompton J, 2006).Unlike priority, the positively accepts the idea Urban agriculture
initiatives should be encouraged as part of sustainable development strategies mean value,
The involvement of local communities is crucial for successful implementation and mainte-
nance of urban greening projects, Educational programs on environmental awareness should
be integrated into school curricula to promote understanding about the importance of preserv-
ing natural resources through initiatives like planting trees or creating community gardens,
The presence of urban trees and vegetation reduces noise pollution in cities, Investing in ur-
ban green infrastructure attracts tourists, boosts local economies, and creates job opportuni-
ties, Community engagement is essential for the successful planning and design has strong
agreement with study results (AshinzeU, Edeigba B , Umoh A et al.,2024)Urban green infra-
structure and its role in sustainable cities that comprehensively reviewed the functions of ur-
ban green infrastructure.

Regarding implementation, and maintenance of urban greening projects, Urban planners

should prioritize integrating nature-based solutions into city development plans to maximize
the benefits of green infrastructure and Public awareness campaigns are necessary to educate
residents about the importance of preserving existing green spaces within cities. The study,
Integrating green infrastructure, ecosystem services and nature-based solutions for urban sus-
tainability by (FangX,LiJ,Ma Q, 2023) highlighted literature review upholds the protocols as
to the examining attitudes towards strategic tool development. as similar to this study, the an-
other scholars (Olivero-Lora S, Melendez-Ackerman E, Santiago L et al., 2020) explored
positive attitudes and expressed preference toward trees might be more influential in tree
abundance than expressed negative attitudes.

It was seen from the results that the stronger agreement between respondents on principles,
roles and functions of urban green infrastructure positive attitudes than negative attitude. The
attitude level of the different stakeholders on urban green infrastructure developments rated
from cognitive to internalization and currently reached or is between affective and behavioral
intention and highly in compliance level that has to be at identification and internalization
level.

4.4.4 The challenges and sustainability of urban green infrastructure.

It was found that population change is having an effect on strategic green space planning. Cit-
ies with stagnant or declining populations have more difficulties with implementation (i.e.
ensuring continuing green space development and quality) than those in growing cities. How-
ever growing cities have more acute pressure especially surrounding the loss of green space
to development. It was also noted that the largest cities were more inclined towards a strate-
gic approach; this was attributed to these cities having the critical mass and finance to employ
strategic green space professionals and that in some cases they were seeking to portray them-
selves as ‗world class cities‘ with green space offered as part of their wider plans to be cul-
tural destinations (Davies C, Hansen R, Rall E, et al., 2015).

The study by Azagew and Worku (2020) stated there are many factors that contributed to the
degradation and inaccessibility of UGI in the city as mentioned above in problem statement.
The another research also advocated Limited awareness and understanding of the benefits
provided by UGI components among the communities and decision makers are also factors
for inadequate provision of high-quality UGI components (Lamson-Hall, P, 2019).in this
study the researcher caught the associated challenges from qualitative data and discussions
with respective, the followings are those prioritized challenges: - Limited public aware-
ness/education about the benefits of urban green infrastructure, Lack of funding/resources ,
Technical difficulties in implementation, Lack of political will/support for such initiatives
and Resistance from local communities or stakeholders from least significant challenge to
most significant respectively.
CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter briefly discusses the findings of the study and concludes the findings based on
the general and specific objectives of the research. The study was aimed at examining the
concept, attitude and perception of selected stakeholders towards sustainable urban green in-
frastructure developing, and assessing the conceptual perceptions of stakeholders on the cur-
rent practices of urban green infrastructure, analyzing the extent to which the main principles
of urban green infrastructure are incorporated in current green space planning practices, as-
sessing the attitude level of the stakeholders toward selected UGI principles, identifying the
major challenges associated with sustainable urban green infrastructure development in Addis
Ababa. At lasts, the recommendation part that was constructed from all chapters including
further research directions were overlooked as whole. To meet the above research objectives,
relevant data were gathered from stakeholders using questionnaire and interview.

