Chapter 2

Physicographic Divisions
Physical Features (a) Himadri (Greater Himalaya), (b) Himachal (Lesser
n
Four Major Structural components : Himalaya), and (c) the Siwaliks (Outer Himalayas).
Three major antecedent rivers originate beyond

E
n
1. Mountains in the North
2. Northern Plains Himalayas and cut through Himalayan mountain chain
forming deep gorges and I-shaped valley of the
(a) Great plains (b) Thar desert

H
subcontinent. It indicates that Himalaya is not a perfect
3. The Great Peninsular Plateau

S
water divie.
(a) Peninsular Plateau

T
(b) Central Highlands Do You Know?

R
(c) Coastal Plains n
The Pamir, popularly known as the Roof of the World, is the
connecting link between the Himalayas and the high ranges
4. Islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar
of Central Asia.

O
form the fourth division of India.
n
The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than
Do You Know? one-fifth of the world population, and accounts for a quarter of

T
the global Sedimentary Rocks.
Area wise these subdivisions n
The height of the Eastern Himalayas is greater than the height of
1. Peninsular Plateaus

U
the Western Himalayas.

y
2. Northern Mountains n
The Pamirs are a mountain range in Central Asia at the
3. Great Plains junction of the Himalayas with the Tian Shan, Karakoram,

T dem
4. Central Highlands Kunlun, Hindu Kush, Sulaiman and Hindu Raj ranges. They
5. Coastal Plains are among the world’s highest mountains.
6. Thar Desert
7. Islands Superlat ive Location Superlative Location
Highest battle Siachen Highest Road Road at
Mountains of India field Glacier Khardung in

a
the
The Himalayas Leh-Manali

c
n
The Himalayas, which stretch over 2500 km between Sector
the Nanga Parbat in India and the Namcha Barwa in Himalayas Kanchenjun Highest Kushok

A
Tibet, are the result of an ongoing orogeny/Geological Highest ga Airport Bakula
process — the result of a collision between two Mountain (Sikkim) Rimpochhe
continental tectonic plates. peak in India (8598 m) Airport, Leh
n
They stretch from the Indus river in the west to the airport in
Brahmaputra river in the east.The width of the Ladakh
Himalayas varies from 400 km in Kashmir to 150 km in Coldest Place Dras, J& K Largest kutch, Gujarat
Arunachal Pradesh. Their average height is 2000m and District (Area)
a total area of about 5,00,000 km 2.
Highest Mawsynram Largest Thane,
n
The Eastern Himalayas made up of Patkai Hills, Naga precipitation , Meghalaya District Maharashtra
Hills, Mizo Hills and the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills- (Population)
are also known as Purvanchal.
n
Means ‘Abode of Snow’. They are one of the youngest n
( K2 is the highest mountain peak in India. But now it is in POK)
fold mountain ranges in the world and comprise mainly
sedimentary rocks.
The Great Himalayas or The Himadri
n
In the Himalayas snow fields cover about 40,000 sq km n
This is the northernmost or the innermost of all the
of area from Kashmir to Assam.
Himalayan ranges.
n
The height of snow line varies between 4000-5800 m in n
This zone is the loftiest and the most continuous
the east and 4500-6000 m in the west.
mountain range of the world like a wall in north of the
n
Himalayas represent the youngest and the highest lesser Himalayas. It is about 25 km wide with Average
folded mountains of the earth, rising to over 8000 m elevation extends 6000+m.
above sea level and consisting of three parallel ranges;

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n
This mountain range boasts of the tallest peaks of the n
Important hill resorts are: Dharamshala, Shimla,
world, most of which remain under perpetual snow. Chhail, Ranikhet, Chakrata, Mussoorie, Nainital,
n
Some of the world’s highest peaks are here- Almora, Darjeeling.
n
Along the slope are found a number of small pastures
Mt Everest 8850 m (in Nepal)
which are called Merg in Kashmir (Gulmerg, Sonmerg,
Mt Kanchenjunga 8598 m (Sikkim, India)
Tanmerg etc.) and Bugyal and Payar in Uttarakhand.
Mt Lhotse 8516 m (China- Nepal) n
The most outstanding valleys are the valley of Kashmir,

