HISRTORY NOTES

CLASS 8 TH

FG PUBLIC MIDDLE SCHOOL

CHAK 78 NB SARGODHA
HISTORY UNIT 1. ARRIVAL OF THE BRITISH IN SUBCONTINENT

Q1. What were the main causes of the defeat of Siraj ud Daulah in the battle of Plassey?
Ans: (a) Heavy rainfall (b) Nawab's general Mix Jaffar's Treachery He was bribed By the British.
Q2 Briefly describes the transfer of British Power in India from the east India Company.
Government of India Act 1858 transferred powers from east India Company to the British crown.
Q3 Outline the structure of the British administration in India?
The government wholly consisted of British officials and headed the by the viceroy and the appointed
members his council.
Q4. What were the objectives of the British Education policy in India?
Ans: The British education Policy was mainly focused on modern education forgetting the classical
Knowledge base of India.
Q5. Specify the advantage of communication network introduced by the British.
Ans: Cheaper and faster transportation.
Serving the military and business interests of British.
Provision of employment to locals.
LONG QUESTIONS
Q1. Describe the causes and results of the Battle of Plassey.
Ans: Causes: The British wanted to protect their business in India but Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah was a big
threat to them. This made the British to think to get rid of him. They bribed Nawab’s general Mir Jaffar
whose treachery helped the British to win the war.
Results: the war ended with British victory and it paved the way of colonization for the British in India.

Q2. Identify Tipu sultan as a symbol of resistance.

Tipu sultan was the ruler of the kingdom of Mysore based in India. He was also known as the tiger of
Mysore. Tipu sultan became a big threat to British rule and defeated them. The fourth Anglo-Mysore war
proved to be decisive when British forces attacked the capital. Tipu sultan could not get any help from his
French allies and after great acts of bravery, he was martyred on May 4, 1799. His legacy is still alive today
as the life of tipu sultan gives a message to everyone to live a life like a tiger and not to live like a coward.

Q3. What are the salient features of the Queen Victoria Proclamation?
Appointment of Viceroy: A viceroy was appointed to run government affairs in India.
The obligation of Treaties: State princes were assured that the treaties made by the East India
Company would be honored.
Religious Freedom: Religious Freedom was restored as the Servants of the British Government in
India were ordered not to interfere in the religious affairs of Local People.
Equality: Equal treatment was promised to Indians.
Regard of Local Rituals: Local People were assured that due regard would be given to their customs
while framing and administering low regard to local rituals
4. Write a note on Lord Macaulay's Minute (1836-37)?
On February 2, 1836 Macaulay presented his famous Minute. He said "We must at present do our best to
form a class of persons, Indian in colors but English in opinions, morals and in intellect." He Declared
English as a key to Success and declared Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit as Inferior languages. Macaulay
further expressed his preference for higher education only for the upper class. He believed that education
from the upper class could be transmitted to lower class but this could never happen.
Q5. What measures for social transformation were taken since the British accession to
power?
Sati (the practice of burning a Hindu Widow) was made illegal and punishable by law. Slavery was made
illegal. The prevailing caste system was discouraged and people were provided equal opportunities. Female
education was promoted. Underage marriage was banned and the minimum age was fixed for the
marriage.
HISTORY UNIT 2 REFORM MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

Q1. What was the Role Played by Shah Wali Ullah in opposing the Marathas?
Shah Wali ullah wrote letter t many Muslim nobles to join hand in order to overthrow Marathas and
restore the declining Mughal Empire.
Q2. Explain the role of the Faraizi movement launched by Haji Shariat Ullah?
The Faraizi movement emphasized on the Muslims of Bengal to give up Un Islamic Practices and act upon
their duties as Muslims. He provided platform to Muslims to get united against discrimination.
Q3. Describe the key aim of Brahmo Samaj?
The key aim of the Brahmo Samaj was the worship of the eternal God. They fought against idol worshiping
Q4. Why were the Muslims treated harshly by the British after the War of Independence 1857?
Muslims were treated harshly because the British held them responsible for the war of independence 1857.
Q5. Why was Aligarh Movement Formed?
(a) To improve Muslim-British relationship. (b)To Educate Muslims about their political rights.

LONG QUESTIONS
1. Explain the contribution of Shiekh Ahmed Sarhindi to the revival of Islamic Teachings.
Fight against Din-E-Illahi: Mughal Emperor Akbar Presented the Deen-e-Illahi, combination of the teaching
of Hindu and Muslim Beliefs. Shiekh Ahmed Sarhindi described it as an attack on Islam and vowed to fight
against it. His efforts became successful. Emperor Jahangir canceled all those orders to his father Akbar
putting an end to Deen-e-Ilahi.
Muktabat-Imam Rabbani: Shiekh Ahmed wrote letters to the nobles of the Royal Court. These letters
were focused on promoting the teachings of Islam and to show the right path to the people and kings.