5.1 The study findings

According to the purpose of this study, which was concentrated in selected stakeholders in
Addis Ababa, the general objective of this research was to examine concept attitude and per-
ception of selected stakeholders on UGI development. The subsequent objectives was; to as-
sess the conceptual perceptions of stakeholders on the current practices of urban green infra-
structure, To analyze the extent to which the main principles of urban green infrastructure are
incorporated in current green space planning practices, to assess the attitude level of the
stakeholders towards selected UGI principle and to identify the major challenges associated
with sustainable urban green infrastructure development. Instruments used by research for
data collection were questionnaires at 92% return rate, key interview informants, and person-
al observation. The Major findings of this research were the followings: -

5.1.1 Concepts and Perceptions on the Main Principles of UGI

There is a cognitive level concept of stakeholders towards main principles of UGI. According
to the research findings, the existence of Multi-functionalities of UGI and its incorporation,
connectivity of UGI and its incorporation in the current practices, consideration of urban en-
vironmental factors and Local stakeholder‘s cooperation was recognized by respondents,
Multi-functionality of urban green infrastructure is not well recognized in Addis Ababa city,
the respondents didn‘t feel connected the urban green infrastructure is in Addis Ababa city,
residents are not aware about ongoing efforts/initiatives aimed at improving connectivity
within their local area's network of parks/gardens/urban forests, respondents disagree or neu-
tral on the current UGI development practices considers urban environmental factor and also
stakeholders cooperation in the practices. The respondents have concept on Effectiveness of
urban green infrastructure (UGI) in enhancing the quality and livability of cities, its signifi-
cant role in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improves air
quality by filtering pollutants and providing oxygen, UGI contributes to biodiversity conser-
vation within urban areas.

They understand there is no transparency maintained by organizations responsible for imple-

menting UGIs while dealing with stakeholder-related matters are not well-informed they
feel about ongoing urban green infrastructure projects managed by relevant authorities, local
governments does not involve communities in shaping policies related to urban green infra-
structure, there is less public awareness campaigns aimed at educating citizens about the im-
portance of supporting sustainable practices through initiatives like Urban Green Infrastruc-
ture development, partnerships between government agencies, private organizations, NGOs
(non-governmental organizations), etc., contribution is not fully positive towards successful
implementation of Urban Green Infrastructure projects, The current urban planning process
failed to consider stakeholder perspectives when developing or expanding urban green infra-
structure projects, the unremarkable maintenance and upkeep of existing urban green spaces
in the city.

5.1.2 The Extent of Incorporation of Main Principles in Current Practices

From the research findings, Multi-functionality principle of urban green infrastructure espe-
cially green accessibility is implementing at medium level in the current practices, Stake-
holders believed sometimes the principles of urban green infrastructure incorporated in cur-
rent practices, stakeholders involved in comprehension level from the early stages of plan-
ning and design, the extent of UGI development principles application in the current practices
is in planning and execution level, Room for improvement in terms of stakeholder engage-
ment practices employed during planning and implementation phases related to Urban Green
Infrastructure projects is in consulting level followed by informing.

The incorporation of urban green infrastructure principles is rare in the current practices ac-
cording to the study. According to the thematic findings of this research, Local businesses
perceive the accessibility and benefits of sustainable urban green infrastructure for their busi-
ness in organization and interpretation level.

5.1.3 Stakeholders Attitudes towards UGI

As the result of this research reveals the respondents have positive attitude towards the state-
ment: - Urban green infrastructure enhances the aesthetic appeal of cities, it helps mitigate the
effects of climate change, Investing in urban green infrastructure is a cost-effective way to
improve overall city well-being, the presence of urban green spaces positively impacts mental
health and well-being among residents, Urban agriculture initiatives should be encouraged as
part of sustainable development strategies, The involvement of local communities is crucial
for successful implementation and maintenance of urban greening projects, Educational pro-
grams on environmental awareness should be integrated into school curricula to promote un-
derstanding about the importance of preserving natural resources through initiatives like
planting trees or creating community gardens.

