FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

SYLLABUS

UNIT – I

Introduction to Internet of Things, Characteristics of IoT, Physical design of IoT,

Functional blocks of IoT, Sensing, Actuation, Basics of Networking,
Communication Protocols, Sensor Networks.

UNIT – II

Machine-to-Machine Communications, Difference between IoT and M2M,

Interoperability in IoT, Introduction to Arduino Programming, Integration of Sensors
and Actuators with Arduino.

UNIT – III

Introduction to Python programming, Introduction to Raspberry Pi, Interfacing

Raspberry Pi with basic peripherals, Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi.

UNIT – IV

Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi, Introduction to Software defined Network

(SDN), SDN for IoT, Data Handling and Analytics.

UNIT – V

Cloud Computing, Sensor-Cloud, Smart Cities and Smart Homes, Connected

Vehicles, Smart Grid, Industrial IoT, Case Study: Agriculture, Healthcare,
Activity Monitoring.

*****

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UNIT – I

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

(IOT)

 ―Internet of Things (IoT)‖ was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999, and it has
recently become more relevant to the practical world largely because of
the growth of mobile devices, embedded and appearing communication,
cloud computing and data analytics.
 The ―Thing‖ in IoT can be any device with any kind of built-in-sensors with
the ability to collect and transfer data over a network without manual
intervention.
 The embedded technology in the object helps them to interact with internal
states and the external environment, which in turn helps in decisions making
process.
 However, all complete IoT systems are the same in that they represent the
integration of four distinct components: sensors/devices, connectivity, data
processing, and a user interface.
 IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to internet.
 By 2020 there will be a total of 50 billion devices/things connected to internet.
 Internet of Things would be a $8.9 trillion market in 2020.
 IoT is not limited to just connecting things to the internet but also allow
things to communicate and exchange data.
 Imagine a world where billions of objects can sense, communicate and share
information, all interconnected over public or private Internet Protocol (IP)
networks. These interconnected objects have data regularly collected,
analyzed and used to initiate action, providing a wealth of intelligence for
planning, management and decision making. This is the world of the Internet
of Things.

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What is meant by Internet of things?

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects — ―things‖—
that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose
of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.

What is the Internet of things and why is it important?

Internet of Things can create information about the connected objects, analyze it,
and make decisions; in other words, one can tell that the Internet of Things is
smarter than the Internet. Security cameras, sensors, vehicles, buildings, and
software are examples of things that can exchange data among each other.

IoT is about transferring data without or with human intervention. It is nothing

about human-to-human or computer interaction as it has UIDs (Unique
Identifiers). Artificial Intelligence is all about making your system behave smartly
according to human behaviour, whereas IoT is all about the sensors of devices.

Definition: The Internet of things refers to a type of network to connect anything

with the Internet based on stipulated protocols through information sensing
equipment‘s to conduct information exchange and communications in order to
achieve smart recognitions, positioning, tracing, monitoring, and administration.

(Or)

A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based

on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and
virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes, and virtual

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Downloaded by 10300 PEDDI KISHOR ([email protected])

Fundamentals of Internet of Things

personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
information network, often communicate data associated with users and their
environments.

(Or)

The internet of things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes the idea of
everyday physical objects being connected to the internet and being able to
identify themselves to other devices. It has dynamic global network infrastructure
with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable
communication protocols where physical and virtual ―things‖ have identities,
physical attributes and virtual network and use intelligent interfaces.

Benefits of IoT: Since IoT allows devices to be controlled remotely across the
internet, thus it created opportunities to directly connect & integrate the physical
world to the computer-based systems using sensors and internet. The
interconnection of these multiple embedded devices will be resulting in automation
in nearly all fields and also enabling advanced applications. This is resulting in
improved accuracy, efficiency and economic benefit with reduced human
intervention. It encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes,
intelligent transportation and smart cities.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT

There are 5 types of characteristics that are:

1) Dynamic & Self-Adapting.