Q2. Describe the Faraizi Movement and its Impacts?

Haji Shariat Ullah wanted Muslims to return to their roots through proper observation of Islamic Duties
called Faraizi. His Movement is known as Faraizi Movement. He realized that the Muslims of Bengal were in
a constant state of Oppression by both the British and Hindus. He provided a platform for the Bengali
peasants to get united against the discriminatory economic policies of the British and Hindus. His teachings
led to the religious and spiritual revival.

Q3. Write a note on Syed Ahmed Bareli's vision of Jihad?

Syed Ahmed started the Jihad Movement to liberate the Muslims from foreign domination. He founded his
Jihad Movement which called for armed struggle against the Non-Muslim Oppressive rule. His desire to
sacrifice for the cause of Islam was an inspiration for others. He invoked the desire in the hearts of the
Muslims to demand religious and spiritual freedom, and defend their culture, religion, and their identity.

4. Explain the Aims of Arya Samajh and also shed light on the influence it creates under the banner of
the Hindus Revivalist Movement?
Ans: Arya Samaj was Hindu revivalist movement founded by Mullah Shankar. The main aim of the
movement was to re-establish the old Hindu sculptures and to improve the spiritual and physical well-
being of mankind. Arya samaj played a great role in all social and emotional platforms. This movement
fought against caste determination and idolatry.

Q5. Analyze the impacts of the educational efforts of Sir Syed Ahmed on the uplift of Muslim Society?
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan played a vital role in the uplift of Indian Muslims. He aspired to transform Muslim
Educational Achievement by instilling a desire for high-quality education. He wanted Muslims to
understand the need for education to be able to exercise their political and administrative rights. He
believed that the Holy Quran emphasizes the importance of obtaining scientific education. His contribution
included the opening of Schools for Muslims, Opening of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College and
organization of Muhammad Educational Conference in 1886.
HISTORY UNIT 3 WORLD WARS
1. What was the immediate cause of World War-I?
The immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary
Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie on July 28, 1914.
2. Why did the League of Nations fail in reaching its objectives?
League of Nations failed because it had no army and it could not enforce its decisions.
3. Who was Hitler? What did he promise to his nation?
He was the leader of the German Nazi Party and became the ruler of Germany in 1933. He promised his
nation to restore the Past Glory of the Germany Nation.
4. Which Two Japanese cities were destroyed by Atomic Bombs?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
5. As a result of World War-II which country faced more causalities?
More than 80 percent of the deaths were in Russia, China, Germany, and Poland.
6. Do you think United Nations could Achieve its Objectives?
United Nations could achieve its Objectives through political will and strong decisions.
7. What do you think was the worst effect of the Cold War?
It resulted in the start of an arms race among the countries
Q8. What are the objectives of the UN?
Maintaining international peace and stability
Developing friendly relations among nations
Promoting human rights and freedom
Q9. What do we need to do to make this world a peaceful place?
We can make this world better by keeping the environment clean and by serving humanity
2. Long/Detailed Questions and Answers:
Q1. What were the Main Causes of World War-I?
Militarism: In order to keep strong armies, European countries were in competition to build strong armies
and an arms race had begun in Central Europe.
Alliances: Different Military Agreements were made in Europe and the world was divided into two hostile
blocs Aris and Allied powers.
Imperialism: European nations divided much of the world outside Europe into colonies to Capture more
territories and resources.
Nationalism: A strong Movement of Nationalism was in full swing in Europe.
Q2. Critically Analyze the Causes Behind World War-II?
1. Violation of the Treaty of Versailles 5. Soft policy of Great Britain and France
2. Rise of Adolph Hitler as the leader of towards Germany
Germany 6. Political Instability due to the great
3. Japanese invasion of Europe and china depression
4. Nationalism in Germany Italy and japan 7. Arms Race among European countries
Q3. What were the Causes of Formation of the United Nation? Enlist its Main Organs.
Causes of Formation of the United Nation Main Organs
1. Maintaining international peace and stability 1 General Assembly
2. Developing friendly relations among nations 2. Security Council
3. Promoting human rights and freedom 3. Economic and Social Council
4. To Promote Globalization. 4. International Court of Justice
5. Fostering worldwide cooperation in resolving 5. Trusteeship Council
issues 5. Secretariat
Q4. Write a note on cold war. The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United
States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc that started
in 1947 and lasted till 1991, the fall of the Soviet Union. During the cold war, both countries formed
alliances such as the United States led NATO and Soviet Union led Warsaw Pact. They had competition in
all fields. Pakistan remained in the United States bloc but kept its relations with soviet bloc countries. The
cold war resulted in the start of an arms race among the countries.
HISTORY UNIT 4 POLITICAL AWAKENING IN INDIA
Q1. Enlist the primary objectives of the All India Muslim League?
To Safe Guard the political rights of Muslims.
To protect the separate identity of the Muslims from Hindus
To unite the Muslims of South Asia.
Q2. What was the significance of the Khalifa Movement in the creation of Pakistan?
The Khilafat movement helped create political awareness among the Muslims of the sub-continent.
Q3. Do you think the Nehru report paved way for the creation of Pakistan? Why?
Yes, this report paved the way for a separate homeland for the Muslims of the sub-continent.
Q4. How did congress ministries come to an end in 1939?
In September 1939, the Second World War started and the congress refused to cooperate with the British
against the Germans. Under those circumstances, the congress ministries resigned.
Q5. Why is the Pakistan Resolution an important Landmark in Pakistan Movement?
The Lahore resolution is one of the most important mile stone during the struggle for Pakistan. In this
resolution, the Muslims demand a separate state.
Long/Detailed Questions and Answers
Q1. Write a note on Congress Ministries after the 1937 Elections?
In the 1937 elections, the congress won 706 seats while the Muslim league won 106 seats. As a result of
which, Congress ministries were formed in July 1937 but with bitter policy against Muslims: Hindi became
the national language, Congress flag became the national flag, and Bande Matram became the national
anthem. The slaughter of cow was banned. Construction of new mosques was banned and Muslims were
harassed while they offered prayers.