E
Mt Makalu 8481 m (in Nepal) the Suru valley, the Nubra valley, the Markha valley in
J&K and the Karewas valley, the Kangra valley, the
Mt Dhaulagiri 8172 m (in Nepal) Kulu valley, the Sangla valley in H.P., the Dun valley,

H
Mt Cho Oyu 8153 m (in Nepal) the Bhagirathi valley (near Gangotri) and the

S
Mandakini valley (near Kedarnath) , the Tons valley,
Mt Nanga Parbat 8126 m (J&K, India)

T
the Saur valley, the Johar valley, the Darma valley in
Mt Annapurna 8078 m (in Nepal)

R
Uttarakhand and the Kathmandu valley in Nepal.
Mt Nanda Devi 7817 m (UK, India) Outer Himalayas or The Shiwaliks

O
Mt Kamet 7756 m (UK, India) n
The Range has a total length of about 2400 km from the
Indus gorge to the Brahmaputra valley and Average
Do You Know?

T
elevation is 900-1200 m.
n
The area where Himalayas stand today together with the northern n
It is known by various local names i.e. the Jammu
plains of India was occupied by Tethys Sea. Hills(J&K), the Dundwa range(UK), the Churia Muria

U y
n
Tethys was elongated and shallow sea sandwiched between hills(Nepal), the Daffla, Miri, Abor and Mishmi hill
the Angaraland in the north and the Gondwanaland in the (Arunachal pradesh).

T dem
south. n
The Shiwalik range forms the Southern part of the zone
n
Mt.Everest also known as Sagarmatha in Nepal or Chomo and the intervening area is a generally occupied by the
Langma in Tibet. tectonic longitudinal valleys called Duns, Dehra,
n
Some Important Passes in Arunachal Pradesh Kotah-Patli, Kothri, Chumi, and Kyarda.
Bomdi-La Arunachal Pradesh-Lhasa
n
It is the newest range.

Dihang pass Arunachal Pradesh- Longitudinal Division of Himalayas

a
Mandalay(Mandalay) (i) The Punjab Himalayas

c
(ii) The Kumaon Himalayas
Diphu pass Arunachal Pradesh-
Mandalay (iii) The Nepal Himalayas
(iv) The Assam Himalayas

A
Likhapani Arunachal Pradesh-
Myanmar Trans-Himalayan Zone
Pangsan Pass Arunachal Pradesh-
n
This range lies immediately north of the Great
Myanmar Himalayas. This part of the Trans Himalayan range is
called the Tibetan Himalayas because most of it lies in
Passes in Tibet.
Sikkim n
The most important range of the trans Himalayas is
Nathu La Pass India- China border Karakoram range which is called as the Backbone of
high Asia. It is the northern most range of the Trans
Jelep La Pass Sikkim-Lhasa Himalayan range in India.
n
It stretches for a distance of about 1000 km in east-west
Middle / Lesser Himalayas or The Himachal direction and its average elevation is 3000 m abvoe
mean sea level.
n
It is about 80 km wide and Mountains and valleys are
disposed in all directions (mountains rising to 5000 m
n
the northern most range of the Trans Himalayan
and the valleys touching 1000 m). Ranges in India is the Great Karakoram Range.
karakoram Range extends eastwards from the Pamir for
n
It generally consists of Unfossiliferous sediments or about 800 km. It is the abode of some of the greatest
metamorphosed Crystallines constituting main Nappe glaciers of the world outside the polar regions. Some of
zone in the Kashmir , Himachal and Garhwal sections. the peaks are more than 800 metres above sea level.
n
Its important ranges are: Dhauladhar, Pir Panjal, Nag n
K2 (8611 m) is the second highest peak in the world and
Tibba, Mahabharat, Mussoorie. the highest peak in the India Union.