2) Self-Configuring.
3) Interoperable Communication Protocols.
4) Unique Identity.
5) Integrated into Information Network.

1) Dynamic & Self Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the capability
to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their
operating conditions, user‘s context or sensed environment.

Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and changing
conditions.

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2) Self Configuring: allowing a large number of devices to work together to

provide certain functionality.

3) Inter Operable Communication Protocols: support a number of

interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices
and also with infrastructure.

4) Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier
(IP address).

5) Integrated into Information Network: that allow them to communicate and

exchange data with other devices and systems.

APPLICATIONS OF IOT [OR] DOMAIN SPECIFIC IOTs

The Applications on IoT networks extract and create information from lower- level
data by filtering, processing, categorizing, condensing and contextualizing the
data.

1) Home.
2) Cities.
3) Environment.
4) Energy.
5) Retail.
6) Logistics.
7) Agriculture.
8) Industry.
9) Health & Lifestyle.

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1) Home Automation:

i. Smart Lighting: helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the

ambient conditions and switching on/off or diming the light when needed.
ii. Smart Appliances: make the management easier and also provide status
information to the users remotely.
iii. Intrusion Detection: use security cameras and sensors (PIR sensors and
door sensors) to detect intrusion and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the form
of SMS or email sent to the user.
iv. Smoke/Gas Detectors: Smoke detectors are installed in homes and
buildings to detect smoke that is typically an early sign of fire. Alerts
raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to a fire alarm
system. Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as
CO, LPG etc.,

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2) Cities:

i. Smart Parking: make the search for parking space easier and convenient for
drivers. Smart parking is powered by IoT systems that detect the no. of empty
parking slots and send information over internet to smart application
backends.
ii. Smart Lighting: for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
iii. Smart Roads: Equipped with sensors can provide information on driving
condition, travel time estimating and alert in case of poor driving conditions,
traffic condition and accidents.
iv. Structural Health Monitoring: uses a network of sensors to monitor the
vibration levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings.
v. Surveillance: The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be
aggregated in cloud based scalable storage solution.
vi. Emergency Response: IoT systems for fire detection, gas and water
leakage detection can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects
on the critical infrastructures.

3) Environment:

i. Weather Monitoring: Systems collect data from a no. of sensors attached

and send the data to cloud-based applications and storage back ends. The
data collected in cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud-based
applications.
ii. Air Pollution Monitoring: System can monitor emission of harmful gases
(CO 2, CO, NO, NO 2 etc.,) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and
meteorological sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make
informed decisions on pollutions control approaches.
iii. Noise Pollution Monitoring: Due to growing urban development, noise
levels in cities have increased and even become alarmingly high in some
cities. IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a no. of noise
monitoring systems that are deployed at different places in a city. The data on
noise levels from the station is collected on servers or in the cloud. The
collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps.

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iv. Forest Fire Detection: Forest fire can cause damage to natural resources,
property and human life. Early detection of forest fire can help in
minimizing damage.
v. River Flood Detection: River floods can cause damage to natural and human
resources and human life. Early warnings of floods can be given by
monitoring the water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring
system uses a no. of sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow rate
sensors.

4) Energy:

i. Smart Grids: is a data communication network integrated with the electrical

grids that collects and analyze data captured in near-real-time about power
transmission, distribution and consumption. Smart grid technology provides
predictive information and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and
their customers on how best to manage power. By using IoT based sensing
and measurement technologies, the health of equipment and integrity of the
grid can be evaluated.
ii. Renewable Energy Systems: IoT based systems integrated with the
transformers at the point of interconnection measure the electrical variables
and how much power is fed into the grid. For wind energy systems, closed-
loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at point of
interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs and provides power
support.
iii. Prognostics: In systems such as power grids, real-time information is
collected using specialized electrical sensors called Phasor Measurement
Units (PMUs) at the substations. The information received from PMUs
must be monitored in real-time for estimating the state of the system and for
predicting failures.

