360 GRB NEW ERA CHEMISTRY CLASS XI

(PART-)
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS WITHANSWERS
Q. 1. Why is a molecule more stable in terms of energy than constituents. Greater the lattice enthalpy of
the uncombined atoms? compound, greater is the stability. anionic
Ans. When the atoms combine together to form a molecule, Q. 6. Out of NaCl and Mg0, which has higher lattice
there is always release of energy. Thus, the potential
energy of the molecule is less than that of uncombined Ans.
and why?
Mgo has higher lattice energy because each i
energy
atoms and therefore, the molecule is more stable. possesses two unit charge whereas in NaCI, each i
Q. 2. What is the significance of Lewis symbols? possesses one unit charge.
The number of dots around the symbol gives the Q. 7. Why does NaCl give a white precipitate with
Ans.
number of electrons present in the outermost shell. The
number of electrons helps to calculate the common Ans.
solution but CCl, does not?
NaCl is an ionic compound. When
AgNO,
valency of the element. furnishes CI ions which combine with Ag* ions t dissolved
Q. 3. Write Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the following form white precipitate of AgCl while CC1, is a
elements and predict their common valencies. compound and does not give CI ions. covalent
Ba, Cs, T1, CI, Ar Q. 8. Copper is a good conductor as such while
coppern
sulphate is conducting only in the molten state orin
Ans, Ba 56 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 "Ba" valency = 2 aqueous solution. Assign the reason.
Cs 55 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 Cs valency =1 Ans. Copper is a metal in which due to metallic
mobile electrons are present. The copper is a good bonding
TI 81 2, 8, 18, 32, 18,3 TI, valency= l or 3 conductor due to these electrons. However, copper
sulphate is a crystalline solid and its conductivity is due
CI 17 2, 8,7 Cl" valency =8-7=1 to movement of ions. The movement of ions is not
possible in solid state but ions move freely in solution
Ar 18 2, 8, 8 Ar valency =8-8=0 or in molten state under the influence of potential
difference. Thus, CuSO, is conducting only in solution
Q. 4. Draw the Lewis structures of the following molecules or in molten state.
and ions and tell in which case octet rule is violated. Q.9. What are the limitations of the octet rule?
CO,, BeCl,, H,0 PCls, Co Ans. (i) In some compounds, the number of electrons
surrounding the central atom is less than eight.
Ans. C0,: :0::c:0: Examples are BeCl,, BCl, etc.
(1) In some compounds, the number of electrons
BeCl, : :a Be; Ca; surrounding the central atom is more than eight.
Examples are PClç, SF, IF, etc.
(iii) In some molecules, odd number of electrons are
H,O: H:Ö:H PCl_: present. For example, in NOand NO,, the octet
rule is not followed.
2
N=0 O=N*-0:
cof Q. 10. A molecule of H, exists while that of He, does not
exist. Explain.
Ans. Hydrogen atom has only one electron in its valence
Q. 5. Define Lattice enthalpy. How is it related to the stability shell, i. e, 1s'. The two such half filled atomic orbitals
of an ionic compound? combine to form a molecular orbital having two
Ans. The energy released when the requisite number of electrons with opposite spins. They occupy such a
positive and negative ions are condensed into crystal to position between the two nuclei so that the attractive
form one mole of the compound is called lattice energy. forces increase. But helium atom has already a filled
or valence shell, i. e, ls. Therefore. the atomic orbitals of
It is the energy required to completely separate one the two atoms do not combine. Thus, a molecule of H)
mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous exists while that of He, does not.
or
CHEMICAL BONDINGAND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 361

