gekjs vkl&ikl ds inkFkZ

01. (Matter Around Us)

(Chemistry)
Ex. :–

–
(Composition) (Structure) (Properties)
1.
(Chemical Reaction)
2.
 Lavoisier 1. (Crystalline solid)
 R. Hoffmann 

 Ex. :–
 2. (Amorphous Solid)


 P.C. Roy Ex. :– Glass
Nitrate Man of India  (Liquid)–

Ex. :–
(Matter)


 (30º 35ºC)
Br.
 (Gas)–
 (Attraction force)
Ex. :–
 (Small particles) 

 (particles of matter)
 (Atom) - Atom S.T.P (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
1 gram 22.4 Litre

Remark:–

 (Molecules) -

 (Solid)
  (Diffusion) -

 (Intermolecular force)

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 1

 (Element)
 
= > >
> = >
= > > (Expansion) (Metal)
= > > (Diffusion) (Non-Metal)
= > > (Metalloids)
= > > 
= > > 
 O(46.8%)  SI(27.7%)  AI(8.1%)  Fe(5.0%) 
Ca(3.6%)  Na(2.8%)  K(2.6%)  Mg(2.0%)
(i) (Plasma)


Al > Fe > Ca > Na ..........
(Ionised Gas)


96% O(65%)  C(18%)  H(10%) 

(ii) (Bose Einstein Con- N(3%)  Ca(2%)  P(1%)
densate) (Metal)
 Ex. :–

(Non-Metal)


Ex. :–
(Metalloids)
Note :–
Ex. :–
Note :– (Po)
 (Compound)
 (Physical Change) 

Ex. :– (H2O)
 
 (Organic Compound)
Ex. :– 
Ex. :– CH4, CO2
 (Chemical Change)  (Inorganic Compound)
 
Ex. :– H2O, Fe2O3
Ex. :–
 (Mixture)

Note:–

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 2

(i) (Heterogeneous Mixture) = 1%
(ii) (Homogeneous Mixture) CO2 = 0.03%
 (Fusion) -
(i) (Heterogeneous Mixture)

 (Melting Point) -
Ex. :–

+
 (Sublimation) -
+
(ii) (Homogeneous Mixture)


Ex. :– +
+
 (Vaporisation) -

 (Boliling) -

Ex. :– (99%) + (1%) =


100º C
N2 = 78%
 (Condensation) -
O2 = 21%



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 3

ijek.kq dh lajpuk
02. (Structure of Atom)

 (Atomic Theory) 






 ATOM



 (Nucleous)


 (Fundamental Particles of
Atom )


Ex. :–
 (Å)

 10 10 m(1Å )
(Stable Particles)
 (f)
(Unstable Particles)
(Stable Particles)  10 15 m (1 )

  1 (105)

(Unstable Particles)  (Atomic Model)

 
Ex. :–
 (Antiparticles)  J. J. Thomson

(Watermelon Theory)
 
Ex. :–


Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 4

 amu

1 amu  1.66  1027 kg

2n2 1.66 × 10–24 gram
2n2 = 2 × 12 = 2  [(Proton) P]
2n2 = 2 × 22 = 8  Anode
2n2 = 2 × 32 = 18
2n2 = 2 × 42 = 32
  1.6  10 –19
Remarks :–
Electron J. J. (1897) 9.1  10–31 kg –Ve
Proton (1919) 1.6725  10–27 kg +Ve
Neutron (1932) 1.6748  10–27 kg No  (Neutron)  n
1
0
Charge 
= n > p > e–
= n > p > e–
 (4Be9) a
 [Electron (e–)]
 J. J. 9+ 4
4Be 2He  6C12 + 0N1

  1.6749  1027 kg
1.6749 × 10–24 gram

 1.0086 amu
–13.6
E=  ev
n2 0

n= 
Remark :–
ev =
1 ev = 1.6 × 10–19
 (Absolute Mass)  [Neutrino  n ]
0
0

 

 (Positron) (e+)
 (Anti-Particle)