Moreover, the presence of urban trees and vegetation reduces noise pollution in cities, Invest-
ing in urban green infrastructure attracts tourists, boosts local economies, and creates job op-
portunities, Community engagement is essential for the successful planning, design, imple-
mentation, and maintenance of urban greening projects, Urban planners should prioritize in-
tegrating nature-based solutions into city development plans to maximize the benefits of
green infrastructure, Public awareness campaigns are necessary to educate residents about the
importance of preserving existing green spaces within cities.

While they have neutral attitude on the statement: - Local governments should prioritize in-
vestment in developing and maintaining urban parks and gardens. According to this research
results the attitude level of the different stakeholders on urban green infrastructure develop-
ments rated compliance level.

5.1.4 Challenges Associated with UGI Development

The effectiveness of urban green infrastructure is retarded by the barriers and challenges: -
Responsibility matters regarding the ownership of public green spaces, the monitoring and
controlling weakness, green land spaces holders awareness limitations, malfunctioned of built
up area due to design and less capability, Lack of integration among users as well as respec-
tive experts and authorities, Limited awareness regarding benefits from green infrastructure,
Problems in specifying plants for location and natural connectivity systems, Information‘s
from government doesn‘t match with reality on the ground, Implementation without profes-
sion and Campaign based temporary practices missing the aims of urban green infrastructure,
leading to false report.

In general this study shows there are most significant barriers or challenges to least signifi-
cant to implementing urban green infrastructure in cities, Limited public awareness/education
about the benefits of UGI, Lack of funding/resources, Technical difficulties in implementa-
tion, Lack of political will/support for such initiatives and Resistance from local communities
or stakeholders respectively.

5.2 Conclusion

Sustainable Urban green infrastructure development is the new and lengthy concept to tackle
the environmental related problems. UGI is strategic tool to provide ecosystems services in
socially equitable, environmentally friendly and economically viable way. There are
acknowledged main principles that guide the UGI development to foot print the sustainabil-
ity. Multi-functionality, connectivity, consideration of urban environmental factors and coop-
eration of local stakeholders or inclusiveness are among the main principles. The relative
knowledge (concept), attitudes level towards and public perceptions play a role in shaping
public support for such initiatives, which can influence their success or failure.

In this study research used different techniques and referred studies, theoretical concepts re-
lated to urban green infrastructure development to analysis the data collected through instru-
ments discussed above in chapter 3 in order to answer the research questions and to meet its
main and subsequent objectives. To meet subsequent objectives: - assessing the conceptual
perceptions of stakeholders on the current practices of urban green infrastructure research
attempt was through questionnaire containing ten concept items or statements and twelve
statements about perception and interviewee guide consisting three open ended questions to
express their feeling on UGI development. the extent to which the main principles of urban
green infrastructure are incorporated in current green space planning practices are analyzed
through assessing concept, idea, experiences and document review by help of questionnaires
and interviewing, the same technique is applied to assessing the attitude level of the stake-
holders toward selected UGI principles and to identifying the major challenges associated
with sustainable urban green infrastructure development.
According to the study finds the respondents, local businesses, environmental organizations
and governmental officials or experts have stimulation level of concept on main principles of
UGI, the existence of Multi-functionalities of UGI and its incorporation, connectivity of UGI
and its incorporation in the current practices, consideration of urban environmental factors
and Local stakeholder‘s cooperation that has to be upgrade to memory and recall level. The
extent to which main principles incorporated in current practices is in low level as to the re-
spondents.

The research results of this study reveal the stakeholders have positive attitude towards UGI
developments which is in between cognitive and compliance level that has to escape to iden-
tification and internalization level. Regarding the last objectives, Limited public aware-
ness/education about the benefits of UGI (the most significant) and Resistance from local
communities or stakeholders (least significant) are among challenges associated with the im-
plementation in the current green spaces practices.