The bond order of H, molecule is 1 while that of He, is isostructural

Q. 14. Write the structure of an anion which is
zero. The zero value indicates that He, molecule does is
not exist.
with BCl, and the structure of a cation which
0sostructural with CH4.
Q. 11. Discuss the shapes of the following molecules using Ans. BCI, has triangular planar structure.
VSEPR model.
NO; anion has the same structure.
CCl4, NE,, BF,H,0 PCl3, COCl,
Ans. C1
Bond pairs = 4, lone pairs = 0
CCI, = CI CC Hence, shape is tetrahedral.
CI
CH, has tetrahedral structure.
NE, =FNF Bond pairs = 3, lone pair = 1 NH cation has the same structure.
Hence, electron group geometry is
F
tetrahedral but actual shape is H
Pyramidal as one position is
Occupied by a lone pair.
H
BE =FBF Bond pairs = 3, lone pair = 0 H
H
Hence, shape is trigonal planar.
Q. 15. (a) Explain why dipole moment of hydrogen halides
Bond pairs = 2, lone pair = 2 decreases from HF to HI.
H,0= H;0: Hence, electron group geometry is (b) Is it necessary for the non-polar molecules to
H tetrahedral but actual shape is always have non-polar bonds? Justify your
V-shaped as two positions are answer.

occupied by lone pairs. Ans. (a) The dipole moment of hydrogen halides decreases
from HF to HIas the electronegativity of halogens
PCI, =C1P:C as NF, decreases from F toI. Hence, polar nature of the
C1 bond decreases.
(b) It is not necessary for the non-polar molecules to
COCI, = CI C CI Shape is trigonal planar.
have always non-polar bonds. For example, BE,
molecule is non-polar but all the three B--Fbonds
0. 12. Out of - and T-bonds which one is stronger and why? are pola. BF is a non-polar molecule as it has
Ans. o-bond is stronger than -bond. In the formation of o symmetrical structure and the resultant polarity is
zero.
bond, the overlapping occurs by head on process and
therefore, it is large. In T-bond, sidewise overlapping Q. 16. BeF, and H,0 are both triatomic molecules but have
takes place which is comparatively small. Greater different shapes. Discuss.
overlapping means stronger bond is formed. Ans. According to VSEPR theory, the geometry and shape of
Q. 13. How manyo- and -bonds are present in the following a covalent molecule depends on the number of bonding
molecules? and lone pairs (total electron pairs) and not on the num
(a) Metaxylene (b) C,H, (c) C,H, ber of atoms around the central atom. BeF, has two
Ans. electron pairs around Be while in H,0, four electron
H pairs are present around oxygen. Therefore, both have
different shapes.
H- -H Q. 17. Explain the structure of CO{ ion in terms of
H H resonance.
H
(a) (b) H-C=C-H (C) Ans. Lewis structure of CO0 ion consists adouble bond and
H C-H G-bonds =3, two single bonds between carbon and oxygen atoms
o-bonds = 5,
H H T-bonds =2
T-bond =1
showing unequal bond lengths. However, experimental
G-bonds= 18, findings show that all carbon and oxygen bonds are
T-bonds =3 equal. Therefore, the carbonate ion is best described as
a resonance hybrid of the following canonical forms.
GRB NEW ERA CHEMISTRY CLASS X1
362
(PART-4)
benzene
An example of resonance is the
Ans.
which can be represented as aresonance hybrid molofecultwoe,
principal Lewis structures.

(i) (ii) (iii)