9.1 × 10–28 gram

 (Relative mass)=0.00054 amu  0

19
 9.1  1031 kg
 –1.6 10

 H  1.6  1019
 amu (Atomic Mass Unit) Remark:– Anti Particle

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 5
  (Isobar)

 (Meson)
Ex. :– 14 14
 6C 7N
18 Ar40 20Ca
40

 (Isotopes)
(a)

(b)
(c)
 (Boson) Ex. :– 1 2 3
1H 1 H 1 H
  Polonium (Po) 27
Note :– Higgs Boson = God Particle

Atomic Number 
(i) –14 (C – 14)
 'Z'
(ii) U – 235

(iii) I – 131
(Z)  (P)  –
(e )
(iv) Fe – 59
 (Ions)

(v) As – 74

(vi) Co – 60

(vii) Na – 23
 (Isoelectronic)
 Na – 24

 (Atomic Mass)  (ISO-TONES)

 A
(Iso-tones)
Ex. :–
(i) 14 16
6C 8O
n=8 n=8
A= (Mass Number)  (Orbit) (Shell)
P= (Proton Number) 
nº = (Neutron Number)
Z= (Atomic Number) (Orbit)
A=n+P K, L, M, N.....
A=Z+n K–
n=A–Z

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 6

Principle
K n=1 e– = 2n2  2  12 = 2 (i) 24Cr  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d4
L n=2 e– = 2n2  2  22 = 8  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5
M n=3 e– = 2n2  2  32 = 18  or [Ar] 4s1, 3d5
N n=4 e– = 2n2  2  42 = 32 (ii) 29Cu  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d9
 (Orbits)  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d10

[Ar] 4s1, 3d10
  Cu Cr

 (Quantum Number)



Note :–
Quantum Number
1. Principal Quantum Number)
 2. (Azimuthal Quantum Number)
(Offbau's Law) 3. (Magnetic Quantum Number)
 4. (Spin Quantum Number)
1. Principal Quantum Number)
 (Electronic Configura-

tion)

 Principal Quantum Number 'n' Denote

n = 1, 2, 3.
1s
Note :– Principal Quantum Number
2s 2p
3d 2. (Azimuthal Quantum
3p
3s 4f Number)
4d 
4p
4s Azimuthal Quantum Number "l" Denote
5d 5f
5p
5s l = (n – 1)
6p 6d 6f Ex. :– s l=0
6s p l=1
 d l=2
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p f l=3
< 6s < 4F < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p < 8s 3. (Magnetic Quantum
1s suborbit Number)
 'm' Denote
orbit  Quantum
m = – l to + l

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 7

Ex. :– p l=1  (Hundrule)
m = –1, 0, +1  Electron
–1 0 +1 
Electron (i)
4. (Spin Quantum Number)
 (ii)
s

Ex. :– Clock Wise ( =
Anti Clock Wise ( =
C6
N7
 (Core Electron)

Core Electron
1 1
S=+ S=–
2 2

 (Pauli's Exclusion Law)
 (Valence Electron)



 Principal Quantum Number, Azimuthal Quantum

Number, Magnetic Quantum Number
Note :– 1 8
Spin Quantum Number
Remark:– 8

Na  1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s1
11
 (Valency)
10th Electron 9th Electron 
n=2 n=2
l 1 l 1  Valence Electron
m  1, 0,  1 m  1, 0,  1

–1 –1 Case I– 1, 2, 3, 4
s s
2 2 =
 (Huygen's Ex. :– 13Al  2, 8, 3 = 3)
Uncertainty Principle) Mg  2, 8, 2 = 2)
12
 Na  2, 8, 1 = 1)
11

Case II– 5, 6, 7, 8
 (De-Broglie's Principle)
 =8–
Ex. :– 8O  2, 6 = 8 – 6 = 2)
10
Ne  2, 8 = 8 – 8 = 0)
h h 17
Cl  2, 8, 7 = 8 – 7 = 1)
  
p mv
h
Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 8
 (Radioactivity) -
8
O  2, 6
8
O–2  2, 8
11
Na  2, 8, 1
11
Na+  2, 8

 (Ions)


(i) (Cation)
 (Octane Rule) (ii) (Anion)