The study answering the research questions rose, how do the stakeholders conceptually per-
ceive the current practices of sustainable urban green infrastructure development in Addis
Ababa? The stakeholders have immature which is in stimulation level concepts about the
UGI benefits as well as the existence and incorporation of main principles in the current prac-
tices consequently they perceive there is no transparency levels maintained by organizations
responsible for implementing UGIs while dealing with stakeholder-related matters and no
well-informed they feel about ongoing urban green infrastructure projects managed by rele-
vant authorities.

To what extent the main principles of sustainable urban green infrastructure have been incor-
porated in current green space planning practices in Ethiopia? Multi-functionalities of UGI
especially green accessibility is incorporated in low level, connectivity principle of UGI in
the current practices not well at all, consideration of urban environmental factor is incorpo-
rated in medium level in indirect way as the results of the research shows and the inclusive-
ness or Local stakeholders cooperation in urban green infrastructure projects is failed to meet
its objective according to this research result reveals.

Do stakeholders have balanced/harmonious Attitude with the principles of UGI? To Most of

the statements regarding the attitudes towards urban green infrastructure development, the
respondents have positive attitude as well the key informants do share the same and agrees on
the existence and need of main principles which has to enhance the level.
What are the challenges associated with sustainable urban green infrastructure development
in Addis Ababa? According to the study, limited public awareness/education about the bene-
fits of UGI, most significant and Resistance from local communities or stakeholders is least
significant challenge associated with implementation.

5.3 Recommendations
Based on the results, findings and conclusion research intended to recommend so as tackling
the challenges/ barriers related to implementing urban green infrastructure development and
attaining sustainability, the followings are research recommendations:- Urban Beautification
and Green Development Bureau should advance the information/communication to the public
regarding the main principles to increase the concept/ knowledge of urban green infrastruc-
ture to enhance from stimulation level to determination and internalization level understand-
ing. Involving residents/stakeholders from the early stages of planning and design should es-
cape to Elaboration level which is currently in comprehension level. Government should pri-
oritize building the professional capacity of the respective officials/experts who are the moni-
tor for the implementations and right person at the right position. Urban Beautification and
Green Development Bureau leaders should fix the technical difficulties on the implementa-
tion caused by weak or no integration among the disciplines, top down communication and
subjective report that doesn‘t really shows the ground level situations.

Establishing responsibilities, duties, timelines, and maintenance protocols, to ensure that the-
se green infrastructures are properly cared for and remain functional over the long term, By
considering urban environment factors in UGI planning and implementation, cities can create
inclusive, resilient, and sustainable green infrastructure that addresses unique needs, chal-
lenges, and opportunities within urban areas while improving quality. In order to realize the
sustainability of urban green infrastructure development, principles should clearly list and
incorporated well in the practices. For different sectors the mandates should be clear with no
internal and external overlapping due the regulations in integration to assign specific and re-
spective responsibilities.
5.5 suggestions for further researches
This study focused on some selected stakeholders concepts attitude and perception on current
practices of sustainable urban green infrastructure in Addis Ababa city and used data‘s col-
lected from some selected respondents and key informants. In the future further research
should be done on the area for different strategic projects by increasing the units of analysis.
The same research may preferable in the other cities in the country to see whether or not re-
sults show the same.
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APPENDIX

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

MA PROGRAM OF ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Survey to be completed by stakeholders

Dear survey participants,

This study entitled ―Examining the concept, attitude and perception of stakeholders on sus-
tainable urban green infrastructure development in Addis Ababa‖ is conducted in partial ful-
fillment for the requirement of Master of Arts Degree in Environment and Sustainable De-
velopment from Addis Ababa University. The information you provide will only be used for
study purpose. Your identity will not be disclosed in any part of the study. Moreover, your
participation is voluntary-based and you may withdraw at any time during the data collection
phase. The survey will last some 15 to 20 minutes. There is no right or wrong answer; hence
feel free to provide answer to the questions below. Thank you very much in advance for your
willingness to spare your precious time to participate in this study.
Part I: Biographic information about residents

Sex --- Male Female

Age 18-28 29-39 40-49 50-59 60 and above

Education level informal elementary preparatory degree

master and above

Current address sub city -----------

Part II: Knowledge, Perception and Attitude towards UGI

The followings are the statements please! Indicate your level of agreement by selecting the
appropriate response on a scale from 1 to 5, Where: 1 = strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 =
Neutral 4 = Agree 5 = strongly Agree