Q. 18. Write three Lewis structures with different atomic
arrangements for the cyanate ion, NCO and suggest Two consequences of resonance are:
The resonance hybrid has significantly lower
which one is likely to be most plausible structure. (i)
than any of canonical forms, Th
Consider only structures with double bonds. energy
Ans. Structure with lowest formal charges is likely to have compound is less reactive and more stable
the lowest energy i.e., most plausible structure. compared to any one of the canonical forms.
The forn.l charges of Lewis structures corresponding (ii) Bond lengths are significantly different from what
would be expected without resonance.
to three possible arrangements are shown below : (a) Out of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol which has
Q. 25.
-1
+2 higher boiling point and why?
N=C=0| C=0=N (b) Why glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc., are soluble in
water though they are covalent compounds.
(ii) (iii) (c) BaSO, is an ionic compound but it is insoluble in
(i)
closest to zero, water. Why?
The formal charges are lowest in (i), i.e.,
hence structure (i) is the most likely one. Ans. (a) p-nitrophenol has higher boiling point because
there is intermolecular H-bonding while in
Q. 19. Benzene ring has alternate single and double bonds, yet 0-nitrophenol, there is intramolecular H-bonding
all the C-C bonds are of equal lengths.
Resonance is present in benzene ring. On account of
(b) These compounds contain polar -OH bonds
Ans. which can form H-bondi g with water.
this all the C Cbonus have samne lengths.
Write the Lewis structures that contribute to the
(c) The lattice energy of BaSO4 is very high in
Q. 20. comparison to its hydration energy.
resonance hybrid for (a) nitrite ion, NO, and (b) nitryl
chloride, CINO, (N is the central atom). Q. 26. BR and graphite, both are coplanar having sp'.
hybridization but later is a conductor. Explain.
Ans. Ans. Both B and graphite have sp-hybridization but
graphite has one T-mobile electron left on each carbon
atom which is responsible for the conduction.
Q. 27. The bond angle FNF in NF is smaller than HNH angle
(b) 0 N= 0,0=N 0: in NH, but FPF bond angle in PF, is relatively larger
than HPH in PH. How can you account fot it?
Q. 21. Why is free rotation about a T-bond not possible? Ans. Both NH and NF have pyramidal shape with one lone
Ans. The overlapping vanishes and the bond breaks. pair on nitrogen atom. F has higher electronegativity
Q. 22. Which of the following molecules will have dipole than hydrogen, the electron pair is attracted more
moments?
towards fluorine in NF3, i.e., the bond pairs are away
CO,, H,0, CCl4, CHCl3, BF, BeF,, NH, from nitrogen or in other words, distance between bond
Ans. H,0, CHCl, and NH, molecules possess dipole pairs is more. Hence, repulsive interactions are less in
moments. NE, than those in NH,. As a result, the bond angle in
Q. 23. Select the molecule that has a larger property NE, is smaller than that in NH,.
mentioned for each of following pairs:
(a) NEJ,NH, Dipole moment
N 102.5
(b) CO, SiO, Bond angle
(c) NaCI, LiCI Ioniccharacter H
(d) MgO, CaO Hardness H H 107.5
(e) HF, HCI Boiling point
PH3 and PF; are also pyramidal in shape with one lone
Ans. (a) NH, (b) CO, (c) NaCl (d) MgO (e) HF pair. The bond angle, however, in PE has higher value
(due to hydrogen bonding) than in PH3. This is due to back -donation from
Q. 24. Use Lewis structures to describe what is meant by F-atoms to empty d-orbitals of P giving partial doubie
resonance and two consequences of resonance. bond character which bring greater repulsions between
363
CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
p-F bonds and thereby increasing the 36
= 4(0)
There is no possibility of back -donation bond angle.
in PH. (iii) XeE : Total valence electrons
= 36,
8
0. 28. SnCl2 is ionic but SnCl¡ is covalent. Explain.
sp'd
+4R), = 2(02), , +0, =6
4
Ans. The size of Sn ion is smaller in comparison to Sn*
jon. Hence, polarisation or distortion is more in SnCl. hybridization, square planar.
so it behaves as a covalent Q. 35. A molecule of PCI, exists but that of NCI, does not.
compound.
0. 29. Though the electronegativities of nitrogen and chlorine Why?
are same, NH, exists as a liquid Ans. In nitrogen, d-orbitals are not present and thus, it cannot
whereas HCI as gas. extend its covalency. But in case of phosphorus, d
Why?
Ans. The size of nitrogen atom is less than the size of
orbitals are present and an electron can be promoted to
chlorine atom. Therefore, electron density in nitrogen is d-orbital. Therefore, phosphorus can extend its
more than that of chlorine. So, nitrogen shows covalency to 5 and thus, a molecule of PCI, exists.
Q. 36. Can a non-polar molecule have polar covalent bonds?
hydrogen bonding in NH, leading to association of Ans. Yes. It is possible in case of linear and symmetrical
molecules. Hence, NH, is a liquid. Hydrogen bonding molecules. In such molecules the bonds may be polar
is not possible with chlorine in HCI, but their polarities cancel out resulting in non-polar
0. 30. Why BeF and BF3 are stable though Be and B have molecules. For example, in molecules such as CO,,
less than 8 electrons? Which one is more stable? BF3, CCl4, etc., the bonds are polar but the molecules
Ans. The stability is explained by symmetrical linear as a whole are non-polar in nature.
structure for BeF, and trigonal planar for BF.BeF, is Q. 37. KHE, exists but KHCI, does not. Explain.
more stable because of its greater bond angle (180°). Ans. Due to hydrogen bonding in HF, we have