17
Cl  2, 8, 7
 17
Cl–  2, 8, 8
11
Na  2, 8, 1
11
Na+  2, 8


Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 9

jklk;fud ca/ku
03. (Chemical Bonding)

 (Chemical Bonding)  (Co-valent Bond)

  Bond

 Bond
(i) (Ionic or Electrova-
 Bond
lent Bond)
(ii) (Co-Valent Bond)
 Co-Valent bond
(iii) (Co-ordinate Bond)
(i) Single Bond
 (Electrovalent/ (ii) Double bond
Ionic Bond) (iii) Triple Bond
 Bond electrons
(i) (Single Covalent
Bond)

e– Eg. H2, Cl2, H2O, CH4
Na Cl  Na+ + Cl–  NaCl
Cl Cl ×× ××
2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7 × Cl × × Cl ×
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 7 × × Cl – Cl  Cl 2
Ca O  Ca+2 + O–2  CaO ×× ××
2, 8, 8, 2 2, 6 (ii) (Double Covalent Bond)
Mg O  Mg+2 + O–2  MgO  e–
2, 8, 2 2, 6
 (Ionization Potential)
 Electron

(iii) (Triple Covalent Bond)

Note :– Electron  3e–

×N × × × ×N N×
× × × N
× × × × × N2

 (Electron Affinity) C2H2

 Single Electron
× ×
H × × C ×
×
× C × × H
×
 (Cl)
H C C H
 (Electron Negativity)
 Co-valent Bond
 Double Electron
(i)

 (F)

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 10

(ii)  Hydrogen Bond
 Bond Hydrogen
(Soluble) Hydrogen
(iii) (M.P.) (B.P.) Bond
Hydrogen = FON
(iv)
Ex. :–
 >=>–
 >=>– HF
H = FON – H2O
 –>=> NH3
(v)
Note:– HF
Remarks :– (Compound)
HF
Ionic Bond Co-valent Bond
 (Hybridisation)
Ex :– NaOH 

1 2
Ionic (Atomic Orbital) S P (Atomic Orbital)
Na O H
Covalent SP
2

 Bond

Hybrid Orbital (H.O)

 Triple bond
Single bond sp, sp2, sp3

 Bond Energy
 Bond Bond Energy 2 (S, P) º
3 (S, P, P) º
 Single Bond Bond Energy Triple Bond 4 (S, P, P, P)
Bond Energy
 (Co-ordinate Covalent Bond)
  Electron Vailence Electron
 Hybridisation = SP3

 N2 O  Hybridisation = SP2
Electronegativity Trick :

F  O  N  Cl –  Br –  I –  C  H

Trick : – FON call

 (Empirical Formula) -

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 11

(C4H10) C2H5
 (Molecular Formula) -



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 12

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04. (Element and Mixture)

(Element) 
6.

Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2

(Ca)
(Li)
 (Periodic (OS)
Table) (Ti)
(Pt)

(Non-Metal)





(Metal) 


1.

Note :–



1. Ex. :– (O) (H) (N)

(S) (P) (F) (Cl)
(Br) (I)

(Metalloid)
2.

3.
 (Quick Silver) Ex. :–
4. 
5. Ex. :– ,
Tellurium (Te), Antimony (Sb)
Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 13
Note:– Ex. :–

 Solid  (Homogeneous mixture)

State 
Remarks:–
Ex. :–

O > Si > Al > Fe > Ca > Na

(Solution)


Al > Fe > Ca > Na


O > C > H > N > Ca  (Solvent)


 Ca
(Mn) Ex. :– etc.
(Compound)  (Solute)


Ex. :– etc.
Ex. :– H2O, CH4, CO2, SO2, CFC etc.
 (Dilute Solution)
 (Organic compound) 

Ex. :– etc.
Ex. :– CO2, CH4, C2H5SH 1. (Unsaturated Solution)
 L.P.G. 