5) Retail:

i. Inventory Management: IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory

using data collected by RFID readers.
ii. Smart Payments: Solutions such as contact-less payments powered by
technologies such as Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.

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iii. Smart Vending Machines: Sensors in a smart vending machines monitors

its operations and send the data to cloud which can be used for predictive
maintenance.

6) Logistics:

i. Route generation & scheduling: IoT based system backed by cloud can
provide first response to the route generation queries and can be scaled up to
serve a large transportation network.
ii. Fleet Tracking: Use GPS to track locations of vehicles in real-time.
iii. Shipment Monitoring: IoT based shipment monitoring systems use sensors
such as temp, humidity, to monitor the conditions and send data to cloud,
where it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage.
iv. Remote Vehicle Diagnostics: Systems use on-board IoT devices for
collecting data on Vehicle operations (speed, RPM etc.,) and status of
various vehicle subsystems.

7) Agriculture:

i. Smart Irrigation: to determine moisture amount in soil.

ii. Green House Control: to improve productivity.

8) Industry:

i. Machine diagnosis and prognosis.

ii. Indoor Air Quality Monitoring.

9) Health and Lifestyle:

i. Health & Fitness Monitoring.

ii. Wearable Electronics.

PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT

 The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.
 IoT devices can:
⮡ Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly
or indirectly), or

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⮡ Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
⮡ Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-
ends for processing the data, or
⮡ Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints.

1) Things in IoT/Generic block diagram of an IoT Device:

 The things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and
perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices
can exchange data with other connected devices applications. It collects
data from other devices and process data either locally or remotely.
 An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections/
communication to other devices, both wired and wireless. These includes:
i. I/O interfaces for sensors.
ii. Interfaces for Internet connectivity.
iii. Memory and storage interfaces.
iv. Audio/video interfaces.

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2) IoT Protocols:

i. Link Layer:
 802.3 – Ethernet
 802.11 – WiFi
 802.16 – WiMax
 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
 2G/3G/4G
ii. Network/Internet Layer:
 IPv4
 IPv6
 6LoWPAN
iii. Transport Layer:
 TCP
 UDP
iv. Application Layer:
 HTTP
 CoAP
 WebSocket
 MQTT
 XMPP
 DDS
 AMQP

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i) Link Layer: Protocols determine how data is physically sent over the network‘s
physical layer or medium. Local network connect to which host is attached. Hosts on
the same link exchange data packets over the link layer using link layer protocols.
Link layer determines how packets are coded and signaled by the h/w device over
the medium to which the host is attached.

Protocols:

 802.3-Ethernet: IEEE802.3 is collection of wired Ethernet standards for

the link layer. Eg: 802.3 uses co-axial cable; 802.3i uses copper twisted
pair connection; 802.3j uses fiber optic connection; 802.3ae uses Ethernet
over fiber.
 802.11-WiFi: IEEE802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN (WLAN)
communication standards including extensive description of link layer. Eg:
802.11a operates in 5GHz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operates in
2.4GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5GHz band, 802.11ac operates in
5GHz band, 802.11ad operates in 60Ghzband.
 802.16 - WiMax: IEEE802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards
including exclusive description of link layer. WiMax provide data rates from
1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s.

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 802.15.4-LR-WPAN: IEEE802.15.4 is a collection of standards for low

rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). Basis for high level
communication protocols such as ZigBee. Provides data rate from 40kb/s
to250kb/s.
 2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication: Data rates from 9.6kb/s(2G) to up
to100Mb/s(4G).

ii) Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for sending IP datagrams from source

n/w to destination n/w. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Datagrams
contains source and destination address.

Protocols:

 IPv4: Internet Protocol version4 is used to identify the devices on a n/w

using a hierarchical addressing scheme. 32 bit address. Allows total of
2**32addresses.
 IPv6: Internet Protocol version6 uses 128 bit address scheme and allows
2**128 addresses.
 6LOWPAN:(IPv6overLowpowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetwork) operates in
2.4 GHz frequency range and data transfer 250 kb/s.

iii) Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end message transfer capability

independent of the underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP
and without ACK as in UDP. Provides functions such as error control,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.