0. 31. What are the two main conditions for forming hydrogen H-F--H-F..-HF---. This can dissociate into HE,
bonds? ion and hence KHE exists but there is no hydrogen
Ans. () High electronegativity of the atom linked to bonding in HCI. So HCI; does not exist.
hydrogen. Q. 38. Which of the two molecules OCS and CS, has a higher
(ii) Smaller size of the electronegative atom. dipole moment and why?
Ans. Both the molecules are linear. The dipole moment of
0. 32. Why NF is pyramidal while BF, is triangular planar,
CS, is zero because the bond moments are equal and
though both are tetra-atomic molecules?
opposite and thus, cancel out.
Ans. In NE3, nitrogen undergoes sp'-hybridization. In
tetrahedral geometry, one position is occupied by a lone
pair. Hence, its shape is pyramidal. But in BF,, boron But in OCSmolecule, the bond moments are unequal as
involves sp-hybridization having triangular planar Oxygen is more electronegative than sulphur, thus, OCS
geometry. molecule has dipole moment.
Q. 33. In SE, molecule, the lone pair of electrons occupies an
equatorial position rather than axial position in the Hence, OCS molecule has higher dipole moment.
overall trigonal bipyramidal arrangement. Why?
Ans. The l, -b, repulsions are less if it occupies equatorial Q. 39. Explain why N, has greater bond dissociation energy
than N whereas 0j has greater bond dissociation
position than if it occupies axial position. As a result, energy than O,.
energy is less and stability is more. Ans. Bond order of N, =3 Bond order of O, =2
Q. 34. What is the hybridization of the central atom in : Bond order of N = 2.5 Bond order of 0; =2.5
(i) H,0* (iü)XeF, (ii) XeF,? What are their8 shapes? Greater the bond order, higher is the bond dissociation
Ans. (i)) H,o+ : Total valence electrons = 8, =4 sp' energy so, bond dissociation energy of N, (B.0. =3.0)
> bond dissociation energy of N; (B.0. = 2.5)
hybridization, pyramidal shape.22 Bond dissociation energy of 0; (B.O.= 2.5) > bond
(ii) XeF: Total valence electrons = 22, 8
=2(0;) dissociation energy of O, (B.O. = 2.0)
+ 6(R), 6
=3(0,), e +l =5 sp'd
Q. 40. Out of Hand H, , Hhas higher first ionization energy
2 while out of O and O,, O, has higher first ionization
hybridization, linear. energy. Explain why?
GRB NEW ERA CHEMISTRY CLASS XI
364
(PART-)
and ..
Ans. In Hz, fist electron is removed from o(1s)which has overlap of singly occupied hybrid orbitals
lower energy than H-atom. However, in O,, first filled 2p-orbital of fluorine atoms.
Q. 43. Use the MO energy diagram to predict which in .
electron is removed either from n (2p,) or (2p,)
pair has the greater bond energy
orbital which has higher energy than 2p-orbital of (a) O, or O; (b) O, or O, and (C) N, or N$
0-atom.
Ans. (a) O, :
Q. 41. Explain the following : KKO(29) G(2:)'o(2p,)*n(2p,)'n(2p,)?
(a) Whether ClO; ion is linear or not?
(b) Whether the geometry of XeF is linear or
non-linear? 8-4
i(2p,)' (2p,)!
(c) Whether PC1z molecule is polar or non-polar? Bond order = = 2.0
Ans. 2
(a) CI0; ion has two bonding and two non-bonding
electron pairs around chlorine, i. e., chlorine atom
undergoes sp°-hybridization. Tetrahedral
oj: KKo(29)° G(2:)'a(2p,)'2p,)'n2p,)2,!
8-3
Bond order =2.5
configuration comes into existence.Two positions 2
are occupied by Oxygen atoms. Thus, the ion has Bond energy Bond order
V-shape, i.e., it is non-linear. Hence O} has greater energy than O,
(b) In XeF, two bonding and three non-bonding 8-5
electron pairs are present, i.e., xenon atom (b) O, : Bond order = =1.5
2
undergoes sp'd-hybridization. Trigonal
Hence O; has lower energy than O,.
bipyramid configuration comes into existence.
Non-bonding electron pairs always occupy the
equatorial positions and thus fluorine atoms
(c) N, : KK o(2:) G(2s) ' n(2p,)" n2p,)'a(2p. )?
8-2
occupy the axial positions. Thus, F-XeF Bond order =3.0
molecule is linear. 2
(c) In PCl3, three bonding and one non-bonding N$ : KK G(2s) G(2s)(2p,)" n(2p,)"o(2p,)!
electron pairs are present, i. e., phosphorus atom 7-2
undergoes sp°-hybridization giving tetrahedral Bond order
2
=2.5
configuration. Three positions are occupied by
chlorine atoms and one by lone pair. Hence, bond energy of N, is greater than N,.
0. 44. What happens to the NO bond length when an electron
is removed from NO to give NO?
Net dipole Ans. NO
C CI KK o(24) (29)'o(2p,)'n(2p,)'n(2p,)' (2p:)
CIl 8-3
Bond order
The electronegativity of Cl is more than P. Thus, 2
P CI bond is polar in nature. On account of = 2.5
structure, the molecule should be polar in nature
as the bond poles do not cancel. NO*: KK (2s) o(29)'o(2p,)° m(2p,)' n2p,)'
Q. 42. Use valence bond theory to explain the bonding in the 8-2
Bond order
SF, molecule. 2
Ans. To form four bonds to fluorine atoms, four half filled =3.0
orbitals are needed. Thus, the paired p-orbital is Thus, bond length decreases in NOT.
unpaired and an electron is shifted to vacant d-orbital. Q. 45. Give reasons for the following :
3s 3p 3d ) CO, has no dipole moment but SO2 and H,0 have
S in ground state considerable dipole moments.
(ii) Carbon-oxygen bond lengths are equal n
S in excited state carbonate ion.
(iii) MgFz is soluble in water while MgClh is sparing!y
Now, hybridization occurs involving sp'd orbitals i. e., soluble.
trigonal bipyramid configuration comes into existence (iv) lonic compounds do not conduct electricity
having single electron each on four positions and a lone solid state.
pair on one position. Four S Fbonds are formed by (v) CIE is linear while CIE is bent.
365
CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