2. (Saturated Solution)
 (Inorganic Compound) 


Ex. :– H2O, SO2, N2O, NO2

 N2O Laughing Gas

(Mixture)


Ex. :– etc.
 (Heterogeneous Mixture)


Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 14

 (Dispersion)  (Tyndal Effects)
 

Ex. :–
 (Suspension)
Note :–

10–5 cm

(Filter Paper)


Ex. :–
 (Solution)
 (Colloid)  10–7 m
 10–9 m 10–7 m
Microscope Microscope
Ex. :–
 (Molality) :-
Ex. :– Blood,
Note:–
Mole

kg
(Dialysis)
  (Normality)
Remark:–

 1000
(Emulsion) 



Ex. :–

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 15

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05. (Acid, Base and Salt)

(Acid) 


H+
 pH (Power of Hydrogen) 7
 Ex :– Hcl, H2SO4, HNO3
 
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2 



 (Lichen)

(i)
H+
Ex :– Hcl, H2SO4, HNO3, H2O3, HCN, HF.
(ii)

(iii) Lewis

Note :–

Note :– H+
H+ H3O+

 –
(i) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO
(ii) HI > HBr > HCl > HF
(ii) HCOOH > CH 3 COOH > C 2 H 5 COOH >
C 3H 7COOH

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 16

  OH
Ex. :– NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2
 (Alkali)

Ex. :– NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH) 2 , Ca(OH) 2 ,

Al(OH)2, NH4OH


Remark :–


OH–


(Properties of Acids)
 

+  + (Use of Bases)

(NaOH)

+ 
+ +

[Ca(OH)2]
+  +

(Base) (Bleaching
Powder)

 pH 7



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 17

[Mg(OH)2]
Water)
(Waste
 CaSO . 12 H O 
4 2

(Antacid) 

(CaO)
= 
= 

(MgO)

(KOH)
(Electrolyte)

(Properties of bases)

(Salt)
2NaOH + Al  NaAlO2 + H2  

Note :-


Ex :– NaCl

 (OH-)
 (General Salt)
 H+ OH–
NaOH ( s )  Na  ( aq )  OH  ( aq )
Note :–
Ex. :- NaCl, NO2CO3, CuSO4, K2SO4, Al2(SO4)3,
Na2SO4, MgCl2
 (Double Salt)

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) CuSO4

NaHCO3 Ex. :– K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

 FeSO4.(NH4)2.SO4.6H2O
 120ºC
 (Acidic Salt)
Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 18
 H+
1
pH 5
Ex. :– NaHCO3, NaHSO4, KHSO4, NH4Cl, 2
 (Alkaline Salt)
SO2 NO2
 OH–
Ex. :– Ca(OH)Cl, Na2CO3, CuCO3, Cu(OH)2  pH–
 (Complex Salt)

[]

Ex. :– Ag[Na(CN)2]
+ 
+ 
+ 

pH
 pH

 pH
 pH
 7 pH
 7 pH
Ex. :–
pH 7
 7 pH
Note :–
 (Hypo)




Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 19

jsfM;kslfØ;rk
06. (Radioactivity)

  (Average Life)
  (Disintegration Constant )
“Irene curie” F. Joliet
 - (-Rays)
1
 T  1.44  t 1
 2

 (Artificial Radioactivity)
 Radio Activity
Frederic Joliot


 - (-Rays)
  Radio Activity

 Radio Active
 (G. M. Counter)
  Radio Active
 - (-Rays)
 Radio Active
 Radio Active
(82Pb206)

Note :–
(i) =>> Note :–
(ii) = >  >  (i)  
(iii) =>>
(ii)  
(Half-life period)
 (iii) (Penetrating Power)   

(iv)   
t1
2
(Nuclear Chemistry)
0.693
t1  ,
  
2

  (Nuclear Reaction)

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 20

(Nuclear Fusion Re-
action)
 (Security Wall)
2. (Nuclear Fission

Reaction)
(Nuclear Fusion
 (Fuel)
Reaction)



  (Controller Rods)


(Nuclear Fis-
sion Reaction)  (Moderator)
 



(Atom Bomb)  (Coolant)



 18 May 1974
Remark :– (Zr),

 (Neutron Bomb)
 (Catalyst)

(Atomic Reactor)



  (Catalyst Promoters)

 Ex. :– Molybdenum (MO)
(BARC-Bhabha Atomic
 (Activation Energy)
Research Centre) 1956


 (Nuclear Power Station)
 

(USA)

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 21

 6.
1.
2. (HNO3) 7.
8. Acid
 H2SO4
 (Biocatalyst)
3.