Q2. Describe Lahore Resolution and its Significance.

The Lahore resolution is one of the most important mile stone during the struggle for Pakistan. This
historical resolution was presented on March 23, 1940 at Minto Park Lahore during the annual session of
all India Muslim league. In this resolution, the Muslims voiced their demand for a separate state. This
resolution made it clear that there was only one destination for the Muslim of the subcontinent: Pakistan.
The Lahore resolution paved the way for the creation of Pakistan.

Q3. How did the Muslim League obtain Success in the 1945-46 Elections? Why were the elections
important for the fate of the country?
After 1937 elections, The Congress Ministries proved to be a nightmare for the Muslims. The 1945-46
elections were not less than a referendum for Pakistan. The Muslim League Participated in these Elections
in the name of Pakistan as a sovereign Country for the Muslims. Quaid-e-Azam and the other Leaders
speeded up their efforts to make elections successful for Muslims. Due to these efforts, The Muslim
League won about 95% of the total Muslim Seats. These results were clear proof that the Muslim league
was the sole representative of the Muslims of the sub-continent.

Q4. Analyze the factors that led landmark victory of the All India Muslim League in the 1945-46
Elections?
After 1937 elections, The Congress Ministries proved to be a nightmare for the Muslims. The 1945-46
elections were not less than a referendum for Pakistan. The Muslim League Participated in these Elections
in the name of Pakistan as a sovereign Country for the Muslims. Quaid-e-Azam and the other Leaders
speeded up their efforts to make elections successful for Muslims. Due to these efforts, The Muslim
League won about 95% of the total Muslim Seats. These results were clear proof that the Muslim league
was the sole representative of the Muslims of the sub-continent.
HISTORY UNIT 5 PAKISTAN SINCE INDEPENDENCE