CO, molecule is linear and thus, its dipole concepts of hybrid

Ans. Q 47. (a) Compare and contrast the with regard to:
moment is zer0. orbitals and molecular orbital
involved.
(i) the number of atoms
from a given
l=0
(ii) the number of orbitals produced
(CO,) number of ground state orbitals.
orbitals with
SO and H20 are angular in shape, thus possess (iii) the energies of the resulting
dipole moments. respect to one another.
and
(b) Distinguish between non-bonding, bonding
anti-bonding orbitals.
H H
(c) Explain why N2 has greater dissociation energy
(SO;) (Hz0) than N whereas O has a lower dissociation
(i) CO ion shows resonance. On account of this, " energy than O,.
the C -0 bond lengths are equal. Molecular orbital
Ans. (a) Hybrid orbital
2 (i) One central atom More than one atom
(ii)Same number of Same number of orbitals
orbitals
(ii) All orbitals are Bonding orbitals lower in
equivalent, i.e., they energy than antibonding
have same energy orbitals
(ii) Mg is more ionic than MgClh (Fajan's rule).
MgCl, develops covalent nature due to more Non-bonding orbitals have same energy as the
polarization of chloride ion. tomic orbitals from which they are formed.
(iv) In solid state, ions of ionic compounds are held Bonding orbitals have lower while antibonding
together by electrostatic forces of attraction. orbitals have higher energy than the atomic
orbitals.
(v) In CIF;, chlorine atom undergoes sp°d
(c) N has lost a bonding electron and thus, it is
hybridization. destablished while O; has lost an antibonding
F
electron and thus, it is stablised.
CT Q. 48. Arrange the following resonating structures in the order
of decreasing stability.

