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lec001

The document provides an introduction to machine learning, explaining its purpose of optimizing performance criteria using example data. It discusses various learning methods including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, along with their applications in fields such as retail, finance, and medicine. Additionally, it differentiates between machine learning and deep learning, highlighting that deep learning is a subset of machine learning.

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lawrencechikopa1
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7 views

lec001

The document provides an introduction to machine learning, explaining its purpose of optimizing performance criteria using example data. It discusses various learning methods including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, along with their applications in fields such as retail, finance, and medicine. Additionally, it differentiates between machine learning and deep learning, highlighting that deep learning is a subset of machine learning.

Uploaded by

lawrencechikopa1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

INTRODUCTION TO

Machine Learning
LECTURE 1:

Introduction
Why “Learn” ?
• Machine learning is programming computers to
optimize a performance criterion using example data or
past experience.
• There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
• Learning is used when:
• Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars),
• Humans are unable to explain their expertise (speech
recognition)
• Solution changes in time (routing on a computer network)
• Solution needs to be adapted to particular cases (user
biometrics)

3
What We Talk About When We
Talk About“Learning”
• Learning general models from a data of particular
examples
• Data is cheap and abundant (data warehouses, data
marts); knowledge is expensive and scarce.
• Example in retail: Customer transactions to
consumer behavior:
People who bought “Da Vinci Code” also bought “The
Five People You Meet in Heaven” (www.amazon.com)
• Build a model that is a good and useful
approximation to the data.
4
Data Mining
• Retail: Market basket analysis, Customer relationship
management (CRM)
• Finance: Credit scoring, fraud detection
• Manufacturing: Optimization, troubleshooting
• Medicine: Medical diagnosis
• Telecommunications: Quality of service optimization
• Bioinformatics: Motifs, alignment
• Web mining: Search engines
• ...

5
What is Machine Learning?
• Optimize a performance criterion using example
data or past experience.
• Role of Statistics: Inference from a sample
• Role of Computer science: Efficient algorithms to
• Solve the optimization problem
• Representing and evaluating the model for inference

In basic terms, ML is the process of training a piece of software, called a


model, to make useful predictions from data. An ML model represents
the mathematical relationship between the elements of data that an ML
system uses to make predictions.

6
Applications
• Association
• Supervised Learning
• Classification
• Regression
• Unsupervised Learning
• Reinforcement Learning

7
Learning Associations
• Basket analysis:
P(Y | X ) probability that somebody who buys X also buys Y
where X and Y are products/services.

Example:
P ( chips | beer ) = 0.7

8
Classification

• Example: Credit scoring


• Differentiating
between low-risk and
high-risk customers
from their income and
savings

Discriminant: IF income > θ1 AND savings > θ2


THEN low-risk ELSE high-risk

9
Classification: Applications
• Also known as Pattern recognition
• Face recognition: Pose, lighting, occlusion (glasses,
beard), make-up, hair style
• Character recognition: Different handwriting styles.
• Speech recognition: Temporal dependency.
• Use of a dictionary or the syntax of the language.
• Sensor fusion: Combine multiple modalities; eg, visual
(lip image) and acoustic for speech
• Medical diagnosis: From symptoms to illnesses
• ...

10
Face Recognition
Training examples of a person

Test images

11
Regression
• Example: Price of a used
car
• x : car attributes y = wx+w0
y : price
y = g (x | θ )
g ( ) model,
θ parameters

12
Regression Applications

• Navigating a car: Angle of the steering wheel (CMU


NavLab)
• Kinematics of a robot arm
(x,y) α1= g1(x,y)
α2= g2(x,y)
α2

α1

Response surface design

13
Supervised Learning: Uses
• Prediction of future cases: Use the rule to predict
the output for future inputs
• Knowledge extraction: The rule is easy to
understand
• Compression: The rule is simpler than the data it
explains
• Outlier detection: Exceptions that are not covered
by the rule, e.g., fraud

14
Unsupervised Learning
• This method entails feeding the computer only unlabeled
data, then letting the model identify the patterns on its
own. This method is usually used in cases where it’s unclear
what the results will look like, so you need the computer to
dig through the hidden layers of data and cluster (or group)
data together based on the similarities or differences.
• Example applications
• Customer segmentation in CRM
• Image compression: Color quantization
• Bioinformatics: Learning motifs

15
Reinforcement Learning
• The reinforcement learning method is a trial-and-error approach
that allows a model to learn using feedback from its own actions.
The computer receives “positive feedback” when it correctly
understands or classifies data and “negative feedback” when it
fails. By “rewarding” good behavior and “punishing” bad
behavior, this learning method reinforces the former.
• Reinforcement learning models make predictions by getting
rewards or penalties based on actions performed within an
environment. A reinforcement learning system generates a policy
that defines the best strategy for getting the most rewards.
• Examples:
• Credit assignment problem
• Game playing
• Robot in a maze

16
Deep learning vs machine
learning
• Deep learning definition: A subfield of machine learning
that structures algorithms in layers to create an
“artificial neural network” that can learn and make
intelligent decisions on its own.
• Examples:
• Virtual assistants
• Translations
• Vision for driverless delivery trucks, drones and autonomous
cars
• Chatbots, ...
• All deep learning is machine learning, but not all
machine learning is deep learning.

17

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