Q1. Evaluate the most challenging problem Pakistan had to face after independence?
The most challenging problem Pakistan had to face after independence were: Refugees Issue, Economic
problems, and Political Problems.
Q2. What was the constitutional arrangement in Pakistan before the 1956 constitution?
Before Pakistan's 1956 constitution, the Government of India Acts 1935 was adopted as a constitution.
Q3. Differentiate between a bill and an Act?
Bill: Bill is a draft of a proposed law that is presented to the parliament.
Act: when a bill is passed by the Parliament, it becomes act.
Q4. What is your opinion was the main cause of Pakistan’s victory in the 1965 War?
The secret of Pakistan's Success in the 1965 war was its leadership and unity.
Q5. Write a short note on the role of the Pakistan Navy in wartime?
Pakistan navy played significant role in wartime. In 1965 war, Pakistan navy bombarded Indian radar
station Dwarka, Pakistan navy submarine kept the Indian aircraft carrier besieged throughout the war.
Q6. Why has objectives Resolution become a compulsory part of all the constitutions of Pakistan?
The Objectives Resolution was the first constitutional document of Pakistan passed in 1949. It set out the
principles that future constitutions would be based on, including that sovereignty belongs to Allah.
LONG QUESTIONS
Q1. Briefly describe the nature of the Kashmir Conflict between India and Pakistan.
Kashmir is the most important conflict between India and Pakistan which caused various wars between the
two neighbors .According to the partition plan of the Subcontinent, the areas of Muslim majorities were
added to Pakistan while those with Hindu majority went with India. Princely states were given authority to
choose their destiny as per the wishes of their people. The people of Kashmir also demanded to join
Pakistan. However, the Dogra Raja of Kashmir agreed to join India against the wishes off the people of
Kashmir. Thus, it started the long standing conflict of Kashmir between India and Pakistan till date.
Q2. What were the causes of the War on Terror? How did Pakistani armed forces get success?
The seeds of Pakistan's War on Terror were sown in the decade long (1979-1988) Afghan Jihad. Wiith the
breakup of Soviet Union, the region was abandoned. This gave birth to many issues including terrorism.
After the events of 9/11, situation became worse. The Armed forces of Pakistan launched successful
operations against terrorists. The Pakistani nation, armed forces and law enforcing agencies stood tall
against all odds and won this impossible war. This remarkable victory has come about with huge sacrifices
in men and material by the nation.
Q3. Identify the causes and events of the War of 1971?
Roots of this war can be traced from geographical, linguistic and economic divide between the two wings
of the country: East and West Pakistan. The main role was played by the leadership of both wings. Neither
the results of 1971 elections were honored nor any flexibility was shown from either side. Taking
advantage of the situation, India fully supported anti-Pakistan elements. In November 1971, Indian forces
entered East Pakistan and started attacking Pakistani posts with the help of Mukti Bahani. As a result, Tens
of thousands of West Pakistani civilians working in East Pakistan were mercilessly killed. These factors
contributed to the separation of East Pakistan as well as the creation of Bangladesh.
Q4. Compare the constitution of 1962 with the constitution of 1973?
Constitution Of 1962 Constitution Of 1973
 The constitution consisted of 250 articles.  The constitution consisted of 280 articles.
 Presidential form of government was  Parliamentary form of government was
introduced. introduced.
 President was to be elected indirectly.  Islam was declared as the state religion.
 No law could be passed against the teachings of  Islamic provisions were included in the
Islam. constitution.
 Fundamental rights were assured.  Federal government consisted of Central
government and four provincial governments.
HISTORY UNIT 6 "Developing Pakistan"

Q1. Justify Pakistan’s development in the field of Agriculture.

Pakistan is an agricultural country. Since 1947 Pakistan has made great progress in agriculture sector as
production of various crops including wheat, cotton, rice, citrus and sugarcane increased significantly.
Also, Agriculture contributes about 25% of the GDP.

Q2. Briefly describe the development of Pakistan in the field of Industry.

Pakistan has made significant progress in the field of industry. Pakistan is the 3 rd largest exporter of
cotton in the world. At the time on independence, Pakistan had only 2 sugar mills. Now we have more
than 100. In sport, Pakistan exports around 40 million footballs a year.

Q3. What do you think is the most important factor behind the low literacy rate in
Pakistan?
1. Over population 2.lack of budget 3. Lack of proper planning and management.

Q4. Discuss the role of the Executive in the country.

The role of the Executive in the country is the implementation of laws and policies adopted by
legislation.

Q5. Why should the Judiciary be separated from the Executive?

The Judiciary should be separated from the Executive for the provision of justice to all the people
without any discrimination.

Q6. With Which countries, Pakistan had always warm relations?

Pakistan had always warm relations with Saudia Arabia, Turkey, Iran, and China.

Q7. Describe the role of Pakistan in the United Nations Organization?

Pakistan has always played an important role in the United Nations in order to resolve regional and
international crises and disputes.

LONG/DETAILED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q1. How much progress Pakistan has made in the field of Industry? Give some
Examples?
Pakistan showed significant progress in the field of industry. At the time of independence, Pakistan had
only 34 industries. Now, Pakistan is the 3rd largest exporter of cotton in the world. Pakistan had only 2
sugar mills in 1947. Now we have more than 100. In sports, Pakistan exports around 40 million footballs
a year. Similarly, the telecom industry has developed in recent years with the spread of Mobile phones
and internet. Pakistan has also made landmark developments in the field of defense production.

Q2. Suggest some steps to bring improvement in sports in Pakistan?

 Sports events should be arranged to promote healthy competition among youth.
 Good players should be encouraged and given extra marks in exams.
 Prizes and presents also motivate young students to promote games and sports.
 Government should build more grounds for players.
 Opportunities should be given only on the basis of merit.
Q3. What do you know about Different Houses of Parliament?
Parliament consists of two houses
1. National Assembly: National Assembly, also known as the lower house, consists of 342 members.
272 are elected by direct voting 60 seats are reserved for women while 10 seats are reserved for
religious minorities. The members of the National Assembly are elected for a 5-year term. These
members make laws for Federal Government.
2. Senate: The Senate of Pakistan, also known as the upper house, has equal representation from all
the provinces. Senate consists of a total of 100 members. The members of the Senate are elected for a
6-year term.