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Few Passes in J&K

Banihal Pass Banihal with Qazigund Banihal pass is a popular pass in Jammu and Kashmir. It is
(Jawahar Tunnel) situated in Pir- Panjal Range.
Zoji La Srinagar- Kargil & Leh Beacon Force of Border Road Organization is responsible for
clearing and maintaining the road, especially during winter.
Burzail pass Srinagar- Kishan Ganga This pass joins the Valley of Kashmir with the Deosai Plains of
Valley Ladakh.
Pensi La Kashmir valley with Kargil
Pir-Panjal Pass Jammu to Srinagar This pass was closed after the partition. It provides shortest
roadway access to Kashmir valley from Jammu.
Qara Tagh Pass Karakoram Mountains It was a subsidiary of the ancient silk route.
Khardung La Leh-Siachin Glacier It is the highest motorable pass in the country.
Thang La Ladakh It is the second highest motorable mountain pass in India.

Aghil Pass Ladakh - Xinjiang It is situated to the North of Mount Godwin-Austin in the
Karakoram.
Chang-La Ladakh - Tibet
Lanak La Ladakh -Lhasa This is located in the Aksai Chin in Ladakh region. The Chinese
authority has built a road to join Xinjiang with Tibet.

Imis La Ladakh - Tibet

n
The other peaks located in its neighbourhood and rising way from south of the Himalayas to north of the
more than 800 m above sea level are the Gashebrum I or Peninsula.
Hidden Peak 8068 m), Broad Peak (8047 m) and n
The vast plains of north India are alluvial in nature and
Gasherbrum II (8035 m). the South-west portion is occupied by the Thar Desert.
n
It has some important ranges like Laddakh, n
The average depth of the alluvium is maximum in the
Zanskar,Kailash, Hindukush, Hinduraj, Kunlun, Ganga plains and minimum in the Western Plains.
Tienshan, Pamir, etc.
n
The Zaskar range branches off from the great Do You Know?
Himalayan range near 80 degree longitude and runs n
In the Kerala plains are the backwaters or ‘Kayals’, which are the
more or less parallel to it. shallow lagoons or inlets of the sea, lying parallel to the
n
The longest glacier is Siachin in the Nubra valley, coastline. The largest among these is the Vembanad Lake.
which is more than 72 km long (biggest glacier in the
world). Biafo, Baltaro, Batura, Hispar are the other Divisions of The Great Plains
important glaciers in this region. n
The great plains may be divided into a number of
n
This area is the largest snow-field outside the Polar smaller units on the basis of the characteristics of the
Regions. alluvium, surface gradient, drainage channels and
regional traits.
The Great Plains
n
It is an Aggradational plains formed by the Alluvial
Bhabar plains
deposits of the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and n
A Narrow, Continuous belt along the foothills of
their tributaries. Shiwaliks.
n
The plain stretches from west (from the banks of Ravi n
It's a Highly porous zone because consists of degraded
and Satluj) to east (the Ganga delta) and in the same materials"Pebbles/ Kankar".
n
After emerging from Himalayas, Rivers are lost here.
4

Tarai plains n
Highly fertile soil consisting of Ox-bow lake and
meanders.
n
Re-emergence of streams after being lost in Bhabar.
n
Delta Plains Deltaic plain is an extension of the
n
Zone of excessive dampness.
Khadar plain. It covers about 1.86 lakh sq km of area in
Bhangar plains the lower reaches of the Ganga river (West Bengal). It
mainly consists of old mud, new mud and marsh.
n
Older alluvium of the plains. Studded with calcareous
formations called ‘kankar’. Do You Know?
n
Also known as BARIND in W.Bengal, BHUR in n
On the basis of regional characteristics, the great plains may be
divided into the four regions
Ganga-Yamuna doab, DHAIYA in Punjab, DHAROS
1. The Rajasthan Plains
and DHANDS in Indus course. 2. The Punjab - Haryana Plains
3. The Ganga Plains
Khadar plains 4. The Brahmaputra Plains
n
New alluvium and forms the flood plains along the river
banks.