4.
5. 



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 22

jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ ,oa lehdj.k
07. (Chemical Reactions and Equations)

(Chemical Reactions) c.
(Displacement Reaction)



 (Physical Change)
 Zn  H 2SO 4 
 ZnSO 4  H 2
 K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn
Ex. :– > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au
etc. (Double Displacement
 (Chemical Change)
Reaction)



(Ab + Cd  Ad + Cb)

 Ex. :–

 AgCl + NaNO 3 AgNO3 + NaCl

 (Reversible Reaction)


1. (Exothermic Reaction) 
 Ex. :–

(System)
Ex. :–
a. CH 4  2O2  CO2  2H 2O  Heat
b. (Irreversible Reaction)
c. CO2 
d.
e.
(Gaseous Law)
2. (Endothermic Reaction)
 (System)  (Gaseous)

Ex. :–
a. N2  O2  
 2NO (Intermolecular Force)

b.
Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 23
 (Ideal Gas) 
 P1V1 P2 V2

T1 T2

 (Avogadro's Law)
Remark :– CO2,

H2 N2
 (Real Gas) Vn
 V = n × Constant
V
 Constant
n
a (Pressure) ‘P’
b (Temperature) ‘T’ V1 V2

c (Volume) ‘V’ n1 n2
 (Charle's Law)  (Equation of Ideal Gas)

PV  nRT
P= (Pressure)
V= (Volume)
TV R= (Gas constant)
R = 8.314 Joule/Mole-kelvin
 (Absolute Zero)
n= (No. of Moles)

Note :–

T = ‘O’ K –273.15ºC  STP (Standard Temperature & Pressure)

 (Boyle's Law)
  STP 0°C 1 atm
 NTP (Normal Temperature & Pressure)

 NTP 20°C 1 atm

1
V  (Diffusion)
P

 (Gay-Lussac's Law)


 (Graham's Low of Diffu-

sion)
PT 
P = T × Constant
P 1
 Constant V
T M
P1 P2
 V1 M2
T1 T2 
V2 M1

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 24

 (Dalton's Law of P=  Pi = P1
+ P2 + P3 + .......
Partial Pressure) P = Total Pressusre
 Pi = Partial Pressure of each gas
Note :–



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 25

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08. (Periodic Classification of Elements)

(Newlands law of Octave)

 
 


Border-Line 

Note :–

(Dobereiner's Triads law)


 (Triads Law)


1 2 3 4 5 6 7

H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P S
 (Dobereiner) Cl K Ca Sc Ti V Cr
(Triads) 


 (Defects of
Newlands Rule of Octves)–
1.
Ex. :–
(i) Li7, 11Na23, K39
3 19 2.

7  39  46
= 23 Na
2 2

(ii) Ca, Sr , Ba = 40  137  177  88.5

2 2
(Sr) = 88.5
(Mendeleeff's periodic Table)
(iii) Cl, Br , I = 35.5  127  81.25
2 
= 80
Note :– “Triads Law”
 

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 26

 

 

 

 

 


table

 PT (Vertical)
(Horizontal)
 (Periods)


 (Limtations of
Mendeleef's Periodic Table)

p block
s block

d - block

Note :– f- block

 s- block

A B "O– group"
s

 block



 Li
 IA VIIA Na
Ba
(Sr)
(Mosley's Periodic Table) Ca
K, Rb & Cs
 
1913  p- block
 

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 27



Note:- S-block P-block

Representative element Typical Element
 d- block

 Magic Number
Block
d Ex. :–
 f- block
A= Zero group
 f
H=1 He = 2
Li = 1 + 2 = 3 Ne = 2 + 8 = 10
 (Inner Transition) Element Na = 3 + 8 = 11 Ar = 10 + 8 = 18
K = 11 + 8 = 19 Kr = 18 + 18 = 36
Rb = 19 + 18 = 37 Xe = 36 + 18 = 54
Cs = 37 + 18 = 55 Rn = 54 + 32 = 86
Fr = 55 + 32 = 87 Og = 86 + 32 = 118