Q4. Write a note on the Judiciary of Pakistan?

The judiciary consists of two types.
1. Superior or Higher Judiciary: it consists of Supreme Court, High Courts and federal Shariah court.
2. Sub Ordinate or Lower Judiciary: it consists of civil courts, criminal courts and specialized courts.
Supreme Court is the highest judicial body. It consists of 16 judges and a chief justice. Supreme Court is
the guardian of the constitution of Pakistan. It ensures protection of the constitution. Each province has
its own high court. Federal Capital Islamabad also has its own High Court.

Q5. With which countries Pakistan has pleasant relations? Give Some Examples of
these Relations?
Pakistan has long-term relations with China. Mutual interest is the central point of the strong relations
between the two countries. Pakistan was the first Muslim country to accept China as an Independent
state. Pakistan has always played an important role in the United Nations. China supports Pakistan in
Kashmir while Pakistan supports China's stance on Tibet and Taiwan. Pakistan also enjoys good relations
with Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Iran.

Q6. Compare Pakistan Role In SAARC & OIC?

SAARC: (South Asian Association for regional Cooperation)
SAARC is a regional organization of 08 countries. It was established on 8th December 1985. SAARC is a
regional organization covering more than 2 billion population. Pakistan has been playing an important
role in SAARC Pakistan hosted the 4th Summit of SAARC in 1988 and the 12th summit in 2004 in
Islamabad.
OIC: (Organization Of Islamic Cooperation)
OIC consists of 57 Islamic Countries. Pakistan was the founding member of the organization since then
it has been playing a leading role in OIC. Pakistan is the chairman of the OIC Ministerial standing
committee on scientific and technological cooperation which has its headquarters in Islamabad. The
Secretariat of the ICCI (Islamic Chamber of Commerce Industry) is also in Pakistan.

Q7. How can Pakistan maintain amicable relations with other countries?
Here are ways Pakistan can maintain amicable relations with other countries
 Fostering trade and Economic cooperation
 Engaging in Regional and International cooperation.
 Encourage tourism and people-to-people contacts.
 Respect the sovereignty of other nations.
 Promote peaceful coexistence.
 Support international peace and security initiatives.
 Foster a positive image through media.
 Strengthen diplomatic efforts through dialogue and mutual understanding.
GEOGRAPHY NOTES
CLASS 8 TH

FG PUBLIC MIDDLE SCHOOL

CHAK 78 NB SARGODHA
GEOGRAPHY UNIT-1 "OCEANS AND SEAS"
Q1. What are the causes of Ocean Currents?
An: Ocean Currents can be grouped into surface and deep currents. Surface Currents are caused by winds
and their direction is modified by the effects of the rotation of the Earth. Deep currents are caused by
salinity and temperature differences of the water.
Q2. What are waves?
An: Waves are a series of crests and troughs that are developed on the surface of the water by the
dragging effects of the winds.
Q3. How are Spring and Neap tides caused?
Spring Tides: Spring tides occur when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in a straight line, on the occasions of
Full and New Moon
Neap Tides: Neap tides occur when the Sun and Moon are at right angles with respect to the Earth, on the
7th and 21st days of the Moon.
Q4. Differentiate between Isthmus from Strait
Isthmus: Isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two land masses and separating two water bodies.
Strait: Strait is a narrow passage of water connecting two large water bodies.
5. Write the names of the five major seas of the world?
1. Mediterranean sea 2.Caribbean sea 3.Black sea 4.Arabian sea 5.Caspian sea.
LONG QUESTIONS
Q1. Describe the main characteristics of major oceans?
There are five major oceans on Earth.
 Pacific Ocean: The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean of the world. Its area is 165
million square kilometer. Its average depth is 4000 meters. Its deepest part is Mariana Trench.
 2. Atlantic Ocean: The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean of the world. Its area is about
106 million skm. Its average depth is 3646 meters. Its deepest point is Puerto Rico Trench
 3. Indian Ocean: It is the third-largest ocean on the world. Its area is about 70 million skm. Its
average depth is 3750 meters. Its deepest point is Java Trench.
 4. Antarctic/ Southern Ocean: It is the fourth largest ocean of the world. Its area is about 120
million skm. Its average depth is 3270 meters and its deepest point South Sandwich Trench.
 5. Arctic Ocean: It is the smallest of the world's oceans. Its area is about 14 million square meters. It
has an average depth of 1000 meters. Its deepest point is named Fram Basin.
Q2. Explain the role of Marine biodiversity in our environment?
Marine biodiversity plays a very important role in our environment
1. Marine plants supply about 50% of the oxygen to the atmosphere. 26% of the CO2 is absorbed by them.
2. Marine plants serve as the basic food for all types of oceanic life. Smaller marine animals that consume
these plants become a source of food for larger marine animals.
3. Fishery products provide high-quality protein as well as food security to hundreds of millions of people.
4. Marine plants such as kelp and sea grass, together with reefs provide habitats for many marine life
forms, such as shrimp and fish.
5. Shrimps that feed on microalgae eventually become food for larger crabs, lobsters, and fish.
Q3. What are the possible threats to the ocean?
Oil & Gas Drilling: Offshore drilling results in the spilling of crude oil, natural gas liquids, diesel into marine
environments. These chemicals kill or damage Marine Life.
Pollution: Pollution is a huge problem faced by marine ecosystems as large amount of garbage and waste
are continuously being dumped into oceans.
Over-fishing: Humans are catching more fish every year, leading to serious marine biodiversity losses.
Ocean Acidification: A significant portion of this carbon dioxide emitted by Industrial activities is absorbed
by seawater. This makes the seawater more acidic.
Mangrove Deforestation: Mangrove forests protect coastal land from erosion and serve as breeding
grounds for a variety of marine life. Cutting down mangroves causes harmful impacts on marine
ecosystems.
GEOGRAPHY UNIT-2 “LIVING WITH THE CLIMATE"