F-atoms occupy axial position while lone pairs are

present on equatorial positions. H-COH>HC=0--H>H-C-0H
(+) (+)
In CIF, chlorine atom undergoes (1) (ii) (iüi)
hybridization, i.e., the ion has angular shape (Bent (+)
shape). Two lone pairs are present.

t’ H-C-0H
(
Q. 46. Compare the bond length of 0in the follo ving (iv)

molecules :
Structures (i) and (ii) have five covalent bonds while
(a) RbO, (b) O,(AsF) (c) O, (d) BaO2 Ans.
bondorder is 1.5. structures (iii)and (iv) have four covalent bonds, hence
Ans. (a) RbO, has O; (superoxide), i.e., order is 2.5.
(b) 0, (AsF) has Of ion, i.e., bond structures (i) and (ii)are more stable. Out of (i) and (ii)
structures, structure (1) is more stable than structure (i)
(c) O,, i.e., bond order is 2. order is 1.
(d) BaO, has 05 (peroxide), i.e., bond
as it has no formal charge.
bond length. Structure (iv) is less stable than structure (ii) as has
Higher is the bond order, smaller is the
Hence, order of bond length is : positive charge on oxygen atom. Thus, the order of
O,(AsF;) <O, < RbO, < BaO, stability is:
(i) > (i) > (ii) > (iv)
366 GRB NEW ERA CHEMISTRY CLASS XI
Q. 49,
(PART-)
Determine the hybridization, geometry, number of lone (a) CIF; (b) XeF, (c) NH; (d) CCl,(e) PCl, () XeF.
pairs and number of bond pairs and actual shape of the (g) PCI; (h) SF
following molecules/ions.
Ans.

Lone Bond
S.No. Moleculefion
Hybridization Geometry pair/s pair/s Actual shape
(a) CIF, 2 3 T-shape
|H=[V+M-C+A]=7+3-0+0]=5 sp'd Trigonal bipyramidal
2 2
(b) XeF 2 4 Square
sp2 Octahedral
H=V+M-C+A]=8+4-0+0]= 6 planar
4
(c) NH Tetrahedral Tetrahedral
|H=s+4-1+0]=4
4
(d) CCl4 Tetrahedral |Tetrahedral
H=14+4-0+0]= 4
(e) PCl3 Sy
3 Tetrahedral Pyramidal
H=s+3-0+0]= 4
() XeFs sp'd Pentagonal bipyramidal 1 6 |Distorted
H=-8+6-0+0]
2 =7 octahedral

(g) PCI, sp'a Octahedral 0 6 |Octahedral

H=5+6-0+]=
2 6
(h) SF, sp'd Trigonal bipyramidal 1 4
See-saw
H=[6+4-0+0]
2
=5
Q. 504a) How the bond energy does vary from N, and N; and (b)(i) Both F, and 05 have same bond order (1.0), same
why? bond length and are diamagnetic in nature.
(b) On the basis of molecular orbital theory what is (i) CO, N, and NO* are isoelectronic species as they
similarity between? have same number of electrons. They have same bond
(i) , and O (ii) CO, N, and NO* ? order and same bond length.
Ans(a) Both N, and N; have same energy because both have
same bond order (2.5). However, N, is slightly more
stable than N, as antibonding electrons are less in N.
367
CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS

which is stable,
0. 1. B, and graphite both are co-planar having sp- Ans. The most probable structure will be one
minimum
hybridization but later is a good conductor. Explain. i.e., is associated with lowest energy or has
two factors are
Ans. Both BF, and graphite have sp-hybridization but in steric repulsions. The following
graphite one mobile electron is present on each carbon considered for electronic repulsions.
follow
atom which makes ita good conductor. () The repulsions between various electron pairs
2s
the order:
B:2s?2p' Excited 1 111 I, -p>,-b, >b, -bp
sp'-hybridization (ii) The electronic repulsion between two pairs of elec
2 2p trons willbe minimum they are as far apart as possi
ble. The repulsion between two electron pairs at 90
Excited
C:2s'2p?
will be more than when they are at 120°.
sp-hybridization above
.2. Compare the shapes of ap-orbital and sp-orbital. Which The structure (C) will be most probable if the
one has a greater directional orientation and why? facts are taken into account as the structure (C) will
have minimum electronic repulsions.
Ans. The p-orbital lobes are equal on both sides. Cm and
Q. 5. The dipole moment of LiH is 1.964x10
molecule
inter atomic distance between Li and H in the
p-orbital is 1.596 ¢. Calculate the percentage ionic character of
the molecule.
SD-orbitals have one lobe larger than the other and most
Ans. If the molecule were 100% ionic.
of sp-probability density is on bigger lobe. This makes ionic = qxd
sp-orbital more directional in character.
= (1.602 x10- Cx(1.596>x10-10 m)
sp-molecular orbital = 2.557 x10- C m
observed =1.964x10-29 Cm
0.3. Anhydrous AlCl, is covalent. From the data given
below, predict whether it would remain covalent or 1.964 x1o-29
% Ionic character = x100
become ionic in aqueous solution. 2.557 x10-29
Ionisation energy for AlCl, =5137 kJ mol-: =76.81
Which bond do you expect to be stronger in each of the
AHd for Al* =- 4665 kJ mol-: Q. 6.
following cases and why?
AHH for C1 =-381 kJ mol (i) H-H, CI CI (ii) O,, N, (iii) FF, C CI
Ans. AlCl, +aq’ AICl3 (a); AH =? Ans. (i) H-His stronger because of small size of H-atoms.
AH= Energy released during hydration + Energy used (i) N Nis stronger because it contains a triple bond
during ionisation. while O, contains a double bond (0 =0).
If AH is -ve, the ionisation will occur. (iii) CClis stronger because repulsions between two
AH=- 4665-3x381+5137 F-atoms in E are larger due to smaller size than two
=-4665-1143+5137 Cl-atoms in Cl,.
=-671 kJ mol Q.7. (a) Why axial bonds of PCl, are longer than equatorial
bonds?
i.e., ionisation in aqueous solution occurs.
Q.4.
3
In CIF, central chlorine atom is sp°d hybridised a (b) Why NE is pyramidal but BF, is triangular planar.
theoretically, three structures are possible. (c) How H-bonds are formed by each H,0 molecule
and how many water molecules are attached to each
water molecule and in what direction?
F Ans. (a) This is due to greater repulsion on the axial bond
ClF CIF CCIF
pairs by the equatorial bond pairs of electrons.
(b) In NE,,Nhas the hybridization sp', i.e., tetrahedral
F F
geometry with one position occupied by lone pair of
(A) (B) (C) electrons taking a pyramidal shape but in BF, B has
structure and sp-hybridization. BF, has triangular planar shape.
Explain which one is the most probable
why?
368 GRB NEW ERA CHEMISTRY CLASS XI (PARTI)

(c) Each water molecule forms four H-bonds, two with O-atoms and two with H-atoms. Further, each water molecule is linke4
tofour H,0 molecules through H-bonds tetrahedrally.