N.B urban green infrastructure (UGI)

No Likert items/Statements 1 2 3 4 5
A Multifunctionality of UGI
Multifunctionality of urban green infrastructure is well recognized in
1 Addis Ababa
Forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping combat
2 climate change.
Having diverse vegetation within cities contributes positively to-
3 wards local biodiversity conservation
4 Parks should be easily accessible
5 Supporting community gardens or rooftop farming projects helps
create local food systems with minimal environmental impact
6 Creating interconnected pathways lined with vegetation enhances
both human mobility options as well as ecological connectivity
7 Implementing green infrastructure elements that capture and filter
rainwater can help prevent water-related issues during heavy rainfall
8 Increasing vegetation in cities can help mitigate high temperatures
during hot weather.
9 Having well-maintained parks or green areas increases property val-
ues in surrounding neighborhoods.
10 Parks or nature reserves should be utilized as educational resources
to raise awareness about environmental issues within communities
B Connectivity of UGI
1 I feel that the urban green infrastructure is well connected in Addis
Ababa city
2 The connectivity of urban green spaces influence your decision to
visit and spend time there
3 It is important for me that different parts of the city are interconnect-
ed through green corridors or pathways
4 Improving connectivity between existing urban green spaces would
enhance their overall value and benefits to residents
5 I support initiatives aimed at enhancing connectivity within the ex-
isting network of urban parks and gardens in your city
6 Barriers currently prevent effective connections between different
parts/elements/components
7 Current design and layout of urban green spaces in Addis Ababa
support seamless movement and navigation throughout different ar-
eas
8 There should be dedicated pathways or trails connecting major parks
or natural areas within Addis Ababa city‘s urban green infrastructure
network
9 Existing policies/regulations adequately address issues related to
enhancing connectivity within an urban greening framework
10 Residents in Addis Ababa are aware about ongoing efforts/initiatives
aimed at improving connectivity within their local area's network of
parks/gardens/urban forests
C Consideration of urban Environmental factors
1 It is important to optimize space utilization through innovative de-
sign approaches such as vertical gardens or rooftop greening
2 UGI should be designed to mitigate environmental issues by incor-
porating vegetation that helps improve air quality through pollutant
absorption and filtration
3 Taking into account noise reduction measures when designing UGI
can help create quieter spaces within the city scale, such as using
vegetation buffers or sound-absorbing materials
4 Urban Green Infrastructure should incorporate features like rain gar-
dens, bio swales, and permeable surfaces that promote infiltration,
reducing the burden on storm water infrastructure
5 It's crucial to prioritize equitable distribution of UGI across neigh-
borhoods with lower socio-economic status, identifying areas with
inadequate greens pace provision.
6 It is important to incorporate cultural considerations into UGI de-
signs to reflect the values and preferences of different communities
7 By considering urban environment factors in UGI planning and im-
plementation, cities can create inclusive, resilient, and sustainable
green infrastructure that addresses unique needs, challenges, and op-
portunities within urban areas while improving quality of life for all
residents.
8 Urban green infrastructure improves air quality in urban areas
9 Urban green infrastructure improves water management by reducing
storm water runoff and improving water quality
10 Do you believe that the UGI in Addis Ababa city meets the above(1-
9)in the current practices
D Cooperation with local stakeholders
1 By involving residents from the early stages of planning and design,
stakeholders can provide valuable insights, integrate their needs and
preferences, and foster a sense of ownership over the UGI project
2 Partnerships can bring expertise, funding opportunities, volunteer
engagement and support networks that enhance the implementation
process.
3 Providing training programs or workshops for residents or commu-
nity group son topics related to UGI such as gardening techniques,
native plant selection; water sustainability practices will help
knowledge exchange and capacity building
4 establishing responsibilities, duties, timelines, and maintenance pro-
tocols, to ensure that these green infrastructures are properly cared
for and remain functional over the long term
5 Cooperation with local stakeholders also involves ongoing monitor-
ing and evaluation of UGI projects to assess their effectiveness,