Q1. What is meant by extreme weather? Give examples.

Extreme weather is a deviation of weather in terms of intensity from the range that has been seen in the
past. For example Hurricane, floods, tornadoes, hail storms.

Q2. Discuss the main threats of climate change.

1. Frequent drought, storms, and heat waves 3. Melting glaciers
2. Rising sea levels 4. Loss of specie

Q3. Define global warming.

A gradual increase in average global temperature is called global warming.

Q4. What are the consequences of global warming?

 Melting of glaciers  Warming of oceans
 More intense drought, storms, heat waves.  Rise in sea levels

Q5. What is distinct about the lifestyle of people of coastal areas?

People in coastal areas adopt dress, food, and activities according to their climate. Most of the people are
associated with fishing, importing, and exporting.

LONG QUESTIONS
Q1. What are the main causes of climate change?
 Plate Tectonics: The movement of continents caused by tectonic plates may affect climate change.
 Orbital Changes: Earth's distance from the Sun, Changes in the Earth's axis causes climate changes
on the Earth.
 Human Activities: Burning fossil fuels and cutting down forests are increasingly influencing the
climate by increasing the greenhouse effect and global warming.
 Volcanic Activity: Large volcanic eruptions can influence climates around the world. Sulfur and ash
from volcanic eruptions can decrease temperatures by reflecting sunlight back into space.

Q2. Explain the relationship between extreme weather and climate change.
 Oceans are getting warmer and tropical storms are becoming stronger.
 Extreme heat waves have caused tens of thousands of deaths around the world in recent years.
 Antarctica has lost nearly huge amount of ice since the 1990s. Fossil fuels will cause sea levels to
rise several meters in the next 50 years
 In 2020, Atlantic hurricane season included a record-breaking 30 tropical storms with 6 major
hurricanes.
 The United States saw 22 weather and climate disasters that caused huge damage in 2020.
Q3. Differentiate climatic patterns of Karachi and New York
The climate pattern of Karachi City The climate pattern of New York City
 The climate of Karachi is hot in summer and windy  The climate of New York City is humid.
in winters.  It receives frequent and heavy rainfall.
 The annual temperature is between 18°C to 30°C.  Spring is the wettest season and
 The hot season lasts for 3 to 4 months. February is the driest month.
 The hottest month of the year is June  The city also receives snow, primarily
 July is the wettest month. in winters.
 The cool season lasts from December to February.
GEOGRAPHY UNIT-3 “Environmental Pollution"

Q1. Define pollution and its types.