 d- block
IA (Alkali Metal) Li, Na, K, Rb,
(i) Cs, Fr
(ii) IIA (Alkaline Earth Metal)
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
 IB (Coinage Metal) Cu, Ag, Au
 IIB Volatile Metal (Zn, Ca, Hg)
VA Pnicogens (Pnicos = Poison, Gen = to
Produce) N, P, As, Sb, Bi
VIA Chalcogene (Chalcos = ore, Gen = to
(Characteristics of Periods) Produce) O, S, Se, Te, Po
VIIA Halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)

VIIIA Zero Group


 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32 Magic Number Ex. :– Zn = 30 – 18 = 12

Fe = 26 – 18 = 8


Cl = (17 – 10) + 10 = 17

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 28

(Periodicity in Properties) 

(Valence
Electron & Valency)
 Electronegalivity
Electronegalivity

Note :– Electronegalivity


Electronegalivity

 Electronegalivity

(Ionisalion Petenlial) I.P.
 He 


 Ionisalion Enthalphy

 Electron Volt
Mole (kg-J/Mol)
 He
 I.P.
(Size of Atom)
I.P.

Note :– I.P.

I.P = He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe > Rn

 Parent (Electron Affinity = E.A.)



Al > Al+ > Al ++ > Al +++

 Parent Electron Affinity
 Electron Affinity
–– –
O O O E.A.
3. Metallic & Non-metallic Properties
 Note :– Chlorine (Cl) electron Affinity, Fluroine
(F)

E.A = Cl > F > Br > I
 E.A.
(Electronegalivity)



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 29

ty
09. (Water)

 

65% 95% (i) (P bermanent Hardness)
97%
(ii) (Temporary Hardness)
(i) (Permanent Hardness)
 Angle 104.5º
 (Ca) (Mg)

 4ºC (277 K)




 100ºC (373 K) 0ºC (273 (Na2Al2Si2O8)
K)
 Na(Na4P6O18
(ii) (Temporary Hardness)
1. (Distilled Water)  (Ca)
(Soft Water) (Mg)
(Hard Water) 
(Heavy Water) Ca(OH)2

1. (Distilled Water) Note :–

(Na2CO3)

H2O
 (Heavy Water)

  (D2O)


 250 PPM
 101.4ºC
(Soft Water)


[H2O + (Na +
(i) (Sedimentation Method)
Ca + Mg)]

 (0-60 mg/l)
(Hard Water) (ii) (Filteration Method)
 

(iii) (Fractional of Distillation)


Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 30
(iv) (Steam Distillation)
(iv) (Distillation) 


 Remark :– UV




Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 31

v;Ld rFkk /kkrqdeZ
10. (Ores & Metallurgy)

 (Mineral)  (Calcination)
 
Melting Point
Carbonate
 (Ores)


Remark :– ZnCO3 

 ZnO + CO2

 (Metallurgy)  (Metal Refining)

 

 (Ore's Concentration)
 (MATRIX / GANGUE)

 Gangue
  (Flux)

Flux
Note :–
 (Slag)

 (Gravity Method)  (Gangue)



 (Magnetic Method)


(A)
 (Froth/Foam Floatation Method) (1) (Al2O3.2H2O)
 (2) (Al2O3.H2O)
(3) (Al2O3)
(4) (Na3AlF6)
(5) ( Al2O3)

 (Roasting) (B)
 (1) (Cu FeS2)
ZnS, PbS, HgS Melting (2) (Cu2S)
Point (3) (Cu2O)
(4) CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 32