identify areas for improvement, and incorporate feedback from resi-
dents and users
6 I have confidence in UGI's ability to provide equitable distribution
of green spaces across different neighborhoods within cities?
7 I am confident that stakeholders' opinions are considered during de-
cision-making processes related to planning and implementing UGIs
8 Collaboration between different stakeholders (government agencies,
NGOs, residents) is vital for effective management and maintenance
of urban greening initiatives
9 Do you agree, the UGI in Addis Ababa city meets the above (1-8) in
the current practices?
E Perception towards UGI
1 Effectiveness of urban green infrastructure (UGI) in enhancing the
quality and livability of cities
2 UGI plays a significant role in mitigating climate change and reduc-
ing greenhouse gas emissions in Addis Ababa
3 UGI effectively improves air quality by filtering pollutants and
providing oxygen.
4 UGI contributes to biodiversity conservation within urban areas
5 UGI's ability to manage storm water runoff and reduce flooding
risks
6 Transparency levels maintained by organizations responsible for
implementing UGIs while dealing with stakeholder-related matters
7 I am well-informed about ongoing urban green infrastructure pro-
jects managed by relevant authorities in Addis Ababa
8 UGI generates economic benefits such as increased property values,
job creation, and tourism opportunities
9 UGI promotes social cohesion and community engagement by
providing spaces for interaction and cultural activities.
10 Local governments in Addis Ababa involve communities in shaping
policies related to urban green infrastructure
11 Public awareness campaigns in the city are aimed at educating citi-
zens about the importance of supporting sustainable practices
through initiatives like Urban Green Infrastructure development.
12 Partnerships between government agencies, private organizations,
NGOs (non-governmental organizations), etc., contribute positively
towards successful implementation of Urban Green Infrastructure
projects in Addis Ababa
F UGI Concepts about UGI
1 Local communities are involved in the planning and implementation
of urban green infrastructure projects in Addis Ababa
2 Urban green infrastructure can enhance biodiversity and support
wildlife habitats in cities
3 I value having access to urban parks, gardens, or other forms of
green spaces within my city
4 The current urban planning process in Addis Ababa considers stake-
holder perspectives when developing or expanding urban green in-
frastructure projects
5 Urban green infrastructure can contribute positively to mental health
by providing opportunities for relaxation and stress reduction
6 Urban green infrastructure projects should consider the needs and
preferences of different age groups (children, adults, elderly)
7 Urban green infrastructure projects should address social equity and
ensure equal access to green spaces for all members of the commu-
nity
8 Urban green infrastructure can contribute to climate change mitiga-
tion and adaptation in cities
9 The current maintenance and upkeep of existing urban green spaces
are being managed in the city
10 Urban green infrastructure has the potential to increase property val-
ues within surrounding areas
G Attitudes toward UGI
1 Urban green infrastructure enhances the aesthetic appeal of cities.
2 Urban green infrastructure helps mitigate the effects of climate
change
3 Investing in urban green infrastructure is a cost-effective way to im-
prove overall city well-being.
4 The presence of urban green spaces positively impacts mental health
and well-being among residents.
5 Local governments should prioritize investment in developing and
maintaining urban parks and gardens
6 Urban agriculture initiatives should be encouraged as part of sus-
tainable development strategies
7 The involvement of local communities is crucial for successful im-
plementation and maintenance of urban greening projects.
8 Educational programs on environmental awareness should be inte-
grated into school curricula to promote understanding about the im-
portance of preserving natural resources through initiatives like
planting trees or creating community gardens.
9 The presence of urban trees and vegetation reduces noise pollution
in cities.
10 Investing in urban green infrastructure attracts tourists, boosts local
economies, and creates job opportunities
11 Community engagement is essential for the successful planning, de-
sign, implementation, and maintenance of urban greening projects
12 Urban planners should prioritize integrating nature-based solutions
into city development plans to maximize the benefits of green infra-
structure
13 Public awareness campaigns are necessary to educate residents
about the importance of preserving existing green spaces within cit-
ies.
Interview guide for local businesses