The addition of anything that brings unhealthy change to the quality of air, soil and water is called
pollution. These are the main types of pollution: water, air, land, noise and light pollution
Q2. Suggest some remedies to avoid noise pollution.
1. Proper noise silencers should be used in vehicles.
2. Loud sound system and use of megaphone should be avoided
3. Drivers should avoid the use of pressure horns near schools, hospitals and busy streets
Q3. What are the impacts of air pollution on our lives?
Air pollution can cause serious problems such as respiratory problems, eye issues and lung cancer.
Especially children are at high risk of asthma.
Q4. How do environmental problem affect different places of the world?
We live in an interconnected world. Environmental impacts can be felt everywhere. Any change in the
environment of a place affects the other places because we are using the same resources like air, water
oceans and forests.
Long/Detailed Questions and Answers:
1. Highlight the main causes of pollution and suggest ways to reduce them.
Main causes of Pollution: Suggestions to reduce pollution:
1. Burning of fossil fuels and Garbage waste. 1. Proper noise silencers should be used in vehicles.
2. Agricultural activities and use of harmful 2. Loud sound system and use of megaphone should
chemicals. be avoided
3. Harmful gasses emitted by vehicles, Factories and 3. Drivers should avoid the use of pressure horns.
industries 4. People should be educated about the types,
4. Mining activities. causes, and effects of pollution.
5. Volcanic eruption. 5. Environment-friendly ad energy-efficient vehicles
7. Spillage of oil into the ocean. should be used.

2. What responsibilities do individuals have to protect natural resources?

1. Reduce, reuse, and recycle: The best way to minimize pollution is to adopt the 3R principal.
2. Planting trees: Planting trees can help greatly in reducing global warming than any other method.
3. Awareness: People should be educated through media to understand the value of natural resources.
4. Conserve Water: Take short showers or turning the tap while brushing can reduce water waste at home.
5. Avoid plastic bags: Avoid the use of plastic bags and always use bags that can be decomposed.
6. Conserve energy: Turn off any lights, television, computers or other appliances after you leave a room.
7. Use of public transport: Taking public transport, walking, or riding a bicycle is help for the environment

3. How is excessive use of land causing threats to the environment?

Natural ecosystem provides service to humans and other living organisms for their survival and better
quality of life. These services include food production, climate regulation, bio diversity, waste treatment
and erosion control.
Our ecosystem is directly affected by land use. Land use has experienced vast changes worldwide due to
growing population and economy. Human activities have transformed forests, grasslands, and wetlands
into arable and built-up lands. More significant effects of land use include urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil
degradation, salinization, and desertification. These changes have caused natural ecosystem to
continuously be altered and destroyed.
GEOGRAPHY UNIT-4 “Industrialization and international trade"
Q1. Name four industries of Pakistan.
Textile industry. Cement industry. Iron and steel industry. Fertilizer industry.
Q2. Give at least one reason for the migration of people from rural to urban areas.
Ans: 1. For better job opportunities. 2. For better health facilities. 3. For better educational opportunities.
Q3. What is meant by bilateral trade?
Ans: Bilateral trade is the exchange of goods between two countries promoting trade and investment.
Q4. What is meant by large-scale industry?
Ans: The large-scale industry employs a large number of people and consumes a vast quantity of power. It
requires huge capital. For example, the textile industry is a large-scale industry in Pakistan.

Long/Detailed Questions and Answers:

Q1. Illustrate four stages of the textile manufacturing process.
The textile manufacturing process involves the following four stages.
1. Growing and harvesting: Cotton is sown in suitable areas for the production of cotton. Then it is
harvested and raw cotton is packed in the shape of bales.
2. Ginning: At this stage, seeds are separated from compressed cotton balls. Cotton flowers are
compressed into bales to be transported.
3. Spinning: In this process, the strands of cotton fibers are twisted together to form yarn. The yarn is
placed on the rings of the spinning frames and is allowed to pass through several sets of rollers.
4. Weaving: Weaving is the production of cloth from yarn. This is further used in garments and a
variety of cotton products.

Q2. Write a paragraph on the role of the IMF to help countries with their economic
development.
IMF is an organization of the United Nations. It provides financial assistance in the form of loans to the
countries for their economic progress. It also provides technical help to develop better projects. It also
ensures that the loans taken by the countries are used properly and returned. 190 countries are its
members. Its head office is in Washington.

Q3. Explain the links between industrialization and urbanization.

Industrialization: Industrialization is a large field of human activities. In this, people change raw materials
into usable finished goods through various processes with machines and tools.
Urbanization: Urbanization is the growth and development of cities when a large number of people
become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas and form cities.
Links between industrialization and urbanization:
Cities grow because industrial factories require large workforces and their families need places to live near
their jobs. When more people come into cities, it gives a chance to industries to flourish.
GEOGRAPHY UNIT-5 “Transport and Its Importance"
1. Define the Following Terms.
Mobility and Infrastructure
 Mobility: Mobility is a basic human need that is carried out by transportation.
 Infrastructure: The basic physical structures and facilities such as building roads and power supplies

2. Write the names of the sea ports of Pakistan and their importance in trade.
 Karachi Port: It is the busiest port in Pakistan that handles about 60% of Pakistan‘s cargo deals.
 Port Qasim: It is Pakistan’s second busiest port. It handles the remaining cargo dealings of Pakistan.
 Port of Gwadar: It has gained more economic and strategic importance due to CPEC.