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5

Peninsular India n
Narmada, which flows through a rift valley, divides the
n
Dharwar Syatem : it is mainly contain region into two parts: The Malwa Plateau in the north &
mineral-bearing formations and industrial rocks, such the Deccan Plateau in the south.
as gold, copper, chromite, iron-ore, zinc-lead ore, gems, n
Most of the rocks are of the igneous type.
building stones, manganese, quartzite, slate and mica.
n
Vindhya plateau is situated south of Malwa plateau.
n
Mainly founded in Karnataka, Andhra, Bihar, Orissa,
between Mahanadi and Godavari valleys, Eastern n
Chhota Nagpur plateau lies to the west of Bengal
Ghats, Krishna Valleys, Aravallis, Satpura Basin and basin, the largest and most typical part of which is the
parts of Central Himalayan Ranges. Ranchi plateau.
n
Cudappah System : Mainly cover Andhra Pradesh, n
The Deccan plateau is the largest plateau in India. It
Chhotanagpur plateau, Chhattisgarh, Jabalpur-Rewa
is made up of lava flows in the Cretaceous-Eocene era
tract (M.P.) and Aravallis.
through the fissure eruptions.
n
Vindhyan System : Mainly cover n
Where the Himalayan mountains stand today, the
Chittor-Agra-Delhi-Son-Hoshangabad, Rewa, Orissa,
region was under marine conditions about 60 Cr. years
Kundair valley (A.P.), Bastar and the Bhima valley.
ago.
n
Both the Cudappah and the Vindhyan systems provide
Copper, Nickel, Cobalt, Jasper, Asbestos, Steatite, The Indian Islands
Diamonds, Building Stones, Limestones, Glass-Making n
India has a total of 600+ Islands some of which lie in the
Sand, Coal,etc. Bay of Bengal and Remaining in the Arabian Sea.
n
Gondwanalands : it is rich in Iron, Copper, n
The Bay of Bengal. Islands consisting of Andaman and
Chromium, Antimony and Building Stones. Nicobar group of islands have a crescentic shape and
Peninsular Mountains denote the peaks of submerged tertiary mountain
ranges - a continuation of the Arakan Yoma fold axis.
n
While the Himalayas are Fold Mountains, they are not. n
The Arabian sea islands have a coral origin and are
n
The Aravalli mountains (Rajasthan): One of the surrounded by fringing reefs.
World’s oldest and relict mountain range. Guru Shikhar n
Besides there are a number of offshore islands along the
is the highest peak of Aravalli Mountains.
Ganga-Mouth, eastern and western coasts and in the
n
The Vindhya mountains Gulf of Mannar.
n
The Satpura mountains (Highest point at Dhupgarh
{1,350 m} near Pachmarhi). The Arabian Sea Group
n
The Western Ghats or Sahyadris : Average height
n
The Arabian Sea islands comprise 36 islands of
1200mtrs, 1600km long. Its southern part is separated Lakshadweep group.
from the main Sahyadri range by Palghat Gap (link n
Only 25% of the area is inhabited.
between Tamil Nadu & Kerala). Other passes are n
The northern most group is collectively known as
Thalghat (connects Nasik to Mumbai) and Bhorghat Amindivi Islands.
(connects Pune to Mumbai).Important peaks are n
Similarly the Central group is collectively called as
Kudremukh, Pushpagiri and Brahmagiri.
Laccadive Islands.
n
The Eastern Ghats (Highest peak: Mahendra Giri n
Eight Degree Channel separates Minicoy Island
(1501 m)).
(India) from Maldives.
n
The Nilgiris or The Blue Mountains : Meeting place n
Nine Degree Channel separates Kavaratti from
of the Western and the Eastern Ghats. Two highest
Minicoy Island.
peaks are Dodda Betta and Makurti.
n
The highest peak of Peninsular India is Anaimudi (2695 The Andaman and Nicobar Group
m) in Anaimalai Hills. n
The Andaman and Nicobar group of island are
n
Cardamom hills or Ealaimalai is the southernmost. separated from each other by the 10 degree Channel.
Peninsular Plateau The extreme Southern most point is Indra
point(Pygmalion Point or La Henching).
n
Spreads south of the Indo-Gangetic plains flanked by n
The Andaman Group of Island include 204 Island of
sea on three sides. This plateau is shaped like a triangle which the largest is Middle Andaman.
with its base in the north. The Eastern Ghats and the n
There are two volcanic island e.g. Barren and
Western Ghats constitute its eastern and western Narcondam. Barren is in the process of eruption these
boundaries, respectively. days after lying dormant for 200 years.(Situated north
of Port Blair)
6