H H

H
H* H

HH
Q. 8. Which of the following species have same shape/same bond order?
N3, NO,,CO,, O3
Ans. Isoelectronic species have same shape/same bond order. The number of outer electrons is same in CO, and N, and same in 0.
and NO.
CO, and Ng are linear while O, and NO, are V-shaped.
Q. 9. Compare the relative stabilities of O and N and comment on their magnetic behaviour.
Ans.
of: KKo(2)°o' (29)°a2p,'n(2p,)'m2p,)'r
8-6
(2p.)'r (2p,)?
Bond order = =1.0
2
All orbitals are doubly occupied, hence it is diamagnetic in nature.
N : KKG(25)'o (23)°m2p,)°n2p,)'a2p,)'r'(2p,)'r'(2p,)
8-4
Bond order = = 2,0
2
Two orbitals are unpaired, hence it is paramagnetic. As bond order of N5 is higher than bond order of 05, hence N is more
stable than 05.
Q. 10. Arrange the following in order of :(i) increasing NO bond length (ii) increasing bond angles. Give reasons.
NO$,NO, , NO,
Ans. Species NO; NO, NO
Hybridisation of central atom sp sp' sp
+
Structures O=N=0

Bond angle 180° 132° 120°

2+1 2+1+1
Bond order 2 -=1.5 =1.33
2 3
Bond lengths NO; NO, NO3
V
Bond angles NO; NO7 A NO,
369
CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Hydrogen bonding influences the properties of In 19th century, nitrous oxide called laughing gas was
substances, particularly physical characteristics to a large used as anaesthesia by dentists. However, it is very
cxtent. Water is known in liquid state at ordinary important to know the correct properties and structure of
atmosphericconditions on account of hydrogen bonding. the chemical substance before it is used as anaesthetic
The melting point of p-nitrophenol is 114°C while that of agent.
o-nitrophenol is 45°C. Both ortho- and para-phenols Answer the following questions:
involve hydrogen bonding of different nature. (i) Draw the resonating structures of N3
Answer the following questions : (i) Draw the resonating structures of N,0.
(i) Which nitrophenol does involve chelation in its (ii) Which property makes nitrous oxide as anaesthetic
molecule ? agent?
(i) Explain why p-nitrophenol has higher boiling point Solution:
than o-nitrophenol ? (i)
(ii) How many hydrogen bonds are possible with one
molecule of water ?
Solution:
:N=N= N:
(i) o-nitrophenol involves chelation on account of
intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
8+
:N=N-N:
(iü) N==N= 0: N=N’:
(iii) Nitrous oxide, laughing gas, affects the nervous
system and premaxilla bone becomes ineffective. Under
that of this condition, the dentist treats the mouth cavity.
(ii) p-nitrophenol has higher boiling point thaninvolves
because p-nitrophenol 3. Carbon monoxide is a unique molecule. It can act as
o-nitrophenol
interhydrogen bonding. Lewis base and a ligand in the formation of complex
compounds as it has the ability to donate an electron pair.
. is usually observed that more electronegative atomn in a
HON=Ö-0 0-=0 It
molecule acts as the negative end in the dipole. However,
in carbon monoxide (CO) carbon, less electronegative,
bonds.
(iii)One water molecule can form four hydrogen acts as a negative end.
Answer the following questions :
HOH H (i) Give electron dot structure of carbon monoxide.
(ii) What is the basis of paradox that carbon is the negative
H end of carbon monoxide?
H-:H, H-0
H Solution:
H (i)) The electron dot structure of carbon monoxide is :
H,
HH :cEo:
(ii) The apparent paradox of negative end at carbon in CO
electron dot structure fails to molecule is resolved as soon as we realise that
a In many cases, a single molecule or ion. The antibonding orbitals are occupied in CO and because of
explain all the characteristics of the the antibonding electrons tend to be found closer to the
in explaining the
Concept of resonance is very useful
Characteristics and correct structure in
such cases. less electronegative atom, they contribute negative charge
on carbon end.
examples
CO,. CO, N,O,O3, N,, CO,sO,etc., are
in which resonance phenomenon is applied.