Q3. How does transport play a role in the development of a settlement?
A developed transport system is one of the major reasons for the growth of any settlement.
Transport links producers to markets, workers to jobs, students to schools, and the sick to hospitals.
Transport provides access to food, health care, educational opportunities, recreation, and employment.
Q4. What are the strengths of transport infrastructure in Pakistan?
 The road networks have been expanding constantly.
 New Motorways and expressways have significantly reduced the time to reach the destination.
 Pakistan railway is providing effective rail service in the country.
2. Long/Detailed Questions and Answers:
1. What are modes of transportation and their characteristics?
There are different modes of transportation.
Road Transport: Road transport is the most common and cheap mode of transport. This involves the use of
vehicles cars, buses, and trucks. It has high capacity for carrying goods over short distances.
Railway Transport: It is used for the movement of both passengers and goods. It is suitable for transferring
bulky goods over long distances. It is very cheap, safe and comfortable for passengers.
Air Transport: It is the latest means of transportation. It is a very expensive mode of transportation. It is
used to travel and transport goods by air using airplane and helicopters.
Water Transport: It is the cheapest way of transporting bulky goods from one country to another. There
are two major types of water transport: Inland water transport and Ocean waterways.

Q2. Evaluate the importance of effective transportation for international trade?

There is close relationship between international trade and transport. Well organized transportation
system reduces time budget and energy resources. An efficient transport system improves and promotes
the production of international trade. it helps in completing the process of imports and exports of goods.
Land transport can be the most flexible choice for international trade. Air transport is the best option for
international trade for long distances. Sea or ocean transport is ideal due to its low costs.

3. Explain how transport is a key measure of economic development?

A good transportation system promotes industries and reduces the cost of raw materials or goods. Building
high ways system causes the movement of people from different regions which increase opportunities.
Transport routes influence land value. Fast transportation allows the distribution of food to the market in
less time. Transportation enables a country to trade with other countries and strengthens its economy by
importing and exporting goods. Fast safe and comfortable transport contributes to the growth of the
tourism industry and plays a major role in economic development
GEOGRAPHY UNIT-6 “Social and Economic Development"
1. What is the difference between GDP and GNP?
GDP: Gross Domestic Product. GNP: Gross National Product.
It represents the Total monetary value of all It refers to the total value of finished goods and
finished goods and services usually in one year services produced by a country's citizens given in a
within the country. financial year.
2. Write a note on The OECD.
OECD stands for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. It was founded in France in
1961. It consists of 38 members. It provides solutions to improve the development of member countries.
3. Enlist the economic development indicators Important for development.
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)  Inflation
 Gross National Product (GNP)  Unemployment
 Wealth inequality
4. What are the consequences of wealth inequality?
Due to wealth inequality, a few people own the major portion of the wealth of the nation. The remaining
portion becomes the prey to poverty. The gap between riches and the poor increases.

5. Compare two characteristics of developed and developing countries.

Developed Countries: Developing countries
1. The population growth rate is low. 1.The population growth rate is high
2.Most people engage in tertiary economic activates Most people engage in primary economic activates

2. Long/Detailed Questions and Answers:

1. Explain human development indicators in detail.
Education: - It is the most important indicator which reduces poverty. It also improves health and provides
a high standard of living. Developed Countries have a 100% literacy rate.
Health: - This indicator shows the access of people to medical facilities. Health facilities can be assessed by
life expectancy and low infant mortality rates.
Standard of living: - The standard of living is directly associated with the level of income of individuals. It
can be assessed by per capita income (average income of individuals).

Q2. What are the impacts of technology on the development of a country?

 Technology supports the production of quality goods and services in a short time.
 ii. It improves the quality of labor and business.
 Iii- It improves the overall standard of living.
 iv. It supports in environmental protection.
 v- Mobile phones, television, satellites, and the internet have transformed the world and its economy.
 vi. It is pouring the way of e-learning healthcare and poverty eradication

3. Classify the economic activities with examples.

i- Primary economic activities: These activities are directly related to the extraction of resources of the
earth.it includes Agriculture, fishing and mining etc.
Ii- Secondary economic activities: These activities use raw materials produced by primary activities and
change their form into more valuable finished goods e.g. Industry, manufacturing and construction.
Iii- Tertiary economic activities: These activities provide a wide range of services to primary and secondary
activities e.g. trade, transport, etc.
IV- Quaternary Economic activities: These activities are related to education, health services, and
recreation.
v. Quinary economic activities: These are some kinds of new activities that are related to high intelligence
like Scientists, researchers, and teachers.