Protocols:

 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web browsers (along with

HTTP and HTTPS), email (along with SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented
and stateless protocol. IP Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP
ensures reliable transmission of protocols in order. Avoids n/w congestion
and congestion collapse.
 UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol. Useful in time
sensitive applications, very small data units to exchange. Transaction
oriented and stateless protocol. Does not provide guaranteed delivery.

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iv) Application Layer: Defines how the applications interface with lower layer
protocols to send data over the n/w. Enables process-to-process communication
using ports.

Protocols:

 HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow
request- response model Stateless protocol.
 CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine (M2M)
applications with constrained devices, constrained environment and
constrained n/w. Uses client- server architecture.
 WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socket
connection.
 MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging
protocol based on publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture.
Well suited for constrained environment.
 XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time
communication and streaming XML data between network entities.
Support client-server and server-server communication.
 DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for
device-to-device or machine-to-machine communication. Uses publish-
subscribe model.
 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer
protocol for business messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-
subscribe model.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS OF IOT [OR] IOT FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS

Provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation,

communication and management.

1) Device.
2) Communication.
3) Services.
4) Management.
5) Security.

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6) Applications.

1) Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation,

monitoring and control functions.
2) Communication: handles the communication for IoT system.
3) Services: for device monitoring, device control services, data publishing
services and services for device discovery.
4) Management: Provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
5) Security: Secures IoT system and priority functions such as
authentication, authorization, message and context integrity and data
security.
6) Application: IoT application provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of IoT system.

SENSING

 The main purpose of sensors is to collect data from the surrounding

environment. Sensors, or 'things' of the IoT system, form the front end.
 These are connected directly or indirectly to IoT networks after signal
conversion and processing.
 Types of IoT sensors:
1) Temperature sensors.
2) Humidity sensors.

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3) Motion sensors.
4) Gas sensors.
5) Smoke sensors.
6) Pressure sensors.
7) Image sensors.
8) IR sensors.

ACTUATION

Another type of transducer that you will encounter in many IoT systems is an
actuator. In simple terms, an actuator operates in the reverse direction of a sensor.
It takes an electrical input and turns it into physical action.

SENSING VS ACTUATION

Sensing converts physical characteristics into electrical signals. Actuation

converts electrical signals into physical characteristics. Sensor generated
electrical signals. Actuator generates heat or motion. It is placed at input port of
the system.

BASICS OF NETWORKING

Switches, routers, and wireless access points are the essential networking basics.
Through them, devices connected to your network can communicate with one
another and with other networks, like the Internet. Switches, routers, and wireless
access points perform very different functions in a network.

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

IoT Communication Models:

1) Request-Response Model.
2) Publish-Subscribe Model.
3) Push-Pull Model.
4) Exclusive Pair Model.

1) Request-Response Model: In which the client sends request to the server and
the server replies to requests. Is a stateless communication model and each
request-response pair is independent of others.

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2) Publish-Subscribe Model: Involves publishers, brokers and consumers.

Publishers are source of data. Publishers send data to the topics which are
managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers. Consumers
subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker
receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed
consumers.

3) Push-Pull Model: in which data producers push data to queues and consumers
pull data from the queues. Producers do not need to aware of the consumers. Queues
help in decoupling the message between the producers and consumers.

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4 Exclusive Pair: is bi-directional, fully duplex communication model that uses

a persistent connection between the client and server. Once connection is set up it
remains open until the client send a request to close the connection. Is a stateful
communication model and server is aware of all the open connections.

IoT Communication APIs:

1) REST based communication APIs (Request-Response Based Model).

2) WebSocket based Communication APIs (Exclusive Pair Based Model).

1) REST based communication APIs: Representational State Transfer

(REST) is a set of architectural principles by which we can design web services

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and web APIs that focus on a system ‗s resources and have resource states
are addressed and transferred.