(5) 2CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2 (2) (ZnO)
(C) (3) (ZnCO3)
(1) (CaSO4.2H2O) (J)
(2) (CaSO4.½H2O) (1) (HgS)
(3) (Lime Stone) (CaCO3 ) (2) (Hg2Cl2)
(4) (CaCl2)
(K)
(5) (CaF2)
(1) (Fe3O4)
(6) (Cao)
(2) (Fe2O3)
Quick lime
(3) (FeCO3)
(6) Ca(oH)2
(4) (FeS2)
(D) (5) (Fe2O3.3H2O)
(1) (MgSO4.7H2O)
(L) (BaCO3)
(2) (MgSO4.H2O)
(3) (MgCO3.CaCO3) (M)
(4) (MgCO3) (1) (AuTe2)
(5) (KClmgCl2.6H2O) (2) [(Ag.Au)Te2]
(6) Note :–
(Mg2(OH) 1.
(7) (MgSo4.7H2O) Hope Metal
(E) 2.
(1) (KCl)
(Alloy)
(2) (KNO3)
(3) (K2SO4) 
(F)
(1) (NaCl)
(2) (NaOH) 
(3) (NaHCO3) 
(4) (Na2CO3.10H2O)
(5) (NaNO3)
(6) (Na2B4O7.10H2O)
(7) (Na2CO3)
(G) (Pb)
(1) (PbS)
(H) (Ag2S)
(1) (AgCl)–

(2) (AgBr)–

(3) (AgI)–
(4) (AgNo3)–
(I)
(1) (ZnS)

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 33

(Steel) Ex. :–

 
0.5 – 1.5% 

 High
Carbon Steel



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 34

dkcZfud jlk;u ,oa mlds ;kSfxd
11. (Organic Chemistry and its Compounds)

(Organic Chemistry)  CNG (Compresed Natural Gas)

 Pressure

 LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas)
 LPG
 (Allotropes)

(C2H5SH)

 (Isomerism)  (Alkene)
  Double Bond Alkane

 (Hydrocarbon)  Olefins
  = CnH2n
n = 2, 3, 4.......
 C2H4
 (Alkane)  C3H6

 C4H8
Single Bond
 (Alkyne)
(General Formula) CnH2n+2
 Tripal Bond

CH2
 = CnH2n–2
n = 2, 3, 4.......
n=2 C2H2
 (Methane) CH4
Note :– (CaC2)
 (Tetrahedral)
Bond Angle 109º.28'
Note :– (CH3COONa) CaC2  2H 2 O 
 Ca(OH) 2  C 2 H 2
(NaOH)
 (Functional Group)

CH 3COONa  NaOH 
 CH 4  Na 2 CO3
 (a) –OH
(Natural Gas), CNG  = CnH2n+1OH or R – OH
(Compressed Natural Gas) n = 1, 2, 3, 4.......

 CH3OH
(Marsh)
 C2H5OH
Marsh
Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 35
(b)  (F, Cl, Br, I) Carboxylic Acid  HCOOH
 C2H5I Carboxylic Acid  CH3COOH
 CH3 Br Carboxylic Acid  C2H5COOH
(c) – CHO Note :– Carboxylic Acid
 = CnH2n+1CHO
n = 1, 2, 3, 4.......
 C2H5CHO  (Ether) —O—
 HCHO  CH2 — O — CH3
 C3H7CHO  C2H5 — O — C2H5
 Carboxylic Acid  COOH  (Keton) — CO —
 = CnH2n+1COOH or R – COOH
 CH3 — CO — CH3
n = 1, 1, 2, 3, 4.......
 C2H5 — CO — CH3



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 36

b±/ku
12. (Fuel)

 (Fuel) 

 (Coaltar)
C.N.G., 


Note :– H2
 (Coke)
150 kilojoule/g)  95%
 (CO)
 Heamoglobin
(Coal)

 NO2 Brown

 SO2 , CO 

 (Ignition Temperature)  (Anthracite)

  90%

 (Coal Crushing)  (Bituminous)

 1300ºC 
(Producer
Gas) 85%
 (Producer Gas)  (Lignite)
  75%
(CO + N2)
 (Peat Coal)

 (Water Gas)  50%


 (Petroleum)

 (Coal Gas)
Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 37
(Fraction distillation)


 (Gasoline/Petrol)

(Calorific Value)