Type or name of business-------------------------

Main services -------------------------------

1 What is your idea/experience/participation in urban green infrastructure development? If

yes what was your contributions?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 How do perceive the accessibility and benefits of sustainable urban green infrastructure de-
velopment for your business? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------

3 Share your idea on the existence and incorporation of urban green infrastructure principles
in the current practices.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------

4 What barriers/challenges do you think retard the effectiveness of urban green infrastruc-
ture?

1--------------------------------------------------------------------
2--------------------------------------------------------------------
3--------------------------------------------------------------------
4--------------------------------------------------------------------

Interview guide for Environmental organizations

Name of organization --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Main Responsibility---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Informant current position ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 How your organization does consider the concepts, attitude and perceptions of different
stakeholders in urban green infrastructure development implementation?-------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------

2 To what extent and which principles do you think is applied in the current practices as to
your organization?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 Please share your opinion and your organization experience on whether there is room for
improvement in terms of stakeholder engagement practices employed during planning and
implementation phases related to Urban Green Infrastructure projects.----------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 In your opinion, what are the main barriers or challenges to implementing urban green in-
frastructure in cities? Please rank the following options from 1 (most significant) to 5 (least
significant):

- Lack of funding/resources.
– Limited public awareness/education about the benefits of urban green infrastructure.
- Resistance from local communities or stakeholders.
- Lack of political will/support for such initiatives.
- Technical difficulties in implementation
Interview guide for Government officials and experts

Name ---------------- Sex Male Female

Education level Elementary Preparatory Degree Master‘s degree

and above

Current position Expert Team leader Office manager

1 What/which principle of urban green infrastructure does your organization implement in the
current practices?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------

2 How do you rate the attitude level of the different stakeholders on urban green infrastruc-
ture developments?-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------

3 In your experience do you believe the principles of urban green infrastructure incorporated
in current practices?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------

4 Share your idea on involving residents/stakeholders from the early stages of planning and
design.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5 In your opinion, what are the main barriers or challenges to implementing urban green in-
frastructure in cities? Please rank the following options from 1 (most significant) to 5 (least
significant):

- Lack of funding/resources.
– Limited public awareness/education about the benefits of urban green infrastructure.
- Resistance from local communities or stakeholders.
- Lack of political will/support for such initiatives.
- Technical difficulties in implementation.

ANNEX

Name of officials/ busi- Informant/s Education level of

S. No ness/ organization Current position informant/s code
1 AAEPA Advisory Masters KI-1
2 FFE Director First Degree KI-2
3 ASDEPO Expert Masters KI-3
4 ECRC/EFD Director Masters KI-4
5 Kolfe Sub City Team Leader First Degree KI-5
6 Lideta Sub City Team Leader First Degree KI-6
7 Bole Sub City Expert First Degree KI-7
8 Yeka Sub City Expert First Degree KI-8
9 Kirkos Sub City Expert First Degree KI-9
10 Lafto Sub City COE First Degree KI-10
11 AACUBGDB Team Leader First Degree KI-11
12 Lemikura Sub City COE First Degree KI-12
13 Gulele Sub City Team Leader Masters KI-13
14 AAPDCA Expert First Degree KI-14
15 Kality Sub City Team Leaders First Degree KI-15
16 Asche Fast Food Waiter Elementary KI-16
17 Tigist Buna Steward High School KI-17
18 Land Beautifier Bole Manager Diploma KI-18
19 Nati Photo Cameraman Certificate KI-19
20 Marti Restaurant Owner Certificate KI-20
21 Jembero Real State Site Manager First Degree KI-21
22 Strivers Academy Teacher First Degree KI-22
23 Lafto Restaurant Steward Degree KI-23
24 Siyamrbsh Ethiopia res… Owner High School KI-24
25 Sami Resturant Manager Certificate KI-25
26 Lete-mariyam M Clinic Nurse First Degree KI-26