The REST architectural constraints: Fig. shows communication between

client server with REST APIs.

Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is the separation of

concerns. Separation allows client and server to be independently developed and
updated.

Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the info. Necessary
to understand the request, and cannot take advantage of any stored context on the
server.

Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a

request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cacheable. If a
response is cache-able, then a client cache is given the right to reuse that
response data for later, equivalent requests.

Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such that each

component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with which they are
interacting.

User Interface: constraint requires that the method of communication between a

client and a server must be uniform.

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Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to
execute in their context. This constraint is the only one that is optional.

Request-Response model used by REST:

RESTful webservice is a collection of resources which are represented by URIs.

RESTful web API has a base URI (e.g: http://example.com/api/tasks/). The
clients and requests to these URIs using the methods defined by the HTTP
protocol (e.g: GET, PUT, POST or DELETE). A RESTful web service can
support various internet media types.

2) WebSocket Based Communication APIs: WebSocket APIs allow bi-

directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket
APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model.

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*****

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UNIT – II

MACHINE-TO-MACHINE (M2M)

COMMUNICATIONS

 Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of machines (or devices)

for the purpose of remote monitoring and control and data exchange.
 Term which is often synonymous with IoT is Machine-to-Machine (M2M).
 IoT and M2M are often used interchangeably.
 Fig. Shows the end-to-end architecture of M2M systems comprises of
M2M area networks, communication networks and application foaming.

 An M2M area network comprises of machines (or M2M nodes) which

have embedded network modules for sensing, actuation and
communicating various communication protocols can be used for M2M
LAN such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, M-bus, Wireless M-Bus etc., These
protocols provide connectivity between M2M nodes within an M2M area
network.
 The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area
networks. The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M
area network. The communication network can use either wired or wireless
network (IP based). While the M2M are networks use either

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proprietary or non-IP based communication protocols, the communication

network uses IP-based network. Since non-IP based protocols are used
within M2M area network, the M2M nodes within one network cannot
communicate with nodes in an external network.
 To enable the communication between remote M2M are network, M2M
gateways are used.

Fig. Shows a block diagram of an M2M gateway. The communication between

M2M nodes and the M2M gateway is based on the communication protocols
which are naive to the M2M are network. M2M gateway performs protocol
translations to enable Ip-connectivity for M2M are networks. M2M gateway acts
as a proxy performing translations from/to native protocols to/from Internet
Protocol (IP). With an M2M gateway, each mode in an M2M area network
appears as a virtualized node for external M2M area networks.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOT AND M2M

1) Communication Protocols: Commonly uses M2M protocols include

ZigBee, Bluetooth, ModBus, M-Bus, Wireless MBustec., In IoT uses
HTTP, CoAP, WebSocket, MQTT, XMPP, DDS, AMQ Petc.,
2) Machines in M2M Vs Things in IoT: Machines in M2M will be
homogenous whereas Things in IoT will be heterogeneous.

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3) Hardware Vs Software Emphasis: the emphasis of M2M is more on

hardware with embedded modules, the emphasis of IoT is more on software.
4) Data Collection & Analysis: M2M data is collected in point solutions and
often in on-premises storage infrastructure. The data in IoT is collected in
the cloud (can be public, private or hybrid cloud).
5) Applications: M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be
accessed by on-premises applications such as diagnosis applications,
service management applications, and on- premises enterprise applications.
IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed by cloud
applications such as analytics applications, enterprise applications, remote
diagnosis and management applications, etc.

INTEROPERABILITY IN IOT

What does interoperability mean?

Defining Interoperability: Interoperability is the ability of different information

technology systems and software applications to communicate, to exchange data
accurately, effectively, and consistently, and to use the information that has been
exchanged.

What is interoperability and why is it especially important in the Internet?

Foundational interoperability enables one information system to exchange data

with another information system. The system receiving this information does not
need to have to interpret the data. It will be instantly available for use.