n
The capital of the Anadaman and Nicobar is Port Blair. n
The Ghent Kangri : A high peak in the Saltoro range of
n
The highest point is located in North Andaman Island mountains located in Ladakh district of Jammu and
(Saddle Peak at 732 m). Kashmir.
n
The Nicobar group of island comprises 18 islands of
n
The Guru Shikhar : The highest peak in Rajasthan
which the largest is Great Nicobar. n
Nanda Kot : Mountain peak in the Himalayan range
n
Some of the Nicobar island like Chowra, Car Nicobar and is apart of the Kumaon Himalayas.
and Pulo Milo are essentially coral, while Katchall, n
Nilkantha : Himalayan peak in the Garhwal division
Nancowry and Great Nicobar are hilly as are the on the state of Uttarakhand.
Ansamans. n
Panchchuli : A group of five snow-capped peaks in the
n
Great Nicobar is the southernmost island and is only Himalayas, which are a part of the Kumaon division.
147 km away from Sumatra island of Indonesia. n
Rajrambha : Himalayan peak situated in the
n
Duncan Passage lies between South Andaman and Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand.
Little Andaman. n
Sandak : Himalayan peak in the state of West Bengal
Offshore Islands situated in the esternmost part of Kumaun.
n
Sangthang : Himalayan peak is situated in the
n
India has a number of islands along the Eastern and
estem\rnmost part of Kumaun at an altitude of 6,480
Western Coasts.
meters above mean sea level.
n
Some Important island are: Bhaisala (Kathiawar); Diu, n
Sonsogor : The highest peak in Goa situated at a
Vaida, Nora, (Kachchh Coast); Aliabet (Narmada- Tapi
highest of 1,167 meters above mean sea level.
mouth); Elephanta, Salsette (near Mumbi); Pamban,
Crocodile (Gulf of Mannar); Sri Harikota (mouth of n
Uja Tirche : Is a peak which is near to the tibetan
Pulicat lake); Parikud (mouth of Chilka lake) and New border and is a part of the Nanda Devei group of the
Moore and Sagar (Ganga delta). JKumaon/Garhwal Himalaya.

States with the Longest Coastline Vallyes and Its Locations

State/UT Length of Coastline
n
Aruku Valley : Andhra Pradesh
n
Damodar Valley : Jharkhand and West Bengal
1. Andaman & Nicobar 1962 Kms
n
Darma Valley : Uttarakhand
2. Gujarat 1215 Kms n
Dzukou Valley : North-eastern part
3. Andhra Pradesh 974 Kms n
Johar Valley : Uttarakhand
4. Tamil Nadu 907 Kms n
Markha Valley : Ladakh
5. Maharashtra 653 Kms n
Nubra Valley : Ladakh
n
Sangla Valley : Himachal Pradesh
At a Glance n
Saur Valley : Uttarakhand
Peaks and Its Locations n
Suru Valley : Ladakh
n
Abu gamin : Himalayan Peak situated in the Chamoli n
Tons Valley : Uttarakhand
district of Uttarakand. It is located in the central n
Yumthang Valley:Sikkim
himalayas.
Some Important facts about peaks
n
Agastya Malai : Mountain peak, which lies on the
border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. n
Highest Mt. peak in India : K 2 or Godwin Austin
n
The Arwa Group : A group of three Himalayan peaks n
Highest peak in Aravalli : Gurushikhar (in Mt Abu)
namely, Arwa Tower, Arwa Crest and Arwa Spire. n
Highest peak in Satpura : Dhupgarh (Mahadeo Hills)
n
Balakun Peak : Located in the Garhwal Himalayas in n
Highest peak in E Ghats : Mahendragiri (Orissa)
the Chamoli district of Uttrakhand. n
Highest peak in W Ghats : Anaimudi (Annamalai
n
Bamba Dhura : Himalayan peak situated in the Hills-Kerala)
Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. n
Highest peak in Nilgiris – Doda Betta
n
The Changabang : A steep and rocky peak located in n
Hills in Southern Hill complex – Nilgiri, Annamalai,
the Garhwal Himalaya of Uttarakhand. Cardamom and Palani
n
Chiring We : The highest peak above the Kalabalan n
Hills in Eastern Ghats : Shevaroy, Javadi, Palkonda,
Glacier stiated in the Kumaon Himalayas. Nallamalai, Northern Circars.
7