 KJ/g

(Diesel)
 C7H16 (Heptane) C17H36 (Heptadecane)

 Sulphur




 [Liquified Petrolium Gas

(LPG)]


–256º Temp
O2

 [Compressed Natural Gas

(CNG)]  (Propellant)
 

(CNG) 
 CNG 200-250 HTPB (hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene)

 C-10
  C-10
CNG  (Octane Number)
 CNG (CH4) 
 CNG (Knocking)
 (Green Diesel/Bio-Diesel)
 (Renewable) 
 (Knocking)

 Knocking
Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 38

(TET)



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 39

ekuo thou esas jlk;u
13. (Chemistry in Human Life)

(Soap) (Explosive Substance)

 


 (Dynamite)
(Mycel) 
 Sodium
nitrate
 

  TNT (Trinitro toluene)

 H2SO4 HNO3
T.N.T
 Detergent
 T.N.T
 TNG (Trinitro Glycerin)
 

 

 
 RDX (Research Department Explosive)
 

 
  USA T-4
(Ca+2 & Mg+2)

(Detergents)
 IED (Improvised Explosive Device)
 

 (Gun Powder)
(–SO3H)


 (C12H25OH),
H2SO4 NaOH 
 Ca+2 Mg+2


Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 40

= +  DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane)
= + 
 
(Fertilizer)
  BHC (Benzene Hexa Chloride)
N:P:K=4:2:1  (C6H6Cl6) –




  (CaOCl2) –

(Cement) Note :–


CaO  50-60% (Wax)

SiO2  20-22% 
Al2O2  5-10%
 40ºC
MgO  2-3%
(Low Viscosity Liquids)
Fe2O3  1-2%
  (Nonpolar)

 + + = (Mortar)

 + + + + = 
(Concrete)

(Medicines)
 (Components of Cement)
 


 (Classifications of Medicines)

 (Antibiotics)–

(Insecticide)
  Amoxicillin, Azithromycin,
 Clindamycin, Sulfonamides.
  (Analgesics)–



C6H5 + OH = Phenol

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 41

(Glasses) 

 (SiO2), (NaSiO3)
(CaSiO3)




1400ºC

 

(Polymer Or Polymerisation)



Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 42

(Rubber)  (Rayon)
 (Cellulose)
 (Rubber)
 
Clastomler
 
(Hevea)
(Latex)
(Plastic)


 (Isoprene)

(Vulcanisation)
 (i)
 (Chloroprene) (ii)
(i)
 

(Fibres) Ex. :– PVC,


(ii)



(Synthetic Fibre)
Ex. :– Bakellite, Glyptal, Veetal,

 (Polyster)

Note :–

(Condensation) (Food Preservatives)



 (Polyamide)
(Chlorofluoro Carbon or Freon)

(Nylon)  (C)
(F) (Cl)
 (Bristle)

(Solvent) (Propellants)
Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 43
(CCI4)
 CFC (Green House Gas)
(O3) 
(Protocol) CFC 

 (Non-
(Mustard Gas) Inflammable)
 (Fire Extinguisher)
(Mustard)



(CH3NCO)




(Carcinogenic) 


(Tear Gas)
 (Non-toxic)

(CH3OH)

 OH

(CHCl3) 


(Unconsciouness)

(Wood Spirit) (Wood Naphtha)
(C2H5OH) (CaOCl2)


 (CCl4)
(Fe) (H2O)
(C2H5OH)
 (Surgery)
 (Alcohol)’



(Solvent)
(Fermentation)



 (Wine)

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 44

(Spirit of 
Wine)




 (Wood Spirit or Wood
Naptha)
 (CH3OH)

 (Lactobacillus)


(C2H5 – O – C2H5)
 (Tartaric Acid)

(Surgery)



(Citric Acid)

(HCOOH) 

 


(Oxalic Acid)

 (Bleaching Agent)

(CH3COOH)

 (Vinegar)
(Kidney)
9–10%

 (NH2CONH2)
(Glacial)



(KCNO)
(Milk Acid) (NH4)2SO4

Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 45




Chemistry By. Khan Sir KGS 46