Dimensions for Interoperability: The main objective of this report is not to produce
a new definition on interoperability but to explore the different roles and
functionality that interoperability plays in IoT. There are many definitions of
interoperability; we try to provide a common definition that can be extracted from
many of those definitions (bringing from the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project,
3GPP). Interoperability is:

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―the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange data and use
information‖

This definition provides many challenges on how to:

 Get the information.

 Exchange data, and
 Use the information in understanding it and being able to process it.

A simple representation of interoperability can be seen as follow:

Technical Interoperability is usually associated with hardware/software

components, systems and platforms that enable machine-to-machine communication
to take place. This kind of interoperability is often centred on (communication)
protocols and the infrastructure needed for those protocols to operate.

Syntactical Interoperability is usually associated with data formats. Certainly,

the messages transferred by communication protocols need to have a well-defined
syntax and encoding, even if it is only in the form of bittables. However, many
protocols carry data or content, and this can be represented using high-level
syntaxes such as HTML or XML

Semantic Interoperability is usually associated with the meaning of content and

concerns the human rather than machine interpretation of the content. Thus,
interoperability on this level means that there is a common understanding between
people of the meaning of the content (information) being exchanged.

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Organizational Interoperability, as the name implies, is the ability of organizations

to effectively communicate and transfer (meaningful) data (information) even though
they may be using a variety of different information systems over widely different
infrastructures, possibly across different geographic regions and cultures.
Organizational interoperability depends on successful technical, syntactical and
semantic interoperability.

Following the definitions and the trends on ICT sector about sensors and sensor
data we can add two other dimensions: Static and dynamic interoperability.

Static interoperability using approach of the well-known OSI overall test

methodology ISO 9646 [49], where there is definition of static conformance review.
Conformance testing consists of checking whether an Implementation Under Test
(IUT) satisfies all static and dynamic conformance requirements. For the static
conformance requirements this means a reviewing process of the options (PICS)
delivered with the IUT. This is referred to as the static conformance review. This
aspect could appear easy but that represent serious challenge in the IoT field due
the broad range of applications.

Dynamic interoperability: Two products cannot interoperate if they do not

implement the same set of options (―services‖). Therefore, when specifications are
including a broad range of options, this aspect could lead to serious interoperability
problem. Solutions to overcome these aspects consist of definition clearly in a clear
document the full list options with all conditions (e.g., defined as PICS in [49]) as
well as to define set of profiles. In the latter case, defining profile would help to truly
check interoperability between two products in the same family or from different
family if the feature checked belongs to the two groups. We could consider this
aspect as:

Interoperability: Challenges and Requirements: The overall challenges in

interoperability is first to stabilize the foundation of the real world data/services,
ensuring technical interoperability from technologies to deliver mass of information
and then complementary challenges are for the information to be understood and
processed. Before entering into details

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present a summary of the challenges for technical and semantic

interoperability in Table 1.

Table 1: IoT Technical Interoperability Challenges/Requirements

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INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

Arduino Programs:

All Arduino programs must follow the following main structure:

Arduino Program – Example:

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Arduino Program – Using Comments:

Creating and Using Functions:

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INTEGRATION OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS WITH ARDUINO

Sensors and Actuators:

 A Sensor is a converter that measures a physical size and converts it to a

signal that can be read by an instrument, data acquisition device, or an
Arduino. Examples: temperature sensor, pressure sensor, etc.
 An Actuator is a kind of motor that moves or controls a mechanism or
system. It is powered by an energy source, typical electric current,
hydraulic fluid pressure, or air pressure, and converts this energy into
motion. Examples: Engine, Pump, Valve, etc.
 The sensors and actuators can be either digital or analog.
 Some sensors and actuators have been made for Arduino, while others need
to be connected in some circuit to work properly with Arduino.
 Many of these come with ready-made libraries for Arduino, so they are easy to
use.

Examples:

1) Electrical Circuit.
2) Blinking LED.
3) Switch.
4) Potentiometer.
5) Temperature.
6) Light Sensor.
7) Thermistor.

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