n
Oblique ranges to Western Ghats in Maharashtra : n
Highest peak in Andaman and Nicobar Island – Saddle
Ajanta, Satmala, Harishchandra, Balaghat Peak
n
Satpura range from East to West : Amarkantak - n
The highest peak of Naga hills is Saramati peak.
Maikal– Mahadeo– Gawilgarh – Rajpipala

Do You Know? Few Passes in Himachal Pradesh

Shipki La Pass Himachal Pradesh–Tibet It is located through Sutlej Gorge. It is India’s third border post for
trade with China after Lipu Lekh and Nathula Pass.
Bara-Lapcha Himachal Pradesh- It connects Manali and Leh.
La Pass Leh-Ladakh
Debsa Pass Spiti Valley and Parvati Valley It is a high mountain pass in between the Kullu and Spiti of
Himachal Pradesh. It is a bypass route of Pin-Parvati Pass.
Rohtang Pass Kullu-Lahul-Spiti

Few Passes in Uttarakhand

Muling La Uttarakhand-Tibet
Pass
Mangsha Uttarakhand-Tibet The pass which connects Uttarakhand-Tibet is known for landslides.
Dhura Pass The pilgrims for Manasarovar cross this route.
Mana Pass Uttarakhand-Tibet
Lipu Lekh Uttarakhand-Tibet This pass is an important border post for the trade with china. The
Pass pilgrims for Manasarovar travels through this pass.
Traill’s Pass Pinadri valley - Milam valley
Niti Pass Uttarakhand with Tibet

Important Glaciers of the Himalayan Mountains

Glaciers Length (km) Region Loktak Manipur
Siachen 75 Karakoram Range Dal Lake Jammu and Kashmir
Hispar 62 Karakoram Range Naini Tal Uttarakhand
Baltoro 58 Karakoram Range Salt Lake Kolkata
Rongbuk 52 Kanchenjunga-Everest Chilka Odisha
Godwin Austin 30 Karakoram Range Pulicat Andhra Pradesh
Gangotri 30 kamaon-Garhwal Vembanad kayal Kerala
Kanchenjunga 21 Kanchenjunga-Everest Ashamudi Kerala
Milam 20 Kumaon-Garhwal Bhim Tal Uttarakhand
Bhagirath Kharak 18 Kumaon-Garhwal Sambhar Rajasthan
Mana 18 Kumaon-Garhwal Sukhna Chandigarh
Satopanch 16 Kumaon-Garhwal Parashuram Kund Arunchal Pradesh
Sonapani 15 Karakoram Range Pongong Tso Jammu and Kashmir
Bara Shigri 15 Karakoram Range Tso Morari jammu and kashmir
Nakki Lake Rajasthan
Lakes of India Pushkar Lake Rajasthan
Wular Lake Jammu and Kashmir Udaipur Lake Rajasthan
Lonar Maharashtra Upper and Lower Lake Bhopal, MP
Kolleru Andhra Pradesh Nizam Sagar Hyderabad